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A Comparative Study of Editorial Treatment of the Washington Post & the New York Times (Duration 2008-2012)

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A Comparative Study of Editorial Treatment of the Washington Post & the New York Times (Duration 2008-2012) Portrayal of Pak-US Relations Issues in Elite American Press: A comparative study of Editorial Treatment of The Washington Post & The New York Times (Duration 2008-2012) Researcher Supervisor Shehla Jabeen Dr. Abdul Wajid Khan Roll No-08, Assistant Professor Ph.D. Scholar (Media Studies) Department of Media Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies (Session 2012-2015) Department of Media Studies The Islamia University of Bahawalpur i ii Declaration of Student I, Shehla Jabeen, hereby declare that this Dissertation has been written by me in it’s entirely on the basis of my research work under the sincere guidance of my supervisor Dr. Abdul Wajid, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. No portion of this dissertation has been copied from any source. No portion of the research, presented in this Dissertation, has been submitted fore for any degree or qualification in this or any other University or educational institution. Shehla Jabeen Ph.D. Scholar iii Supervisor’s Certificate It is hereby certified that the thesis entitled, “Portrayal of Pak-US Relations Issues in Elite American Press: A Comparative Study of Editorial Treatment of The Washington Post & The New York Times (Duration 2008-2012)” is based on original work carried out by Shehla Jabeen and that has not been previously presented for the higher degree. Shehla Jabeen has done his work under my supervision. She has fulfilled all the requirements and qualified to submit the accompanying thesis according to the prescribed format for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy (Ph.D) in Media Studies. Dr. Abdul Wajid Khan Supervisor iv Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Approval Certificate) It is certified that the Ph.D Thesis of Shehla Jabeen entitled, “Portrayal of Pak-US Relations Issues in Elite American Press: A Comparative Study of Editorial Treatment of The Washington Post & The New York Times (Duration 2008- 2012)”has been approved by the examining committee for the requirement of Ph.D in Media Studies. Supervisor ……………………………………………………………. External Examiner ……………………………………………………………. Chairman ……………………………………………………………. Date ……………………………………………………………. v Dedicated to My benign mother who’s constant Support and caring changed this World into a rare Eden vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise and thanks to Allah Almighty first, who gave me courage to complete my work. All respect of His Holy Prophet (PBUH) who enabled us to recognize our creature. I want to expose my heartful thanks to my advisor Dr. Abdul Wajid Khan, for accepting my request to become my supervisor. Thank you Sir for supervising my Doctoral Research. I am extremely fortunate to have your guidance and mentorship through the doctoral programme. His valuable pieces of advice and encouraging behavior enabled to complete my research work. Dr. Abdul Wajid Khan is a perfect teacher cum-friend. I am highly grateful to Chairman Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Paracha for his cooperative and encouraging attitude. Frankly speaking, Prof. Paracha looks hard in first glance but I found him quite humble, God fearing and students loving teacher. He never leaves the students with half understanding of concepts of theories and research methods. I am very much indebted to Chairman Dr. Zahid Yousaf, University of Gujrat, and PhD Scholar Ahtsham-ul-Haq for their support to complete this project. vii I am highly thankful to PhD Scholar and visiting faculty member of Islamia University Bahawalpur in Media Studies Department Ghulam Safdar helped me to complete my research work. I owe thanks to Arfan Mahmood for extending sincere efforts and advices in building my future.I also acknowledge to my colleagues and friends Dr. Rehana Ashraf, Mona khurshid, Semia Khurshid, Farah Anjum, Ayesha Rafiq, Maryam Fatima and my Aunty Nusrat and Uncle Khurshid Nemat Ali who’s morally support me during this research project. I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my dear Uncle Brig(R) Professor Dr. Abdus Sattar Head of the Pathology Department CMH College Lahore who supports and encourage me at every step of my life. This acknowledgement would be incomplete unless and until I offer my humble veneration to my affectionate mother who always pray for me. Also thanks to my younger sister Shumaila and Brother Arslan for their affection. Last but not least, I again thank to all whom I have mentioned and whom I have not mentioned for helping me in completing this work. Shehla Jabeen viii Table of Contents Sr. Contents Page No No. 1 Abstract 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Significance of Study 7 1.3 Significance of Time Period 8 1.4 US Policy towards Pakistan 9 1.5 Pakistan Foreign Policy 11 1.5.1 Pakistan Policy towards USA 13 1.6 Rationale of Selected American Newspapers 14 1.6.1 The Washington Post 14 1.6.2 The Policy of The Washington Post 15 1.6.3 The New York Times 15 1.6.4 Policy of The New York Times 16 1.7 Editorials of Newspapers 16 1.8 Importance of Editorials 17 1.9 Objectives of Study 17 Chapter No 2: Historical Backgrounds 2.1 Historical Backgrounds 21 22 2.2 Pak-US Relations During Ayyub Era (1952-1969) ix 2.3 General Yahya Era (1969-1972) 25 26 2.4 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and U.S (1972-1977) 28 2.5 Pakistan Relations with U.S in Zia period (1979-1988) 29 2.6 Pak-U.S Relations in Democratic Government (1988-1998) 31 2.7 Era of General Musharraf and Relations with U.S. (1999-2008) 32 2.8 Post 9/11 and Pak-U.S 40 2.9 Benazir Bhutto Assassination 2.10 End of Musharraf’s Tenure “Critical Period” for Pakistan 45 2.11 Musharraf’s Resign and U.S urges stability 46 2.12 Major incidents during 2008 47 2.13 Major Incidents in 2009 48 2.14 Major Events in 2010 51 2.15 Major Incidents in 2011 54 2.16 Major incidents in 2012 55 Chapter 3: Literature Review 3.1 Literature Review 58 Chapter 4: Theoretical Framework 4.1 Theoretical Framework 78 4.2 Framing Theory 78 Chapter No 5: Research Methodology 82 5.1 Research Methodology 82 5.2 Hypothesis 5.3 Research Questions 82 x 5.4 Unit of Analysis 83 5.5 Issues to be Studied in Research 83 5.6 Study Period 84 5.7 Census of Study 84 5.8 Data Measurement 84 5.8.1 Quantitative Measurement 85 5.8.2 Qualitative Measurement 85 5.9 Coding Sheet 85 5.9.1 Positive 85 5.9.2 Negative 85 5.9.3 Neutral 85 5.10 Criteria of coding slant 86 5.11 Inter Coder Reliability 86 5.12 Data Analysis 87 Chapter No 6: Data Interpretation 6.1 Data Interpretations 89 Chapter No 7: Discussions Research Question 1: How much coverage is given in both 149 newspapers about under studied issues in their editorials? Research Question 2: What is the manner of treatment of both 150 American newspapers regarding the issue of war on terror? Research Question 3: What kind of treatment given by both 151 American newspapers on the issue Drone Attacks in Pakistani territory? xi Research Question 4: What image of Pakistan portrayed by both 153 American newspapers regarding the issue of Osama Bin Ladin Assassination in Pakistan by US? Research Question 5: What kind of treatment given by both 154 American newspapers on the issue of NATO Supply through Pakistani territory? Research Question 6: What is the stance of both American 155 newspapers towards Pakistan on the issue of Afghanistan as an important factor of Pak-US relations? Research Question 7: What is the behaviour of both American 157 newspapers regarding US aid to Pakistan? Research Question 8: What image of Pakistan portrayed by both 158 American newspapers regarding Intelligence sharing? Hypothesis 1: It is more likely that Washington Post gave more 159 treatment to Pak-US relations as compare to New York Times. It is more likely that both American newspapers gave opinion 160 against the stance of Pakistan government on under studies issues of Pak-US relations. Hypothesis 3: It is more likely that American press portrayed 160 negative image of Pakistan as ally with US. Chapter No 8: Conclusion 8.1Conclusion 162 166 8.2Suggestions for Further Research 168 Annexure A References 177 Annexure B Coding Sheets 193 Annexure C Pakistan Foreign Policy 200 Annexure D US Foreign Policy 218 Annexure E Editorials Quotes xii List of Tables Table Title Page No. Editorial treatment of Washington Post on the issue of War Table 6.1 89 on Terror in Pakistan Editorial treatment of New York Times on the issue of War Table 6.2 91 on Terror in Pakistan Comparison of Editorial treatment of Washington Post and Table 6.3 93 New York Times on the issue of War on Terror in Pakistan Editorial treatment of Washington Post on the issue of Drone Table 6.4 95 Attacks in Pakistani Territory Editorial treatment of New York Times on the issue of Drone Table 6.5 97 Attacks in Pakistani Territory Comparison of Editorial treatment of Washington Post and Table 6.6 New York Times on the issue of Drone Attacks in Pakistani 99 Territory Editorial treatment of Washington Post on the issue of Osama Table 6.7 101 Bin Ladin Assassination in Pakistan Editorial treatment of New York Times on the issue of Table 6.8 103 Osama Bin Ladin Assassination in Pakistan Comparison of Editorial treatment of Washington Post and Table 6.9 New York Times on the issue of Osama Bin Ladin 105 Assassination in Pakistan Editorial treatment of Washington Post on the issue of NATO Table 6.10 107 Supply through Pakistan Editorial treatment of New York Times on the issue of Table 6.11 109 NATO Supply through Pakistan Comparison of Editorial treatment of Washington Post and Table 6.12 New York Times on the issue of NATO Supply through 111 Pakistan Editorial
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