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Ukraine at the Crossroad in Post-Communist Europe: Policymaking and the Role of Foreign Actors Ryan Barrett [email protected]
University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 1-20-2018 Ukraine at the Crossroad in Post-Communist Europe: Policymaking and the Role of Foreign Actors Ryan Barrett [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Barrett, Ryan, "Ukraine at the Crossroad in Post-Communist Europe: Policymaking and the Role of Foreign Actors" (2018). Dissertations. 725. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/725 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ukraine at the Crossroad in Post-Communist Europe: Policymaking and the Role of Foreign Actors Ryan Barrett M.A. Political Science, The University of Missouri - Saint Louis, 2015 M.A. International Relations, Webster University, 2010 B.A. International Studies, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School at the The University of Missouri - Saint Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor Philosophy in Political Science May 2018 Advisory Committee: Joyce Mushaben, Ph.D. Jeanne Wilson, PhD. Kenny Thomas, Ph.D. David Kimball, Ph.D. Contents Introduction 1 Chapter I. Policy Formulation 30 Chapter II. Reform Initiatives 84 Chapter III. Economic Policy 122 Chapter IV. Energy Policy 169 Chapter V. Security and Defense Policy 199 Conclusion 237 Appendix 246 Bibliography 248 To the Pat Tillman Foundation for graciously sponsoring this important research Introduction: Ukraine at a Crossroads Ukraine, like many European countries, has experienced a complex history and occupies a unique geographic position that places it in a peculiar situation be- tween its liberal future and communist past; it also finds itself tugged in two opposing directions by the gravitational forces of Russia and the West. -
The Oligarchic Democracy: the Influence of Business Groups On
42 THE OLIGARCHIC DEMOCRACY THE INFLUENCE OF BUSINESS GROUPS ON UKRAINIAN POLITICS Sławomir Matuszak NUMBER 42 WARSAW September 2012 THE OLIGARCHIC DEMOCRACY THE INFLUENCE OF BUSINESS GROUPS ON UKRAINIAN POLITICS Sławomir Matuszak © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies Content EDitors Adam Eberhardt, Wojciech Konończuk EDitorS Anna Łabuszewska Katarzyna Kazimierska Translation Ilona Duchnowicz CO-operation Nicholas Furnival Graphic Design Para-buch CHARTS Wojciech Mańkowski PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Shutterstock DTP GroupMedia Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl ISBN 978-83-62936-14-4 Contents THESES /5 MAIN SEctORS OF BUSINESS ActIVITY OF THE KEY UKRAINIAN OLIGARCHS /8 INTRODUctION /9 RESERVATIONS /11 I. THE EMERGENCE OF THE OLIGARCHIC SYSTEM AND ITS FORM IN 1991–2004 /13 1. The genesis of the oligarchic system /13 2. The formation of the clans /13 3. The beginnings of a system crisis /17 4. The Orange Revolution /20 II. THE OLIGARCHS IN 2005–2010 /23 1. The orange ‘oligarchic democracy’ /25 1.1. The business circles linked to the Party of Regions /26 1.2. ‘Orange’ business /27 1.3. The others /30 2. Tymoshenko’s conflict with the RUE Group /32 3. The attempt to form a grand coalition /32 4. The presidential election of 2010 /34 III. THE OLIGARCHS AFTER VIKTOR YANUKOVYCH’S VIctORY /37 1. The key groups of influence in the state administration/37 2. ‘The family’ – an attempt at a new quality /40 3. -
UPDATE: Developments in the Ukraine
22 April 2014 UPDATE: Developments in the Ukraine Practice Group(s): Further to the alerts circulated on 10, 18, and 21 March 2014, below is an update on International developments in the EU and U.S. regarding sanctions. Arbitration European Regulatory/ EU Sanctions UK Regulatory On 14 April 2014, the EU Foreign Affairs Ministers identified four additional individuals as International Trade responsible for misappropriation of Ukrainian state funds and added them to the list, Global Government subject to restrictive measures in view of the situation in Ukraine. The individuals, Solutions together with the reasons for their inclusion in the list of persons subject to the restrictive measures as described in the EU legislation, are as follows: 1. Serhiy Arbuzov (d.o.b 24.03.1976, former Prime Minister of Ukraine) Person subject to investigation in Ukraine for involvement in crimes in connection with the embezzlement of Ukrainian State funds and their illegal transfer outside Ukraine. 2. Yuriy Ivanyushchenko (d.o.b 21.02.1959, Party of Regions MP.) Person subject to investigation in Ukraine for involvement in crimes in connection with the embezzlement of Ukrainian State funds and their illegal transfer outside Ukraine. 3. Oleksandr Klymenko (d.o.b 16.11.1980, former Minister of Revenues and Charges.) Person subject to investigation in Ukraine for involvement in crimes in connection with the embezzlement of Ukrainian State funds and their illegal transfer outside Ukraine. 4. Edward Stavytskyi (d.o.b 4.10.1972, former Minister of Fuel and Energy of Ukraine.) Person subject to investigation in Ukraine for involvement in crimes in connection with the embezzlement of Ukrainian State funds and their illegal transfer outside Ukraine. -
Focus on Ukraine November 25 –December 1, 2013
Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation Focus on Ukraine November 25 –December 1, 2013 Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation TABLE OF CONTENTS І. Overviews of political events of the week……………………………..………..……………..3 II. Analytical Reference………………….….…..…….……..…...... 7 European integration. Failure of the Vilnius summit: dark clouds brooding over Ukraine?………….…………….……7 2 Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation І. Overviews of political events of the week November Protesters remain on the EuroMaidans in Kyiv and the regions. 25 Their main demand is the integration of Ukraine into European structures. November Speaker of the Lithuanian Seimas (parliament) Loretta Hrauzhinene 26 gave an address at the demonstration of the opposition in Kyiv in support of Ukrainians in their aspirations for Euro-integration. She noted that Lithuania, which went down its own path towards Europe, is prepared to serve as a bridge for Ukraine to the EU. Students started to come out onto the EuroMaidan. 1,500 students of the Kyiv- Mohyla Academy walked in a column to the Taras Shevchenko University, where they were met by students of other higher learning institutions. Having united, the young students went to Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square), where they said they will stand until November 29. The main slogans of the youth were: “The youth of the nation is for Euro-integration”, “Ukraine – stand up, demand Europe” and “Ukraine is Europe”. November The Yulia Tymoshenko case will not be stricken from the order of 27 the day regarding relations between Ukraine and the EU after the summit in Vilnius, European High Commissioner on Enlargement Stefan Fule told journalists in an interview for Echo Moskva. -
“THE PRICE of FREEDOM” Summary of the Public Report of Human Rights Organizations on Crimes Against Humanity Committed Durin
“THE PRICE OF FREEDOM” Summary of the public report of human rights organizations on crimes against humanity committed during the period of Euromaidan (November 2013 – February 2014) 1. Causes of Euromaidan protest movement. Following the election of Viktor Yanukovych as a President of Ukraine in February 2010, the group in power started to centralize control over the country. It is not by chance that in October 2010 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine took a decision on restoring the Constitution of 1996 with a whole range of additional presidential powers1. The strengthening of authoritarian regime was accompanied by worsening social and economic conditions and increased poverty of population. The unprecedented scale of corruption led to the loss of credibility by key state institutions, discontent and public protests. The state authorities considered rights and freedoms such as freedom of expression, freedom of peaceful assembly and association, the right to fair trial, and the right to private life to be a threat to development and existence of the authoritarian rule. Consequently, the following year human rights organizations reported systemic attacks on rights and fundamental freedoms2 by the government, as well as the return to the infamous practice of political persecutions3. Opposition politicians4, journalists5, human rights defenders, public activists6, and active youth became victims of repressions. Both legal means (unlawful arrests, fabricated 1 In 2011, the Constitutional Court unlawfully cancelled amendments to the Constitution adopted in 2004 and restored the Constitution of 1997. This Constitution provided for broad presidential powers. 2 See Annual human rights report Human rights in Ukraine – 2012, http://helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php?r=3.3.1.9. -
Ukraine Sliding from Oligarchy to Cronyism
Ukraine Sliding From Oligarchy to Cronyism Publication: Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 10 Issue: 8 January 16, 2013 04:41 PM Age: 2 hrs By: Taras Kuzio President Viktor Yanukovych (Source: president.gov.ua) The recent appointment of a second government led by Prime Minister Nikolai Azarov confirms Ukraine’s evolution from an oligarchy to a cronyist state whereby positions of power are increasingly being accorded to “the Family,” composed of President Viktor Yanukovych’s close relatives and loyal associates from his home town of Yenakiyeve in Donetsk oblast (see EDM, December 2, 2011). “The Family” is orchestrated by the president’s eldest son, Oleksandr (http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/12/25/6980434/). Azarov is not a “Family” member and heads a caretaker government. However, twelve positions have been allocated to “The Family,” facilitating the privatization of the state budget and security forces. Illustratively, former National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) Chairman Serhiy Arbuzov was made first deputy prime minister, a position from which he is likely to rise to prime minister. The new NBU Chairman Ihor Sorkin was born in Donetsk and in 2002–2010 headed the Donetsk branch of NBU. Sorkin’s wife, Angela, is the deputy head of UkrBiznesBank, now owned by Oleksandr Yanukovych but headed by Arbuzov until 2010. Both Angela Arbuzov and Oleksandr Yanukovych are (bizarrely) dentists by profession, and Oleksandr entered Ukraine’s top 100 wealthiest people in 2011, a year after his father came to power. Ihor Sorkin’s parents live in Moscow and his father is employed by a Gazprom entity whose affiliate in Donetsk employs Ihor’s sister (http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2013/01/11/6981269/). -
Ukraine Moves to State Capitalism and “Militocracy”
Ukraine Moves to State Capitalism and “Militocracy” Publication: Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 8 Issue: 219 December 2, 2011 03:13 PM Age: 9 days By: Taras Kuzio Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych (Source: news.kievukraine.info) On November 8, Segodnya ran the headline: “Within the authorities there is a ‘silent coup’ taking place.” Segodnya was referring to the consolidation of “The Family” loyal to President Viktor Yanukovych. The capital assets of “The Family” are estimated to be $130 million, and 64th in Ukraine’s 100 wealthiest (Korrespondent, November 11). In 2011, Oleksandr Yanukovych, the president’s eldest son, entered for the first time the top 100 wealthiest Ukrainians. He recently purchased the All-Ukrainian Bank for Development and increased its capital from 270 million hryvnia ($33.69 million) to 349 million hryvnia ($43.54 million). Yanukovych has become independent of the Donetsk oligarch allies whose patron he had been while serving as Donetsk governor from 1997 to 2002. The first stage took place as opposition leader, when he aligned himself with the “gas lobby” (see EDM, March 18, 2010). The “gas lobby” ran Eural-Trans Gas (2002-2004) RosUkrEnergo ([RUE] 2004-2008) gas intermediaries. The then Prime Minister, Yulia Tymoshenko, lobbied to remove RUE in the January 2009 Russian- Ukrainian gas contract. On August 25, The Economist suggested Dmitry Firtash, who owned a 45 percent stake in RUE, may be “one of Mr. Yanukovych’s wealthy backers insisting on Ms. Tymoshenko’s punishment.” Firtash had warm relations with Viktor Yushchenko and supported his national projects, for which he was awarded a state medal in January 2009. -
Eu Misappropriation Sanctions Ten Years on Factsheet 2021
CIVIL FORUM FOR ASSET RECOVERY Köpenicker Str. 147, 10997 Berlin, Germany Registry Number VR 34993 B Amtsgericht Berlin, Charlottenburg EU MISAPPROPRIATION SANCTIONS TEN YEARS ON FACTSHEET 2021 1. BACKGROUND Following the revolutions in 2011 in Tunisia and Egypt and 2014 in Ukraine, the Council of the European Union imposed misappropriation sanctions on people suspected of corruption from the ousted regimes. These require that any assets relating to people on the list, including real estate and bank accounts, are frozen in all EU Member States and that no funds or economic resources shall be made available to them. These sanctions were imposed on former rulers, as well as on their families and entourages, in order to prevent these assets from being transferred outside of the EU and hidden again and had the purpose of: • Preventing the flight of suspected stolen public assets by former regime elites, through freezing the assets, thereby making it possible to recover the assets at a later stage; • Stabilising the post-revolutionary leaderships and new governments in Cairo, Tunis and Kiev. Sanctions are imposed by the Council of the EU to promote the objectives of the Common Foreign and Security Policy: peace, democracy, and the respect for the rule of law, human rights and international law. Each year, the Council of the EU decides whether these sanctions should be renewed, amended or lifted. 2. EVOLUTION OF LISTINGS Due to the need of the EU to rely on third countries to provide evidence of corruption, and crucially, the high number of legal challenges that sanctioned individuals have brought in front of European courts, which often ruled in favour of annulling listings due to insufficient substantiation, the number of listed individuals has significantly decreased over the years. -
Oligarchs After the Maidan: the Old System in a 'New' Ukraine
Centre for Eastern Studies NUMBER 162 | 16.02.2015 www.osw.waw.pl Oligarchs After The Maidan: The Old System In A ‘New’ Ukraine Wojciech Konończuk There have been major changes in the balance of forces among the key Ukrainian oligarchs, rep- resentatives of big business with strong political influence, since the victory of the Maidan revo- lution. However, these changes have not undermined the oligarchic system per se. Over the past decade or so, the oligarchs have been key players in Ukrainian politics and economy, and they have retained this position until the present. One of the effects of the change of the government in Kyiv and the war in the Donbas was the elimination of the influence of ‘the family’ – the people from Viktor Yanukovych’s inner circle who formed the most expansive oligarchic group in Ukraine at the time of his presidency. The influence of Rinat Akhmetov, the country’s wealthiest man, has also weakened significantly; Akhmetov was one of the most influential people in Ukraine for more than ten years, partly owing to his close bonds with Yanukovych. Dmytro Firtash’s group has also lost a great deal of its influence since Firtash was arrested in Austria in March 2014. The elimination (‘the family’) or the reduction in influence (Akhmetov and Firtash) of what were until recently the most powerful oligarchic groups has been accompanied over the past few months by an unprecedented increase in the influence of Ihor Kolomoyskyi. The present governor of Dnipropetrovsk oblast has become Ukraine’s most powerful oligarch, and has am- bitions to expand his influence. -
Ukraine: President Yanukovych Refuses to Reach a Real Compromise with Protesters, Thereby Increasing the Probability of a Military Scenario
OPEN DIALOG FOUNDATION Open Dialog Foundation, 11a Szucha Avenue, office 21, 00-580 Warsaw, Poland Tel. +48 22 307 11 22 www.odfoundation.eu Warsaw, 6 February, 2014 Ukraine: President Yanukovych refuses to reach a real compromise with protesters, thereby increasing the probability of a military scenario Photo: president.gov.ua President Yanukovych simulates participation in the negotiation process in order to present himself as a peacemaker in the eyes of the international community. Whilst declaring his desire to stop the bloodshed, the president actually legislates for a possible military crackdown on protesters. www.odfoundation.eu Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. p. 3 1. The presidential amnesty law formally grants those arrested the status of ‘state hostages’……… p. 4 1.1. The amnesty law contravenes the basic principles of international law…………………….. p. 5 1.2. The amnesty law was adopted with gross violations of the procedure and under the pressure of President Yanukovich……………………………………………………………………………………. p. 5 2. ‘Concessions’ made by the President are ‘traps’ for the opposition and a way to mislead the international community………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. p. 6 2.1. Parliament only partially revoked the ‘laws on dictatorship’……………………………………… p. 6 2.2. Despite the formal resignation of the government, the President has strengthened control over the Cabinet and the Presidential Administration…………………………………………. p. 7 3. Even during the negotiation process, the authorities and criminal groups continue to harass activists and groups of criminals continue repression of activists………………………………………………….. p. 8 3.1. Oppression of activists of Automaidan and arrests en masse in the regions……………… p. 8 3.2. Lack of investigation into the killings, torture and violence against protesters and journalists………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… p. -
Yanukovych, Azarov Declared Wanted by Interpol
Part 1 of THE YEAR IN REVIEW pages 5-12 THEPublished U by theKRAINIAN Ukrainian National Association Inc., a fraternal W non-profit associationEEKLY Vol. LXXXIII No. 3 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JANUARY 18, 2015 $2.00 Kyiv says rocket hits Yanukovych, Azarov declared wanted by Interpol bus in east, killing 12 by Zenon Zawada begun to work in this direction and at through his grandmother, while former RFE/RL minimum, is preparing all the necessary Procurator General Viktor Pshonka and KYIV – It took almost a year but regulatory measures to extradite them his son Artem are reported to have Ukrainian authorities say 10 civilians have Interpol, the International Criminal to Ukraine, one way or another, under gained Kazakh citizenship, which they been killed and 13 wounded by a missile that hit Police Organization, has finally issued certain conditions,” he said. deny, reported gazeta.ua a bus in eastern Ukraine. [Two more victims later wanted person alerts for former Interpol’s decision came as criticism Meanwhile, some of the handful of died in the hospital.] Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, has been mounting of the current gov- police officers who were arrested have The incident occurred on January 13 near a former Prime Minister Mykola Azarov, escaped custody and gone into Ukrainian military checkpoint close to the town of and two of their associates on charges of hiding. Most notably, Dmytro Volnovakha, 35 kilometers southwest of the rebel- embezzlement and misappropriation. All the key Yanukovych Sadovnyk, the commander of a held provincial capital of Donetsk. They are being pursued by the administration offi cials Berkut unit alleged to be respon- One report said the bus was carrying civilians Ukrainian government, which submit- sible for as many as 39 killings, from the coastal city of Mariupol. -
The Future of Ukrainian Oligarchsdownload
Ukrainian Institute for the Future is an independent analytical center that: • forecasts changes and models possible scenarios for events in Ukraine; • makes a competent assessment of the Ukrainian events; • makes specific recommendations for actions; • offers effective solutions; • offers a platform for discussions on current topics. It is a project of representatives of Ukrainian business, politics and the public sector. Founded in summer 2016. AUTHORS Victor Andrusiv Executive Director of the Ukrainian Institute for the Future, PhD in Political Science, analyst and opinion journalist, author of the book “Change the future” Oleg Ustenko Executive Director of the Bleyzer Foundation, President of Harvard Club of Ukraine alumni association Yurii Romanenko Co-founder of the Ukrainian Institute for the Future, head of the International and Domestic Policy programme, editor-in-chief of the portal Hvylya Ihar Tyshkevich Expert of International and Domestic Politics programme of the Ukrainian Institute for the Future (UIF) © Art-direction D!VANDESIGN © Idea and design INCOGNITA INTRODUCTION. THE BRITISH DISEASE IN UKRAINE Content 05 THEORY AND STRUCTURE OF THE UKRAINIAN OLIGARCHY 06 INFLUENCE OVER ENERGY INDUSTRY 14 INFLUENCE OVER METALLURGY 26 INFLUENCE OVER TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 38 INFLUENCE OVER MEDIA 50 INFLUENCE OVER POLITICS 62 THREE SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE OF THE OLIGARCHS 72 Victor Andrusiv Executive Director of the Ukrainian Institute for the Future, PhD in Political Science, analyst and opinion journalist, author of the book “Change the future” Introduction: the British disease in Ukraine After the fall of the Soviet Union, the starting conditions for economic development in Ukraine were advanta- geous. However, after 27 years of independence, we continue to be the most backward country of the post-Sovi- et bloc.