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Home , Calcidius, Eudorus of Alexandria, Eulabeia (mythology), Giovanni Reale, Myrto, Theon of Alexandria

To our parents

John and Esther Lee

and Nam Soon Kwon for their love, prayers, and unfailing support

Institue adulescentem iuxta viam suam,

etiam cum senuerit, non recedet ab ea.

Proverbs 22:6

Preface

This project has undergone several changes since its first inception as a doctoral dissertation accepted by Fuller Theological Seminary in 2002 under the title “Greco-Roman of Mind and Paul.” When the dissertation was first accepted into the WUNT II series, Professor Jörg Frey, then and current editor, suggested saving the material on Paul for another book and expanding the remainder on Greco-Roman philosophy of mind in two ways by: 1) adding a section on the role of the divine in moral progress for each philosophy, and 2) enlarging the analysis on Diaspora Judaism into separate chapters. Little did I know that these revisions would evolve into an almost two-decades long project where sections expanded into chapters, and major parts of the book expanded into separate works. This present book, Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind, is a stand-alone and foundational work which maps out the moral milieu of the Apostle Paul and his Diaspora Jewish contemporaries by describing the ethical systems of, and reconstructing models of moral transformation for, and . It ends with a Retrospect and Prospect that compares the two systems as theoretical poles and outlines the spectrum they create along which other systems can be assessed. A separate companion work under a new title will be published later that reconstructs the moral transformation systems of and Diaspora Judaism. This second book will end with a scheme for mapping a common ancient ethical tradition across Platonism, Stoicism, and Epicureanism to which Judaism and Pauline also make conceptual contributions. These two books are the beginning segment of a career-long research agenda where I seek to publish additional works on how the Apostle Paul appropriates the language of philosophical discourse in his moral exhortations to his Gentile churches. These books also set the stage for exploring how Paul engages with competing philosophical systems that informed the and behavior of his letter recipients. It is my hope that this present book on Platonism and Stoicism (along with the ensuing book on Epicureanism and Diaspora Judaism) can provide encyclopedic knowledge for the New Testament scholar unfamiliar with Greco-Roman of mind and propose ways for the expert to systematize their content into coherent models of moral transformation. VIII Preface

I am grateful not only for the patience and support of Professor Frey over these many years to see the project to completion but also his willingness to publish a contracted single book into two separate individual works. Thanks also to the past and current staff of Mohr Siebeck for their excellent editorial help, especially Dr. Henning Ziebritzki and Ms. Elena Müller. I stand indebted to many (Rom 13:8) who have helped me directly in the writing of this book and indirectly by contributing to my life’s journey. I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to my dissertation supervisor Professor Judith Gundry who, despite her move from Fuller to Yale Divinity School in 1998, kept me as her student and since then has been an invaluable source of counsel and support throughout my vocation as a theological educator. Words cannot express my thankfulness for Professor Seyoon Kim who has been a second Doktorvater to me and whose mentorship has formed my identity as a scholar, teacher, and minister of the church. In Dr. Kim and Dr. Gundry I could not find better mentors. Their sage advice and friendship has been, and continues to be, a gracious gift. Over the years at various conferences and universities where I conducted and presented my research, I have enjoyed both discussion and debate with leading scholars in the field of classical studies and early Christianity. I wish to thank Professor Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Professor David Sedley, Professor James Warren, and the late Professor Abraham Malherbe for their interest in my work on Stoicism and Epicureanism. Part of my research was supported by the Lilly Theological Scholars Grant administered by the Association of Theological Schools. The grant funded my post-doctoral study at Durham University, England, in October– November 2010. I wish to thank my sponsor Professor John Barclay, as well as Professor Francis Watson and Professor Walter Moberly, for their warm welcome and for inviting me to give a paper on “Ancient Ethical Theory and Paul” at the New Testament Research Seminar. Professor George Boys-Stones also attended the seminar and during my stay at Durham provided direction in my work on . In my career, I have been blessed to teach at fantastic institutions of higher learning. Many thanks to the deans, faculty, and staff at Westmont College (2002–2003), Wheaton College (2003–2006), and North Park Theological Seminary (2006–present). Special thanks to Professor Klyne Snodgrass, Professor Robert Hubbard, Professor James Bruckner, and Professor Stephen Chester, all of whom during my time at North Park supported my scholarship and whose friendship I treasure to this day. At these institutions, several research assistants helped me with the book and while I cannot name them all, I thank them, and especially Ms. Megan Herrold who took on the lion’s share of the work to proof-read various Preface IX drafts of the manuscript and compile the indices. I am grateful for the sabbatical leave supported by North Park, the leadership of my current deans Dr. David Kersten and Professor Dwight Perry, and for the help of the staff at Brandel Library, especially Dr. Stephen Spencer. My wife, Sukyung Lee, has carried the largest burden, spiritually, emotionally, and financially. Her prayers, love, and fortitude have seen us through some very tough years, and I could not have made it this far without her. My love and appreciation for her only grows each day. Thanks also to my sons Zachary and Jonathan who grew up with “the book,” are now in college, and whose presence in my life is a constant reminder of ’s grace. My younger brother Eugene Lee, his wife Sarah, and their daughters Ava and Alex have also waited eagerly with us for the day of the book’s completion. So have Su’s aunts Ms. Ok Soon Kwon and Ms. Kwang Ja Kwon. Thank you for standing by us. Both Su and I want to express our indebtedness to our pastors and Christian brothers and sisters from whom we received much love and prayers. While we wish we could name every person whom God has used to encourage us in our life’s journey, we instead thank our spiritual families by church name and name individually only a few. Thank you Berkland Baptist Church, Life Baptist Church, and Park Community Church for all that we received from you and the formative influence you have had in shaping our and our children’s walk with Christ. We especially thank Pastor Paul and Rebekah Kim, Pastor Andy and Grace Pak, Pastor Daniel and Sue Im, Pastor Peter and Eunice Lee, Pastor James and Soomi Suh, Pastor Stephen and Ellen Jung, Pastor Daniel and Mona Lee, Pastor Ed and Kelly Kang, Pastor Chris and Sally Pak, Pastor Brian and Brittany Park, Pastor Steve and Rachael Kim, Mr. John and Professor Loan Kim, Mr. Bert and Mrs. Anne Han, Pastor Scott and Linda Clifton, Pastor Joel and Aliza Settecase, Pastor Dan and Courtney Osborn, and Dr. Valerie Landfair. This work is dedicated to my parents: Mr. John J. Lee and Mrs. Esther Lee, and to Su’s mother, Mrs. Nam Soon Kwon. From cradle to today, they have never stopped praying, encouraging, supporting, and loving us. They have believed in my work and walked with us through every valley moment. Mom, Dad, and Omonim, we rejoice that we can also share this mountaintop experience with you. You have taught us that in all things, good and bad, to give thanks to the Lord and live according to his purpose (Rom. 8:28). We love you.

Ad Dei gloriam et laudem

Chicago, Illinois, Advent 2019 Max J. Lee

Table of Contents

Preface .…………………………………………………………………………………… VII

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………...……… XI

Abbreviations and Primary Sources Table ………………………………………………X VI I

Part I: Mapping the Apostle Paul’s Moral Milieu 1

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind ………. 3

1. What Is of Mind? ………………….……………………………… 3

2. Which Moral Transformation Systems and Why .………………………...... ………… 5

3. Power, Human Agency, and Divine Correspondence .……………………..………….… 1 2

Chapter 2: Contingency, Coherence, and Philosophical Systems ...………… 17

1. Methods and Models …………………………………………….……………………… 17

1.1. A Proviso on the Use of the Term System .…………………………….………… 17 1.2. Toward an Abstracted Model of Moral Transformation ………...…….………… 23

2. Components to Moral Transformation ………………………………………………… 31

2.1. Why Begin with the Passions: Defining Their Structure and Power ………………3 1 2.2. Philosophical Reactions to Popular Views on the Passions ……………………… 33 2.3. Self-Mastery, Moral Action, Virtue, and Other Components …………………… 37 Fig. 1: Self-Mastery, Temperance, and Character Formation ………………………40

Summary Remarks for Part I ……………………………………………… 45

Part II: Moral Transformation in Middle Platonism 47

Chapter 3: The Body-Beating Platonist: The Non-Cognitive Structure of the Passions and the Platonic Counter-Cycle of Virtue Against Vice ….. 49

1. Introducing Middle Platonism .………………………………………………………… 49

1.1. The Founder and His Followers: , , , and Galen .………… 50 1.2. Unifying Doctrines and Common Commitments .………………………………… 51 XII Table of Contents

2. Self-Mastery as Moderation of the Passions …………………………………………… 56

2.1. The Platonic Non-Cognitive Theory of Emotions ………………………………… 57 2.2. The Platonic View of Self-Mastery ……………………………………………… 66

3. Vice, Virtue, and Character Formation .…………………………………………………7 3

3.1. The Cycle of Error and Vice ……………………………………………………… 75 3.2. The Counter-Cycle of Virtuous Action, Habit, and Character Formation …………7 8 Fig. 2: The Middle Platonic Program of Behavior Modification ………………… 85 3.3. Debilitating Desire and Exercising Reason’s Power ………………………………8 8 Fig. 3: Plato’s Anthropology ……………………………………………………… 98 Fig. 4: Middle Platonic Anthropology ………………………………………………99

Chapter 4: “Becoming like God” and Nurturing Moral Progress in Middle Platonism .……………………………………………………… 103

1. The Goal to “Become like God” .……………………………………………………… 103

1.1. Plato’s Tension between the Virtuous Life and a Life of Contemplation .……… 103 1.2. Assimilation through Contemplation …………………………………………… 105 1.3. Assimilation through the Moral Life …………………………………………… 112

2. Diverse Ways of Imitating the Divine: How the Middle Platonists Resolved Plato’s Tension …………………………………………………………………………119

2.1. Moral Likeness to a Lesser, Demiurgic God according to Alcinous …………… 123 Excursus: Plato’s ……………………………………………………… 129 Table 1: Plato’s Metaphysical Framework …………………………………………130 Table 2: Plato’s Religious / Mythic Framework ………………………………… 131 Table 3: Alcinous’ Theology .………………………………………………………134 2.2. Moral Likeness to the Thoughts of the First God according to Alcinous ……… 136 2.3. Moral Likeness to the Divine Attributes of God according to Plutarch .…………139 Table 4: Plutarch’s Theology … 147 2.4. A Non-Platonist Account of Assimilation to God according to Galen ………… 148

3. Nature versus Nurture: Mentors, Friends, and the Hard-Wired Limitations to Moral Progress …………………………………………………………………………155

3.1. “To Know Thyself” Requires the Help of Others .……………………………… 156 3.2. Moral Mentors and Frank Friends .……………………………………………… 158 3.3. Nature’s Limits on Moral Progress ……………………………………………… 162

Summary Remarks for Part II .…………………………………………… 17 1

Table of Contents XIII

Part III: Moral Transformation in Stoicism 173

Chapter 5: The Superhuman Stoic: The Cognitive Structure of the Passions and the Perfection of Moral Judgment ……………………… 175

1. Introducing the Roman Stoa of the Early Imperial Period …………………………… 175

1.1. The Founders and Their Followers: The Old Stoa, Seneca, Musonius Rufus, , and Other Greco-Roman Stoics ………………………………………… 177 1.2. Neostoic Orthodoxy and Innovations .…………………………………………… 179

2. The Stoic Cognitive Theory of Emotions .……………………………………………… 183

2.1. The Taxonomy of Emotions ……………………………………………………… 184 2.2. The Mind Experiences an Appearance (Stage 1) ………………………………… 188 2.3. The Mind Judges the Impression (Stage 2) ……………………………………… 190 2.4. The Judgment Produces an Impulse (Stage 3) …………………………………… 193 2.5. The Impulse Moves the Human Agent toward Action (Stage 4) ………………… 195 2.6. A Stoic Example from on the Cognitive Origin of Emotion ………… 202

3. The Stoic View of Self-Mastery .………………………………………………………… 207

3.1. Aiming for Stoic ’Apa,qeia ……………………………………………………… 207 3.2. Extirpating the Passions ………………………………………………………… 213 3.3. Self-Mastery and Temperance as the Consistent Exercise of Knowledge ……… 219

Chapter 6: The Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent: Stoic Moral Psychology of Action and Character Formation .……………………… 221

1. The Cognitive Formation of Virtue versus Vice ……………………………………… 221

1.1. Virtues as Types of Knowledge and Virtue as a Stable State …………………… 222 1.2. Vices as Types of Ignorance and Viciousness as an Unstable State …………… 226

2. The Instantaneous and Comprehensive Character of Stoic Perfection ……………… 228

2.1. The Taxonomies and Unity of the Virtues ……………………………………… 228 2.2. Transformation as Radical Change not Gradual Progress .……………………… 236 2.3. Stoic Perfection: Available to All, Attainable by Few .………………………… 242

3. Moral Valuation, Action, and Choice ………………………………………………… 245

3.1. Defining the Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent ………………………………… 247 3.2. Distinguishing Preferred versus Dispreferred Indifferents ……………………… 253 Fig. 5: Goods, Evils, and Indifferents (Preferred, Dispreferred, or Neither) …… 258 3.3. Types of Moral Acts: Right, Erroneous, Appropriate, and Unsuitable ………… 259 Fig. 6: Appropriate vs. Inappropriate Acts: Right, Intermediate, and Erroneous ……………………………………………………………………… 261 3.4. A Very Short Epitome of Stoic Ethics …………………………………………… 270

XIV Table of Contents

Chapter 7: Neostoic Innovations to Chrysippan Moral Psychology ………271

1. The Prominence of Power Language in Neostoic Accounts …………………………… 271

1.1. The Exaggerated Power of Appearances, Assent, and Impulses ………………… 272 1.2. The Excessive Power of the Passions and Epictetus’ Deconstruction of Medea as a Denial of ’Akrasi,a …………………………………………………… 281 1.3. Rational Power according to Musonius Rufus and Marcus Aurelius .…………… 292

2. Componential Theories on the Formation of the Passions …………………………… 296

2.1. on Impulsive Power versus Rational Power ………………………… 298 2.2. on Cognitive Passions Charged by Bodily Impulses ………………… 302 2.3. Seneca on the Pre-Passions ……………………………………………………… 307

3. Componential Theories on Non-Cognitive Aids to Self-Mastery ……………………… 315

3.1. of Babylon on Music’s Contribution to Self-Mastery ………………… 317 3.2. Posidonius on Moderating Affective Movements with Music ………………… 325 3.3. Seneca on Pacifying the Pre-Passions with Poetry ……………………………… 328

Chapter 8: Neostoic Innovations in Habit, Practice, and Mentoring ………33 2

1. Non-Intellectual Virtues and Vicious Habitudes ……………………………………… 332

1.1. Defining Non-Intellectual Virtues as Skills or Habitudes ……………………… 333 1.2. Proclivities, Sick Habits, and Infirmed Conditions ……………………………… 339

2. Spiritual Exercises and Practicing Philosophy ………………………………………… 345

2.1. Practicing Philosophy and Why Knowing Is Not Enough ……………………… 346 2.2. Types of Spiritual Exercises ……………………………………………………… 356

3. Mentoring Students to Practice Philosophy …………………………………………… 363

3.1. Seneca on Mentorship in Stoicism and Other Philosophical Traditions ………… 364 3.2. From Mentors and Students to a Society of Stoic Friends ……………………… 370

Chapter 9: The Stoic Self ………………………………………………… 375

1. Oivkei,wsij and the Formation of the Integrated Self …………………………………… 375

1.1. Hierocles on Oivkei,wsij, Self-Preservation, and the Constitution of Self …………37 8 1.2. The Doxographers on Appropriation and Appropriate Acts …………………… 38 1 1.3. Stoic Ethics as the Rational Outworking of Pre-Rational Oivkei,wsij …………… 38 5 1.4. The Integrated Self: From Individual to Social Oivkei,wsij ……………………… 396

2. Stoic Anthropology as Material and Monistic ………………………………………… 401

2.1. The Human Person as an Ensouled Body and Embodied Soul ………………… 40 1 2.2. The Monism of the Soul and Rational Agency …………………………………… 407 2.3. An Epitome of Stoic Humanity .………………………………………………… 4 10

Table of Contents XV

Chapter 10: The Stoic God and Imitatio Dei ……………………………… 411

1. The Nature of God and Humanity’s Role in the Cosmos ……………………………… 411

1.1. A Matrix of Interentailing Propositions on the Nature of God ………………… 411 1.2. God’s Providence, Natural Determinism, and Moral Responsibility …………… 418 1.3. Epictetus on Proai,resij and Neostoic Developments on Freedom ……………… 429

2. The Imitation of God as the Stoic Te,loj ……………………………………………… 437

2.1. Living according to Nature, Reason, and Virtue ………………………………… 438 2.2. Imitating the Rational and Virtuous God ………………………………………… 441 2.3. The Role of God in Stoic Moral Progress ………………………………………… 452

Summary Remarks for Part III …………………………………………… 455

Part IV: Retrospect and Prospect 459

Chapter 11: Retrospect: Models and Milieu ……………………………… 461

1. The Middle Platonist Model of Moral Transformation …………………………………461

1.1. Platonist Moral Psychology ……………………………………………………… 462 1.2. The Platonist Cycle of Vice and Counter-Cycle of Virtue ……………………… 463 1.3. Social Structures Reinforcing the Attainment of Virtue ………………………… 464 1.4. Integrating Assimilation to God with Moral Formation ………………………… 464 1.5. A Platonist Model of Reinforcing Concentric Cycles .…………………………… 468 Fig. 7: The Middle Platonist Model of Moral Transformation .…………………… 469

2. The Stoic Model of Moral Transformation …………………………………………… 4 70

2.1. Stoic Moral Psychology ………………………………………………………… 4 70 2.2. Stoic Moral Valuation of the Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent ……………… 472 2.3. Instantaneous Transformation and the Analogue of a Titration Point …………… 472 Fig. 8: The Early Stoic Model of Moral Psychology, Action, and Perfection …… 474 2.4. Neostoic Innovations to the Chrysippan Model of Perfection …………………… 475 Fig. 9: Neostoic Innovations to Early Stoic Moral Psychology and Formation … 475 2.5. An Integrated Stoic Model: Transformation, Imitatio Dei, and Oivkei,wsij.……… 479 Fig. 10: The Stoic Model of Moral Transformation ……………………………… 481

3. Mapping the Moral Milieu of the Apostle Paul between Platonism and Stoicism …… 483

3.1. The Importance of Platonism and Stoicism in the Transitional Period ………… 484 3.2. Comparisons between the Models and the Spectrum They Create ……………… 487 Fig. 11: Greco-Roman Philosophies in a Non-Cognitive to Cognitive Spectrum ………………………………………………………………… 489

XVI Table of Contents

Chapter 12: Prospect: Interactions, Intertextuality, and Encyclopedia …… 493

1. Intertextuality, Greco-Roman Allusions, and the Types of Interactions between Philosophical Schools ………………………………………………………………… 493

1.1. Eclecticism (Type of Interaction 1) ……………………………………………… 494 1.2. Refutation (Type of Interaction 2) ……………………………………………… 49 7 1.3. Competitive Appropriation (Type of Interaction 3) ……………………………… 498 1.4. Irenic Appropriation (Type of Interaction 4) …………………………………… 503 1.5. Concession (Type of Interaction 5) ……………………………………………… 506 1.6. Common Ethical Usage (Type of Interaction 6) ………………………………… 512 1.7. Implications for Detecting Greco-Roman Allusions in the New Testament …… 516

2. Where Do We Go from Here? .………………………………………………………… 519

2.1. An Estimation of Epicureanism and Diaspora Judaism in the Spectrum .……… 51 9 Fig. 12: Epicureanism and Judaism between Platonism and Stoicism .…………… 522 2.2. Toward a Common Ancient Ethical Tradition …………………………………… 523

Closing Remarks .………………………………………………………… 52 7

Appendix 1: The Philosopher Plato and the Legacy of the Academy: Sources for Middle Platonism ………………………………………………………… 531

1. The Life and Works of Plato ……………………………………………………… 5 31 2. The Life and Works of Plato’s Greco-Roman Heirs: Plutarch, Alcinous, and Galen ……………………………………………………………………………… 535

Appendix 2: Zeno, , and Their Late Hellenistic and Imperial Heirs: Sources for Early, Middle, and Roman Stoicism ……………………………………… 545

1. Zeno, Chrysippus, and the Early Stoa ……………………………………………… 545 2. Sources for Middle Stoicism ……………………………………………………… 553 3. Sources for Roman Stoicism ……………………………………………………… 555

Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………… 567

Index of Ancient Sources ………………………………………………………………… 609

Index of Modern Authors ………………………………………………………………… 635

Index of Subjects ………………………………………………………………………… 643

Abbreviations and Text Editions for Greek and Latin Primary Sources

Primary sources are listed here by the ancient author’s name and generally follow the style, conventions, and abbreviations used in The SBL Handbook of Style for Biblical Studies and Related Disciplines (2nd ed.; ed. by Billie Jean Collins, Bob Buller, and John F. Kutsko; Atlanta: SBL, 2014), and The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.; ed. by Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth and Esther Eidinow; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). At times alternative abbreviations are used for lesser known works. Texts taken from the Loeb Classical Library series are noted as LCL. A list of primary sources by the editor’s or translator’s last name is provided in the bibliography. Abbreviations for secondary literature are also taken from The SBL Handbook of Style, and the reader is asked to refer there for the abbreviations of modern sources and series used in this book.

Achilles Tatius Achilles Tatius Leuc. Clit. Leucippe et . Achilles Tatius, Leucippe et Clitophon (LCL; ed. and trans. by Stephen Gaselee; Cambridge, : Har- vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1917; 2nd ed., 1969; repr. 1984). Aëtius Aëtius Plac. Placita. Hermann Diels, ed., Doxographi Graeci (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1879; repr. 1958). Corrected text for Book 2 and Eng. trans. by Jaaps Mansfeld and David T. Runia, Aëtiana: The Method and Intellectual Context of a Doxographer (vol. 2: The Compendi- um, Pt. 2; Philosophia Antiqua 114; Leiden: Brill, 2009), 663–715. Albinus Prologos ’Albi,nou pro,logoj (= Eivsagwgh. eivj tou/ Pla,twnoj bi,blon = In- troductio in Platonem). Karl Friedrich Hermann, ed., Platonis Dialogi secundum Thrasylli tetralogias dispositi (vol. 6; Leipzig: Teubner, 1880), 147–51; and more recently, Burkhard Reis, ed. and trans., Der Platoniker Albinos und sein sogenannter Prologos: Prologomena, Überlieferungsgeschichte, kritische Edition und Übersetzung (Serta Graeca 7; Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 1999), 310–19. Alcinous Alcinous Didask. Didaskalikos. John Whittaker, ed., Alcinoos: Enseignement des doctrines de Platon (Introduction, texte établi et commenté par John Whittaker; traduit par by Pierre Louis; Paris: Les Belles Let- tres, 1990). Eng. trans. by John Dillon, Alcinous: The Handbook on Platonism: Introduction, , and Commentary (Clarendon Later Ancient Philosophers; Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Citations from Alcinous, Didask. are given by chap- ter no.: paragraph no. following Dillon (with page nos. and line XVIII Abbreviations and Text Editions

nos. from the Greek text of the Whittaker edition in parenthetical notes as necessary). Alexander Alexander of Aphrodisias De Anima De Anima (= On the Soul). Ivo Bruns, ed. Supplementum Aristo- telicum (vol. 2/1: Alexandri de Anima cum Mantissa; Berlin: G. Reimer, 1897), 1–100. Eng. trans. by Victor Caston, Alexander of Aphrodisias: On the Soul, Part 1: Soul as Form of the Body, Parts of the Soul, Nourishment and Perception (Ancient Commentators on ; London/New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2012). Fat. De fato (= On Fate). Robert W. Sharples, ed. and trans., Alexander of Aphrodisias on Fate: Text, Translation, and Commentary (Lon- don: Duckworth, 1983). Mantissa Mantissa (= Supplement to On the Soul). Robert W. Sharples, ed., Alexander Aphrodisiensis, De anima libri mantissa: A New Edition of the Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2008), 37–142. Eng. trans. by Robert W. Sharples, Alexander of Aphrodisias: Supplement to On the Soul (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle; London/New York: Blooms- bury Academic, 2014). Andronicus Andronicus of . See Ps.-Andr. below. Apuleius Apuleius De Platone De Platone et eius Dogmate. Jean Beaujeu, ed. and trans., Apulée: Opuscules Philosophiques et Fragments: Texte établi, traduit et commenté (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1973). Aristotle Aristotle EE Ethica Eudemia. Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, Eudemian Eth- ics, Virtues and Vices (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1935). EN Ethica Nicomachea. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi- ty Press / London: William Heinemann, 1926; 2nd ed., 1934; repr. 1956). Gen. an. De generatione animalium (= On the Generation of Animals). Aristotle, Generation of Animals (LCL; ed. and trans. by Arthur L. Peck; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1942). Phys. Physics. Aristotle, The Physics (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Philip H. Wicksteed and Francis M. Cornford; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1929–34; repr. 1980). Pol. Politics. Aristotle, Politics (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rack- ham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1932; 2nd ed., 1944). Metaph. . Aristotle, The Metaphysics I–IX (LCL; ed. and trans. by Hugh Tredennick; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1933; repr. 1989); idem, The Metaphysics X–XIV, Oeconom- ica, Magna Moralia (LCL; ed. and trans. by Hugh Tredennick and G. Cyril Armstrong; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1935; repr. 1990), 1–320.

Primary Sources XIX

Rhet. Rhetorica. Aristotle, The “Art” of Rhetoric (LCL; ed. and trans. by John H. Freese; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1926). Arius Didymus Arius Didymus ESE Epitome of Stoic Ethics (= Stobaeus, Anth. 2.57.13–2.116.18). Arthur J. Pomeroy, ed. and trans., Arius Didymus: Epitome of Stoic Ethics (SBLTT 44; Graeco-Roman 14; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1999). Citations for Arius Didymus is by section no. with page nos. and line nos. from the Greek text of the Pomeroy edition in parenthetical notes as necessary, e.g., Arius Didymus ESE 5b1 (Pomeroy 12.13–33) = Arius Didymus, Epitome of Stoic Ethics, section 5b1 (Pomeroy edition, p. 12, lines 13–33). Aulus Gellius Aulus Gellius Noct. att. Noctes Atticae. The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius (LCL; 3 vols.; ed. and trans. by John C. Rolfe; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 1967–70). Calcidius Calcidius In Tim. In (= Commentary on Plato’s Timaeus). Calcidius, On Plato’s Timaeus (Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library; ed. and trans. by John Magee; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard Universi- ty Press, 2016). Cicero Acad. post. Academica posteriora = Academica I. Cicero, De Natura Deorum [et] Academica (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heine- mann, 1933; repr. 1951), 464–659. [Fragments of the Acad. post. are found in ibid., pp. 456–63 and cited by frag. no.] Div. De divinatione = On Divination. Cicero, On Old Age, On Friend- ship, On Divination (LCL; ed. and trans. by William A. Falconer; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1923), 222–539. Fat. De fato. Cicero, De Oratore III, De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Partitione Oratoria (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1942; repr. 1948), 192–249. Fin. De finibus bonorum et malorum. Cicero, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1914; 2nd ed., 1931; repr. 1951). Leg. De legibus (= On the ). Cicero, On the , On the Laws (LCL; ed. and trans. by Clinton W. Keyes; Cambridge, MA: Har- vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 2000), 296–519. Luc. Academica priora (Lucullus) = Academica II. Cicero, De Natura Deorum [et] Academica (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1933; repr. 1951), 410–55. Nat. d. De natura deorum. Cicero, De Natura Deorum [et] Academica (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard

XX Abbreviations and Text Editions

University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1933; repr. 1951), 1–396. Off. De officiis. Cicero, De Officiis (LCL; ed. and trans. by Walter Miller; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1913; repr. 1990). Parad. Paradoxa Stoicorum. Cicero, De Oratore III, De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Partitione Oratoria (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1942; repr. 1948), 251–303. Tusc. Tusculanae disputationes. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations (LCL; ed. and trans. by John E. King; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer- sity Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 1950). Cleanthes Cleanthes of Assos Hymn Hymn to . Johan C. Thom, ed. and trans., Cleanthes’ Hymn to Zeus: Text, Translation, and Commentary (Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity 33; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005). Damascius In Phaed. Commentary on Plato’s . Leendert G. Westerlink, ed. and trans., The Greek ’s Phaedo (vol. 2: Damascius; Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977). Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius Lives Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Robert D. Hicks; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Press / London: William Heinemann, 1925; repr. 1991). Diog. Oin. Diogenes of Oinoanda fr. fragments. For fr. 1–181, see Martin Ferguson Smith, ed. and trans., Diogenes of Oinoanda: The Epicurean Inscription (La Scuola di Epicuro, Supplemento 1; with introduction, Eng. transla- tion, and notes; : Bibliopolis, 1993). Citations for Diog. Oin. is by fragment no.: column no.: line no., e.g., Diog. Oin., fr. 34.VII.1–14 = fragment 34, column 7, lines 1–14 (Smith 1993, 210). Epictetus Epictetus Diss. Dissertationes. Epictetus, The Discourses as Reported by Arrian, The Manual, and Fragments (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Wil- liam A. Oldfather; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1925–28; repr. and reset 1996–98). Ench. Encheiridion. Ibid., 2.479–537. fr. fragments. Ibid., 2.440–77. Epicurus Ep. Hdt. Epistula ad Herodotum (= Letter to ). Graziano Arrighetti, ed. and trans., Epicuro: Opere (Biblioteca di cultura filosofica 41; Torino: Guilio Einaudi, 2nd ed., 1973), 33–73. Cita- tions are by letter name: paragraph no.; e.g., Epicurus, Ep. Hdt. 35 = Epistle to Herodotus, paragraph no. 35. Ep. Men. Epistula ad Menoeceum (= Letter to Menoeceus). Ibid., 105–17. Citations are by letter name: paragraph no.; e.g., Epicurus, Ep. Men. 127 = Epistle to Menoceus, paragraph no. 127.

Primary Sources XXI

KD KURIAI DOXAI (= Ratae Sententiae = Principal Doctrines). Ibid., 119–37. Citations are by collection name: saying no.; e.g., Epicu- rus, KD 29 = Principal Doctrines, saying no. 29. VS Vaticanae Sententiae (= Vatican Sayings). Ibid., 139–57. Citations are by collection name: saying no.; e.g., Epicurus, VS 77 = Vatican Sayings, saying no. 29. Arr. Graziano Arrighetti, ed. and trans., Epicuro: Opere (Biblioteca di cultura filosofica 41; Torino: Giulio Einaudi, 2nd ed., 1973). Fragments from Arrighetti are cited by editor: no: frag- ment no., with the corresponding citation in parentheses; e.g., Arr. 22.1, 22.4 (Athenaeus, Deipn. 12.546E–F) = Arrighetti, treatise no. 22, fragment nos. 1 and 4. Us. Hermann Usener, ed., Epicurea (Leipzig: Teubner, 1887), 84–358. Citations of fragments from Usener are by editor: fragment no., with the corresponding citation in parenthesis; e.g., Us. 67 (Athe- naeus, Deipn. 12.546E–F) = Usener, fragment no. 67. Euripides Euripides Andr. Andromache. Euripides, Children of , Hippolytus, Andro- mache, Hecuba (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by David Kovacs; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1995), 267– 389. Herc. fur. Hercules furens (= The Madness of Hercules). Euripides, Suppliant Women, , Hercules (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by David Kovacs; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1998), 303–455. Hipp. Hippolytus. Euripides, Children of Heracles, Hippolytus, Andro- mache, Hecuba (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by David Kovacs; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1995), 117– 261. Med. Medea. Euripides, Cyclops, Alcestis, Medea (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by David Kovacs; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard Univer- sity Press, 1994; 2nd ed., 2001), 275–413. Eusebius Eusebius of Caesarea Praep. ev. Praeparatio evangelica (= Preparation for the Gospel). Karl Mras, ed., Eusebius Werke 8: Die Praeparatio Evangelica (2 vols.; Ber- lin: Akademie Verlag, 1954–56; Berlin: De Gruyter, 2nd ed., 1982–83); Eng. trans. by Edwin H. Gifford, ed. and trans., Prepa- ration for the Gospel (2 vols.; Oxford: Clarendon, 1903; repr. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981). Galen Galen of Pergamum Aff. Dig. De Affectuum Dignotione (= Peri. yuch/j paqhma,twn = On the passions of the soul). Ioannes Marquardt et al., eds., Claudii Galeni Pergameni Scripta Minora (vol. 1; Leipzig: Teubner, 1884–93; repr. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1967), 1–44. Eng. trans. in Galen on the Passions and Errors of the Soul (ed. and trans. by Paul W. Harkins; introduction and commentary by Walther Riese; Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1963), 23–69; and more recently Peter N. Singer, “The Diagnosis and Treatment of the Affections and Errors Peculiar to Each Person’s Soul,” in Galen: Psychological Writings (Cambridge Galen ; Cam-

XXII Abbreviations and Text Editions

bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 203–282. Citations from Galen, Aff. Dig. is based on the Greek text and given by chap- ter no.: page no.: line no. (Marquardt edition). Capt. De Captionibus penes Dictionem (= Peri. tw/n para. th.n le,xin sofisma,twn = On Fallacies due to Language). Robert B. Edlow, Galen on Language and Ambiguity: An English Translation of Galen’s ‘De Captionibus (On Fallacies)’ with Introduction, Text, and Commentary (Philosophia Antiqua 31; Leiden: Brill, 1977). Ind. De Indolentia (= Peri. avlupi,aj = On the Avoidance of Distress). Véronique Boudon-Millot and Jacques Jouanna with Antoine Pie- trobelli, eds. and trans., Galien (vol. 4: Ne pas se chagriner; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2010 (hence BJP). Eng. trans. by Vivian Nut- ton, “Avoiding Distress,” in Galen: Psychological Writings (Cam- bridge Galen Translations; ed. by Peter N. Singer; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 43–106. Corrections, textual variants, and updated Eng. trans. by Clare K. Rothschild and Tre- vor W. Thompson, “Galen: ‘On the Avoidance of Distress,’” in Galen’s De indolentia: Essays on a Newly Discovered Letter (Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 88; ed. by Clare K. Rothschild and Trevor W. Thompson; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014), 21–36. Citations from Galen, Ind. is based on the Greek text and given by section no. (BJP edition, page no.: line no.). Pecc. Dig. De Peccatorum Dignotione (= Peri. yuch/j a`marthma,twn = On the errors of the soul). Ioannes Marquardt et al., eds., Claudii Galeni Pergameni Scripta Minora (vol. 1; Leipzig: Teubner, 1884; repr. by Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1967), 45–81. English transla- tion in Galen on the Passions and Errors of the Soul (ed. and trans. by Paul W. Harkins; intro. and commentary by Walther Riese; Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1963), 71–107; and more recently Peter N. Singer, “The Diagnosis and Treatment of the Affections and Errors Peculiar to Each Person’s Soul,” in Galen: Psychological Writings (Cambridge Galen Translations; Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 283–314. Citations from Galen, Pecc. Dig. is based on the Greek text and given by chapter no.: page no.: line no. (Marquardt edition). PHP De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis. Phillip de Lacy, ed. and trans., Galen on the Doctrines of and Plato (3 vols.; Corpus Medicorum Graecorum 5.4.1.2; Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1978– 84). Prop. Plac. De Propriis Placitis (= On My Own Opinions). Vivian Nutton, ed. and trans., Galen on My Own Opinions (Corpus Medicorum Grae- corum 5.3.2; Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1999). QAM Quod Animi Mores Corporis Temperamenta Sequantur (= Psycho- logical Faculties Depend on Bodily Mixtures). Ioannes Marquardt et al., eds., Claudii Galeni Pergameni Scripta Minora (vol. 2; Leipzig: Teubner, 1891; repr. by Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1967), 32–79. Eng trans. by Peter Singer, Galen: Selected Works (Oxford World Classics; Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Primary Sources XXIII

UP De Usu Partium (= On the Function of the Parts). Georgius Helmreich, ed., Galeni: De Usu Partium (2 vols; Leipzig: Teubner, 1907–9). Eng. trans. by Margaret T. May, Galen on the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (2 vols.; Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968). Heraclides Heraclides fr. fragments. Fritz Wehrli, ed., Die Schule des Aristoteles: Texte und Kommentar (vol. 7: Herakleides Pontiko; Basel/Stuttgart: B. Schwabe, 1953; 2nd ed., 1969). Herodotus Herodotus Hist. Historiae. Herodotus, The Persian Wars (LCL; 4 vols.; ed. and trans. by Alfred D. Godley; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1920–25). Hierocles Hierocles the Stoic AA On Appropriate Acts (= Peri. tw/n kaqhko,ntwn). Ilaria Ramelli, ed., and David Konstan, trans., Hierocles the Stoic: Elements of Ethics, Fragments, and Excerpts (WGRW 28; Atlanta: SBL, 2009), 63–95. EE Elements of Ethics (= vHqikh. stoicei,wsij). Ibid., 2–33. Iamblichus Myst. De mysteriis Aegyptiorum (= On the Mysteries of the Egyptians). Édouard Des Places, ed. and trans., Jamblique: Les mystères d’Égypte (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1966). Repr. with Eng. trans by Emma C. Clarke et al., eds. and trans., Iamblichus: On the Mysteries (WGRW 4; Atlanta: SBL, 2003). De Anima De Anima (= On the Soul). John Finamore and John Dillon, eds. and trans., Iamblichus: De Anima: Text, Translation, and Commen- tary (Philosophia Antiqua 92; Leiden: Brill, 2002). Lactantius Lactantius Inst. Institutiones Divinae (= The Divine Institutes). Eberhard Heck and Antonie Wlosok, eds. and trans., L. Caelius Firmianus Lactantius: Divinarum Institutionum Libri Septem (BSGRT; Fasc. 1–4; Books 1–7; Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011–14). LCL Loeb Classical Library. Long and Sedley, Anthony A. Long and David N. Sedley, eds. and trans., The Hel- The Hellenistic lenistic Philosophers (vol. 1: Translation of the Principal Sources Philosophers and Philosophical Commentary; New York/Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1987). Eng. trans. and commentary are cited as Long and Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, vol. no.: page. no.; e.g., Long and Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, 1.420–21. LS Anthony A. Long and David N. Sedley, eds. and trans., The Hel- lenistic Philosophers (vol. 2: Greek and Latin Texts with Notes and Bibliography; New York/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). For primary Greek or Latin sources, citations are given by LS, section no.: section letter; e.g., LS 39A. Lucretius DRN Lucretius, De rerum natura (LCL; ed. and trans. by Martin Fergu- son Smith and William H.D. Rouse; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1975; 2nd ed., 1982; repr. 1997).

XXIV Abbreviations and Text Editions

Malherbe, CE The Cynic . Abraham J. Malherbe, ed., The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition (SBLSBS 12; Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1977). Citations from CE. are given by author: epistle no.: section no. along with the corresponding page and line nos. in the Malherbe edition; e.g., Crates, Ep. 34.4 (= Malherbe, CE, p. 86, line 3). Manilius Marcus Manilius Astron. Astronomica. Manilius, Astronomica (LCL; ed. and trans. by George P. Goold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1977). Marc. Aur. Marcus Aurelius Antonius Med. Meditations. Marcus Aurelius Antonius, The Communings with Himself (LCL; ed. and trans. by Charles R. Haines; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1916; repr. 1953). Muson. Musonius Rufus fr. fragments. Cora E. Lutz, ed. and trans., “Musonius Rufus: ‘The Roman ,’” in Yale Classical Studies 10 (ed. by Alfred R. Bellinger; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947), 3–147. Origen Cels. Contra Celsum (= Against Celsus). Miroslav Marcovich, ed., Ori- genes: Contra Celsum: Libri VIII (Supplements to Vigiliae Christi- anae 54; Leiden: Brill, 2001). Eng. trans. by Henry Chadwick, Origin: Contra Celsum (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1953; repr. 1980). Ovid Ovid Metam. Metamorphoses. Ovid, Metamorphoses (vol. 1: Books I–VIII; LCL; ed. and trans. by George P. Goold and Frank Justus Miller; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1916; 3rd ed., 1977; vol. 2: Books IX–XV, 1916; 2nd ed., 1984). Nemesius Nemesius of Emesa Nat. Hom. De natura hominis (= On Human Nature). Moreno Morani, ed., Nemesii Emeseni De natura hominis (Leipzig: Teubner, 1987). Eng. trans. by Robert W. Sharples and Philip J. van der Eijk, Nemesius: On the Nature of Man (Translated Texts for Historians 49; Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008). Citations from Nemesius will be by section no.: page no.: line no. from the Mo- rani edition; e.g., Nemesius, Nat. Hom. 2.21.6–10 = Nemesius, De natura hominis, section 2, page 21, lines 6–10. Numenius fr. fragment. Édouard des Places, ed. and trans., Numénius: Fragments (Text établi et traduit; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1973). Eng. trans. by Robert Dale Petty, “The Fragments of Numenius: Text, Translation, and Commentary” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 1993). Citations from Numenius will be by fragment no.: line no. from the des Places edition; e.g., Numenius, fr. 24.19–25 = Numenius, fragment 24, lines 19–25 (de Places).

Primary Sources XXV

Panaetius Panaetius of Rhodes fr. fragment. Modestus Van Straaten, ed., Panaetii Rhodii Fragmenta (Philosophia Antiqua 5; Leiden: Brill, 1962). Citations from Panaetius will be by fragment no. with corresponding page and line nos. from Van Straaten’s edition in parentheses; e.g., Panaetius, fr. 110 (Van Straaten, p. 42, lns. 21–24) = Diog. Laert., Lives 7.128. Pausanias Pausanias Descript. Gr. Description of Greece. Pausanias, Description of Greece (LCL; 5 vols.; ed. and trans. by William H.S. Jones et al.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1918–35; repr. 1980). PGM Papyri graecae magicae (= The Greek Magical Papyri). Karl Preisendanz and Albert Henrichs, eds., Papyri graecae magicae: Die griechischen Zauberpapyri (2 vols.; Leipzig: Teubner, 1928– 41; 2nd ed., 1973–74). Eng. trans. by Hans Dieter Betz, ed. and trans., The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986; 2nd ed., 1992). Philo of . All texts taken from Philo (LCL; 10 vols.; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson et al.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1929–62); and Philo: Supplement I–II (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Ralph Mar- cus; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1953). Abr. De Abrahamo (= On [the Life of] Abraham). Philo, On Abraham, On Joseph, On Moses (LCL; vol. 6; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1935; repr. 1959), 2–135. Contempl. De vita contemplativa (= On the Contemplative Life). Philo, Every Good Man Is Free, On the Contemplative Life, On the Eternity of the World, Against Flaccus, for the Jews, On Providence (LCL; vol. 9; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1941; repr., 1954), 104–70. Deus Quod Deus sit immutabilis (= On the Unchangeableness of God). Philo, On the Unchangeableness of God, On Husbandry, On No- ah’s Work as a Planter, On Drunkenness, On Sobriety (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson and George H. Whitaker; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1930; repr. 1954), 10–101. Her. Quis rerum divinarum heres sit (= Who Is the Heir of Divine Things?). Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues, On the Migration of Abraham, Who Is the Heir of Divine Things?, On Mating with the Preliminary Studies (LCL; vol. 4; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson and George H. Whitaker; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1985), 269–447. Leg. All. Legum allegoriae I–III (= Allegorical Interterpretation I–III). Philo, On the Creation [and] Allegorical Interpretation (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson and George H. Whitaker;

XXVI Abbreviations and Text Editions

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1929; repr. 2004), 140–473. Philodemus Philodemus of Gadara Ira De ira (= Peri. ovrgh/j = On Anger = PHerc. 182). Giovanni In- delli, ed. and trans., Filodemo: L’Ira (La Scuola di Epicuro 5; Naples: Bibliopolis, 1988). Citations for Philodemus, Ira are given by column no. [or fragment no.]: line no.; e.g., Philodemus, Ira col. 32.17–36 = Philodemus, De Ira, column 32, lines 17–36. Mus. De musica (= Peri. mousikh/j = On Music), Book 4 (= PHerc. 1497 + 225; 411; 424; 1094; 1572; 1575; 1576; 1578; 1583). Daniel Delattre, ed. and trans., Philodème de Gadare: Sur la Musique, Livre IV (2 vols.; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2007). Citations for Philodemus, Mus., are given by book no.: PHerc no.: column no [or fragment no.]: line no. plus edition in parentheses; Philodemus, Mus., Bk. 4, PHerc. 1497/XXVI, col. 140.14–25 (Delattre, 2.288– 89) = Philodemus, De musica, Book 4, PHerc. 1497/XXVI, col- umn 140, lines 14–25 (of the Delattre edition, vol. 2, pp. 288–89). See also the edition by Annemarie J. Neubecker, ed. and trans., Philodemus: Über di Musik IV Buch (La Scuola di Epicuro 5; Na- ples: Bibliopolis, 1986). PHerc. Herculaneum Papyrus (currently housed in the Bibliotheca Na- zionale in Naples, ). Piet. De pietate (= Peri. euvsebei,aj = On Piety = PHerc. 1077; 1098; 229/437; 452/242; 1610; 1788; etc.). For Part 1, see Dirk Obbink, ed. and trans., Philodemus: On Piety, Part 1: Critical Text with Commentary (vol. 1 of 2; Oxford: Clarendon, 1996). For Part 2, see the following: (a) Adolf Schober, “Philodemi peri. euvsebei,aj libelli partem priorem restituit Adolf Schober,” Ph.D. diss., Kö- nigsberg, 1923; published by CErc 18 (1988), 67–125; with revi- sions by Albert Henrichs, “Philodems De Pietate als mytholgra- phische Quelle,” CErc 5 (1975), 5–38; (b) Theodor Gomperz, ed., Philodem über Frömmigkeit (Herculanische Studien 2; Leipzig: Teubner, 1866), 63–76; and (c) Albert Henrichs, “Die Kritik der stoischen Theologie im PHerc. 1428),” CErc 4 (1974), 5–32. Cita- tions for Philodemus, Piet. are given by PHerc. no.: column no.[or fragment no.]: line no. with the editor name/edition in parentheses; e.g., Philodemus, Piet., PHerc. 1098, col. 31.1–28 (Obbink, 166) = Philodemus, De pietate, PHerc. 1098, column 31, lines 1–28 (of the Obbink edition, p. 166). Rhet. De rhetoricis (= Peri. r`htwrikh/j = On Rhetoric; multiple PHerc. fragments). The main Greek text is by Siegfried Sudhaus, ed., Philodemi volumina rhetorica (2 vols.; Leipzig: Teubner, 1892– 96), but the sequence of the books follows the revision by Tiziano Dorandi, “Per una ricomposizione dello scritto Filodemeo Sulla retorica,” ZPE 82 (1990), 59–87. Summary of this reordering of the fragments can be found in Appendix 2 of Philodemus and Po- etry: Poetic Theory and Practice in Lucretius, Philodemus, and Horace (ed. by Dirk Obbink; New York/Oxford: Oxford Universi- ty Press, 1995), 276–78. The text by Sudhaus has undergone sever- al revisions by other scholars; see below for details. A partial Eng-

Primary Sources XXVII

lish translation for Rhet. was done by Harry M. Hubbell, “The Rhetoric of Philodemus,” Transactions of the Continental Academy of Arts and 23 (Sept. 1920), 243–382. Rhet., Bk. 6 De rhetoricis, Book 6 = PHerc. 1004 (formerly Sudhaus Bk. 7). PHerc. 1004, fr. 5–12 and col. 3–112 = Sudhaus, Philodemi volu- mina rhetorica, 1.326–85, with several corrections by Maria G. Cappelluzzo, “Per una nuova edizione di un libro della Retorica filodemea (P.Herc. 1004),” CErc 6 (1976), 69–76. Citations for Philodemus, Rhet. are are given by book no.: PHerc. no.: column no. [or fragment no.]: line no and the editor name/edition in paren- theses; e.g., Philodemus, Rhet., Bk. 6, PHerc. 1004, col. 3.1–18 (Sudhaus, 1.329) = Philodemus, De Rhetoricis, Book 6, PHerc. 1004, column 3, lines 1–18 (in the Sudhaus edition, p. 1.329). Sign. De signis (= Peri. shmeiw,sewn = On Signs = PHerc. 1065). Phillip H. de Lacy and Estelle A. De Lacy, eds. and trans., On Methods of Inference (2nd ed.; La Scuola di Epicuro 1; Naples: Bibliopolis, 1978). Citations for Philodemus, Sign. are given by column no.[or fragment no.]: line no.; e.g., Philodemus, Sign. col. 36.18–25 = Philodemus, De signis, column 36, lines 18–25. Stoic. De Stoicis (= Peri. tw/n Stwkikw/n = On the Stoics = PHerc. 155/339). Tiziano Dorandi, “Filodemo. Gli stoici (PHerc. 155 e 339),” CErc 12 (1982), 91–133. Citations for Philodemus, Stoic. are primarily from PHerc. 339 and are given by column no.: line no.; e.g., Philodemus, Stoic. col. 4.1–17 = Philodemus, De Stoicis, PHerc. 339, column 4, lines 1–17. Miscellaneous fragments from PHerc. 155 are given simply by the fragment no.; e.g., Philodemus, Stoic., fr. 9 = Philodemus, De Stoicis, PHerc. 155, fragment no. 9. Stoic. Ind. Index Stoicorum (= PHerc. 1018). Tiziano Dorandi, ed. and trans., Filodemo: Storia dei filosofi: La Stoa da Zenone e Panezio, PHerc. 1018 (Philosophia Antiqua 60; Leiden: Brill, 1994). Citations for Philodemus, Stoic. Ind. are given by column no.: line no.; e.g., Philodemus, Stoic. Ind. col. 1.1–12 = Philodemus, Index Stoicorum (= PHerc. 1018), column 1, lines 1–12. Philostratus of Athens Vit. Apoll. Vita Apollonii (= The Life of Apollonius). Philostratus, The Life of (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Christopher P. Jones; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2005; 2nd ed., 2012). Vit. soph. Vitae sophistarum (= The Lives of the ). Philostratus, The Lives of the Sophists [and] Eunapius, The Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists (LCL; ed. and trans. by Wilmer C. Wright; Cam- bridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1925), 2–315. Pindar Pyth. Carmina Pythius oraclum (= Puqioni/kai= Pythian Odes). Pindar, Olympian Odes, Pythian Odes (LCL; ed. and trans. by William H. Race; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1997; 2nd ed., 2012), 215–395. Plato Plato. All texts taken from Plato (LCL; 12 vols.; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler, Walter R.M. Lamb et al.; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1914–35) with the previ-

XXVIII Abbreviations and Text Editions

ous two volumes on the Republic ed. by Paul Shorey now replaced by Chris Emlyn-Jones and William Preddy (2013). Alc. I I. Plato, , Alcibiades I and II, , The Lovers, , , (LCL; vol. 12; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1927), 93–223. Apol. Apology. Plato, , Apology, , Phaedo, (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Christopher Emlyn-Jones and Wil- liam Preddy; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2017), 84–193. This volume replaces the older LCL vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Fowler (1914; repr. 1990). Charm. Charmides. Plato, Charmides, Alcibiades I and II, Hipparchus, The Lovers, Theages, Minos, Epinomis (LCL; vol. 12; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1927), 1–91. Crat. . Plato, Cratylus, , Greater , Lesser Hippias (LCL; vol. 4; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cam- bridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1926; repr. 1977), 3–191. Crito Crito. Plato, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Christopher Emlyn-Jones and William Preddy; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2017), 194–263. This volume replaces the older LCL vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Fowler (1914; repr. 1990). Gorg. . Plato, , , Gorgias (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1925; repr. 1991), 249–533. Hipp. maj. (= Greater Hippias). Plato, Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias (LCL; vol. 4; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1926; repr. 1977), 334–423. Leg. Leges (= Laws). Plato, Laws (LCL; vol. 10–11; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / Lon- don: William Heinemann, 1926; repr. 1984). Meno. Plato, , , Meno, (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1924; repr. 1990), 260–371. Parm. Parmenides. Plato, Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias (LCL; vol. 4; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cam- bridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1926; repr. 1977), 195–331. Phaedo Phaedo. Plato, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1914; repr. 1990), 193– 403. Phaedr. Phaedrus. Ibid., 405–579. Phileb. . Plato, The , Philebus, (LCL; vol. 8; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler and Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1925; repr. 1962), 197–400.

Primary Sources XXIX

Pol. Politicus (= The Statesman). Plato, The Statesman, Philebus, Ion (LCL; vol. 8; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler and Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1925; repr. 1962), 1–195. Prot. Protogoras. Plato, Laches, Protagoras, Meno, Euthydemus (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1924; repr. 1990), 85–257. Resp. Respublica (= Republic). Plato, The Republic (LCL; vol. 5–6; 2nd ed; ed. and trans. by Christopher Emlyn-Jones and William Pred- dy; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 2013). These volumes replace the older LCL vol. 5–6; ed. and trans. by Paul Shorey (1930–87). Soph. Sophista. Plato, , (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1921; repr. 1987), 259–459. Symp. Symposium. Plato, Lysis, Symposium, Gorgias (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Har- vard University Press, 1925; repr. 1991), 74–245. Theaet. Theaetetus. Plato, Theaetetus, Sophist (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1921; repr. 1987), 3–257. Tim. Timaeus. Plato, Timaeus, , Cleitophon, , Epistles (LCL; vol. 9; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1929; repr. 1989), 1–253. Plotinus Enn. Enneads. Plotinus, Enneads I–VI (LCL; 7 vols.; ed. and trans. by Arthur H. Armstrong; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard Universi- ty Press, 1966–88). Plutarch Plutarch Lives Lives. Plutarch, Lives (LCL; 11 vols.; ed. and trans. by Bernadotte Perrin; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1914–88). Ages. Agesilaus. Plutarch, Lives (LCL; vol. 5: Agesilaus and Pompey, Pelopidas and Marcellus; ed. and trans. by Bernadotte Perrin; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1955), 1–113. Dem. . Plutarch, Lives (LCL; vol. 7: Demosthenes and Cic- ero, Alexander and Caesar; ed. and trans. by Bernadotte Perrin; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1967), 1–79. Mor. Moralia. Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; 16 vols.; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbit et al.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / Lon- don: William Heinemann, 1927–2004. Ad princ. iner. Ad principem ineruditum (= To an Uneducated Ruler). Plutarch, Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 10; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1936; repr. 1960), 49–71. Adol. poet. aud. Quomodo adolescens poetas audire debeat (= How Youth Should Study Poetry). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by

XXX Abbreviations and Text Editions

Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 2005), 71–198. Adul. amic. Quomodo adulator ab amico internoscatur (= How to Tell a Flat- terer from a Friend). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 2005), 263–395. Adv. Col. Adversus Colotem (= A Reply to Colotes). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 14; ed. and trans. by Benedict Einarson and Phillip H. De Lacy; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1967), 151–315. Amat. Amatorius (= The Dialogue on Love). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 9; ed. and trans. by Edwin L. Minar, Jr. et al.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1961), 301–441. An. procr. De animae procreatione in Timaeo (= On the generation of the soul in Timaeus). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 1; ed. and trans. by Harold Cherniss; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 131–345. Cohib. ira De Cohibenda ira (= On the Control of Anger). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 6; ed. and trans. by William C. Helmbold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1939; repr. 2000), 89–159. Comm. not. De communibus notitiis contra stoicos (= Against the Stoics on Common Conceptions). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 2; ed. and trans. by Harold Cherniss; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi- ty Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 621–873. Conj. praec. Conjugalia Praecepta (= Advice on Marriage). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 2002), 295–343. Cons. Apoll. Consolatio ad Apollonium (= A Letter of Condolence to Apolloni- us). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbit; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1962), 103–211. Cons. ux. Consolatio ad uxorem (= Consolation to My Wife). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1959; repr. 2000), 573–605. Def. orac. De defectu oraculorum (= On the Obsolescence of Oracles). Plu- tarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 5; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936), 347–501. E Delph. De E apud Delphos (= The E at ). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 5; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Har- vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936), 193– 253. Fac. De facie quae in orbe lunae apparet (= Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 12; ed. and trans. by Harold Chernis and William C. Helm-

Primary Sources XXXI

bold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1957; repr. 1984), 1–223. Garr. De garrulitate (= Concerning Talkativeness). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 6; ed. and trans. by William C. Helmbold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1939; repr. 2000), 393–468. Gen. Socr. (= On the Sign of Socrates). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1959; repr. 2000), 362–510. Inst. Lac. Instituta Laconica (= The Ancient Customs of the Spartans). Plu- tarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1931; repr. 1989), 425–49. Inv. od. De invidia et odio (= On Envy and Hate). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1959; repr. 2000), 91–107. Is. Os. De Iside et Osiride (= Isis and Osiris). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 5; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Har- vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936), 1– 191. Lat. viv. De latenter vivendo (= Is “Living Unknown” a Wise Precept?). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 14; ed. and trans. by Benedict Einar- son and Phillip H. De Lacy; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1967; repr. 1996), 317–41. Lib. aegr. De libidine et aegritudine (= On Desire and Grief). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 15; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Sandbach; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1969), 31–59. Max. princ. Maxime cum principibus philosophiam esse disserendum (= That a Philosopher Should Converse with Rulers). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 10; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936; repr. 1969), 25–47. Quaest. conv. Quaestiones convivales (= Table-Talk). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 8; ed. and trans. by Paul A. Clement and Herbert B. Hoffleit; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1969); Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 9; ed. and trans. by Edwin L. Minar, Jr. et al.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1961), 1–299. Quaest. plat. Quaestiones platonicae (= Platonic Questions). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 1; ed. and trans. by Harold Chernis; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 1–129. Rect. rat. aud. De recta ratione audiendi (= On Listening to Lectures). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heine- mann, 1927; repr. 2005), 204–59.

XXXII Abbreviations and Text Editions

Sera De sera numinis vindicta (= On God’s Slowness to Punish). Plu- tarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1958; repr. 2000), 169–299. Stoic. abs. Stoicos absurdiora poetis dicere (= Stoics speak more paradoxi- cally than the poets). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 2; ed. and trans. by Harold Cherniss; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi- ty Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 605–19. Stoic. rep. De Stoicorum repugnantiis (= On Stoic Self-Contradictions). Plu- tarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 2; ed. and trans. by Harold Cher- niss; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 367–603. Suav. viv. Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum (= That Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 14; ed. and trans. by Benedict Einarson and Phillip H. De Lacy; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1967; repr. 1996), 1–149. Superst. De superstitione (= On Superstition). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 1962), 452–95. Tu. san. De tuenda sanitate praecepta (= Advice about Keeping Well). utarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 1962), 213–93. Un. rep. dom. De unius in republica dominatione (= On Monarchy, Democracy, and Oligarchy). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 10; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936; repr. 1969), 301–11. Virt. mor. De virtute morali (= On Moral Virtue). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 6; ed. and trans. by William C. Helmbold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1939; repr. 2000), 15–87. Virt. prof. Quomodo quis suos in virtute sentiat profectus (= How One May Become Aware of His Moral Progress). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Har- vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 2005), 397–457. fr. Erot. fragments 134–38 (= PERI ERWTOS). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 15; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Sandbach; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1969), 248–60. fr. Kall. fragments 144–46 (= PERI KALLOUS). Ibid., 268–73. Porphyry Sent. Sententiae ad intelligibilia ducentes (= Sentences to the Intelligi- bles). Luc Brisson et al., ed. and trans., Porphyre: Sentences (2 vols.; Histoire des doctrines de l’Antiquité classique 33; Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2005).

Primary Sources XXXIII

Posidonius Posidonius fr. Ludwig Edeilstein and Ian G. Kidd, eds., Posidonius, vol. 1: The Fragments (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries 13; Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 1989). Eng. trans. by Ian G. Kidd, Posidonius, vol. 3: The Transla- tion of the Fragments (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commen- taries 36; Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Proclus In Alc. In Alcibiadem Commentarius (= Commentary on Plato’s Alcibia- des). Alain Philippe Segonds, ed. and trans., Proclus: Sur le prem- ier Alcibiade de Platon (2 vols.; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1985– 86). Eng. trans. by William O’Neill, Proclus: Alcibaides I: A Trans- lation and Commentary (2nd ed.; The Hague: Springer Sci- ence+Business Media, 1971). Ps.-Andr. Pseudo-Andronicus of Rhodes Pass. De passionibus (= On the passions). Anne Glibert-Thirry, ed., Pseudo-Andronicus de Rhodes “Peri. paqw/n”: Edition critique du texte grec et de la traduction latine médiévale (Corpus latinum commentariorum in Aristotelem graecorum. Sup. 2. Leiden: Brill, 1977). Ps.-Pyth. Pseudo- Carm. Aur. Carmen Aureum (= Golden Verses). Johan C. Thom, ed. and trans., The Pythagorean Golden Verses: With Introduction and Commentary (RGRW 123; Leiden: Brill, 1995). See also the Eng. trans. by Kenneth S. Guthrie and David Fideler, eds. and trans., The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library (Grand Rapids: Phane Press, 1987), 163–65. Seneca Seneca Ben. De Beneficiis (= On Benefits). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 3 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1935; repr. 1975), 2–525. Brev. vit. De Brevitate Vitae (= On the Shortness of Life). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heine- mann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 98–179. Const. De Constantia Sapientis (= On the Firmness of the Sage). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 1 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 1958–85), 48–105. Ep. Epistulae. Seneca, Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (LCL; 3 vols.; ed. and trans. by Richard M. Gummere; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1917–25). Helv. De Consolatione ad Helviam Matrem (= To Helvia His Mother on Consolation). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 416– 89.

XXXIV Abbreviations and Text Editions

Herc. fur. Hercules Furens (= The Madness of Hercules). Seneca, Tragedies I: Hercules, Trojan Women, Phoenician Women, Medea, Phaedra (vol. 1 of 2; ed. and trans. by John G. Fitch; Cambridge, MA: Har- vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 2002), 36– 159. Ira De Ira (= On Anger). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 1 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi- ty Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 1958–85), 106–355. Marc. De Consolatione ad Marciam (= To Marcia on Consolation). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 3–97. Med. Medea. Seneca, Tragedies I: Hercules, Trojan Women, Phoenician Women, Medea, Phaedra (vol. 1 of 2; ed. and trans. by John G. Fitch; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 2002), 334–433. Nat. Naturales Quaestiones (= Natural Questions). Seneca, Naturales Quaestiones (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Thomas H. Corcoran; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1971–72). Otio De Otio (= On Leisure). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 180–201. Phaed. Phaedra. Seneca, Tragedies I: Hercules, Trojan Women, Phoenici- an Women, Medea, Phaedra (vol. 1 of 2; ed. and trans. by John G. Fitch; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 2002), 437-551. Polyb. De Consolatione ad Polybium (= To on Consolation). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil- liam Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 356–415. Tranq. an. De Tranquillitate Animi (= On Tranquility of Mind). Seneca, Mor- al Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 202–85. Vit. beat. De Vita Beata (= On the Good Life). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 98–179. Sext. Emp. Math. Adversus mathematicos I–VI (= Against the Professors 1–6). Sex- tus Empiricus, Against the Professors (LCL; vol. 4 of 4; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1949). Adversus mathematicos VII–VIII (= Against the Logicians 1– 2). Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians (LCL; vol. 2 of 4; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1935; repr. 1957).

Primary Sources XXXV

Adversus mathematicos IX–XI (Books IX–X = Against the Physicists 1–2; Book XI = Against the Ethicists). Sextus Empiri- cus, Against the Physicists [and] Against the Ethicists (LCL; vol. 3 of 4; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936; repr. 1953). Pyr. Purrw,neioi u`potupw,seij (= Outlines of ). Sextus Em- piricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism (LCL; vol. 1 of 4; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / Lon- don: William Heinemann, 1933; repr. 1955). Simplicius In Arist. Cat. In Aristotelis Categorias Commentarium. Simplicius, In Aristotelis Categorias Commentarium (Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca 8; ed. by Karl Kalbfleisch; Berlin: Reimer, 1907). Citations for Sim- plicius, In Arist. Cat. is by chapter no.: page no.: line no.; e.g., Simplicius, In. Arist. Cat. 10.401.25 = Kalbfleisch, chapter 10, p. 401, line 25. Stobaeus Stobaeus Anth. Stobaeus, Anthologium (5 vols.; ed. by Curtius Wachsmuth and Otto Hense; Berlin: Weidmann, 1884–1912; repr. by Berlin: Au- gust Raabe, 1958). Citations for Stobaeus, Anth. is by vol. no.: page no.: line no.; e.g., Stobaeus, Anth. 2.89.4 = Wachsmuth / Hense, vol. 2, p. 89, line 4. Suetonius Suetonius Claud. Claudius. Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars: Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian; Lives of Illustri- ous Men: Grammarians and Rhetoricians, Poets, Pliny the Elder, Passienus Crispus (vol. 2; LCL; ed. and trans. by John C. Rolfe; Cambridge / London: Harvard University Press, 1914; 2nd ed., 1997), 2–81. Nero Nero. Ibid., 82–181. Vit. Vitellius. Ibid., 236–65. SVF Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta (4 vols.; ed. by Hans von Arnim; Leipzig: Teubner, 1903–24; repr. 1921–24). Citations for SVF is by vol. no.: fragment no.; e.g., SVF 3.421 (von Arnim 3.102–103) = SVF, vol. 3, fragment 421 (von Arnim edition, vol. 3, pp. 102– 103). Theophrastus Theophrastus Char. Characters. Theophastus, Characters; Herodas, Mimes; Cercidas and the Poets (LCL; ed and trans. by Jeffrey Rusten et al.; Cam- bridge / London: Harvard University Press, 2nd ed., 1993), 50– 165. Xenophon Mem. . Xenophon, Memorabilia and (LCL; ed. and trans. by Edgar C. Marchant; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1953), 1–359.

Part I

Mapping the Apostle Paul’s Moral Milieu

Chapter 1

An Introduction to Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind

1. What Is Ancient Philosophy of Mind?

Ancient philosophy of mind is not the same as modern philosophy of mind. Modern philosophy of mind, for the most part, focuses on a specific area of metaphysics concerning the nature of mental phenomena.1 Its research areas include such topics as conceptualization, memory, perception, knowledge, sensation, consciousness, belief, desire, intentions, reasoning, and action.2 Currently, much of modern philosophy of mind has focused upon the central metaphysical problem of how to relate the mind with the body. In other words, it asks such questions as: How does a person explain the relationship between the mind and the physiological workings of the brain? Are they the same? Is the mind a separate thing altogether from the physical processes of the brain, or is one the function of the other?3 The problem becomes more complex when asking questions about the relationship between mind and ma- chines and whether the latter could ever proximate true human intelligence.4 Ancient philosophy of mind is the study of the soul (yuch, / animus).5 While issues such as how the soul relates to the body are also important for the ancient philosopher, unlike modern philosophy of mind, ancient philosophy of mind focuses on the ethical implications of what the soul is and how it functions. This ethical emphasis is especially true of the philosophical schools during the Greco-Roman period when the importance of ethics began

–––––––––– 1 Brian P. McLaughlin, “Philosophy of Mind,” in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philos- ophy (ed. by Robert Audi; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 597. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid., 597–606; see also John Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), 5–10; 33–52. 4 Rebecca Copenhaver and Christopher Shields, “General Introduction,” in Philosophy of Mind in Antiquity (vol. 1 of The History of the Philosophy of Mind; ed. by John E. Sisko; London/New York: Routledge, 2019), xi–xii [x–xvii]. 5 Julia E. Annas, of Mind (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 1.

4 Chap. 1: Introduction to eclipse prior attention paid to physics and logic.6 Taking, for example, the matter of emotions, desires, or the passions of the soul, ancient philosophers inquired into the structure of the passions not as an intellectual pursuit of its own, but because they believed that the passions affected the moral actions of a person. How much of sexual passion is non-cognitive (that is, how much does lust consist of purely physiological urges), and how much of it is cogni- tive (that is, to what degree is lust based upon false beliefs in romance and courtly love), were questions that ancient philosophers raised time and time again for the following reason: if desire was partly or wholly cognitive, then the mind with its cognitive faculties was capable of partly or wholly control- ling desire.7 Ancient philosophers tended to ask an altogether different set of questions from their modern counterparts, including: Are the passions controllable? Can a person ever really change? Besides the passions, are there other forces at work which impede moral transformation? Is character or human nature pre-determined at birth, or forged over time through training and education? What are the power sources for moral progress if the transformation of one’s character is indeed possible? In the 1st-century C.E. world of the Apostle Paul and his letter recipients, three major philosophical movements – the Pla- tonists, the Stoics, and the Epicureans – rose to the forefront of Roman intel- ligentsia and articulated competing answers to the above questions. Each phi- losophy of mind offered an alternative ethical system on how the sage could shape the human soul. Each claimed to possess the wisdom that would help transform the common barbarian, sick with vice, into a leading citizen of the

–––––––––– 6 Giovanni Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age (vol. 4 of A History of Ancient Phi- losophy; ed. and trans. by John R. Catan; Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), 37–43; 53–55; 229–34; idem, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age (vol. 3 of A History of Ancient Philosophy; ed. and trans. by John R. Catan; Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985), 118–19. Among the Stoics in the Roman period, Reale names Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius as having an “almost exclusive interest in ethics” (The Schools of the Imperial Age, p. 75). For the Epicureans, as early as the Hellen- istic period, the Garden “maintained the superiority of ethics over physics” (The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, p. 118). Even Trapp acknowledges that “the first and second centuries CE do indeed provide us with a striking array of thinkers whose surviving or attested output is predominantly ethical, and firmly slanted towards the practical application of ethical prin- ciple: Seneca, Demetrius, Musonius Rufus, Arrian’s Epictetus, Dio Chrysostom, Hierocles, Marcus Aurelius” (p. 11), although Trapp also correctly warns against the mistaken view that Roman philosophers were so consumed with the topic of ethics as to neglect logic, physics, cosmology, natural history, and other subjects of philosophical inquiry; see Michael Trapp, Philosophy in the Roman Empire: Ethics, Politics and Society (Ashgate Ancient Phi- losophy; Aldershot/Burlington: Ashgate, 2007), 10–13. 7 Annas, Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, 103–120; 189–99.

1. What Is Ancient Philosophy of Mind? 5

Roman Empire, capable of virtue. Each, perhaps to the surprise of the modern reader, was seriously religious in its ethical program. Moral transformation was not possible unless human action and divine agency corresponded in some way.

2. Which Moral Transformation Systems and Why

This stand-alone book is the first and foundational work of a two-book pro- ject. The combined purpose of these two books is to describe the moral trans- formation systems of Middle Platonism and Greco-Roman Stoicism (this pre- sent volume), and Greco-Roman Epicureanism and Diaspora Judaism (a sub- sequent book), during the early imperial period of the Roman Empire from the 1st century B.C.E. through 2nd century C.E.8 An attempt was made to treat each individual philosophy of mind as an independent study for its par- ticular expression in a time contemporary to the Apostle Paul and the early Christian church. Studying Platonism and Stoicism first, and then Epicurean- ism and Diaspora Judaism, while somewhat artificial in its division, is nev- ertheless not without a logical rationale. For this present book, setting the scope of this study within the framework of Platonic and Stoic ethical discourse provides the reader with the broadest and most comprehensive range of philosophical views on the structure of the passions and the moral transformation of the soul. The Stoic cognitive theory on the passions and moral action, together with the Platonic non-cognitive theory, provide the dialectical endpoints between which other philosophical –––––––––– 8 Why begin with the 1st century B.C.E. and end with the close of the 2nd century C.E.? Why these “bookend” dates? Since this work is an attempt to map the moral milieu to which the Apostle Paul and his Diaspora Jewish contemporaries belong, it makes sense to focus on the time frame when Diaspora Judaism and Pauline Christianity were interacting with Greco-Roman philosophical traditions. Moreover, this period, which is alternatively called the “Early and High Empires,” demarcates a definable phase of development in the history of Greek and Roman philosophy. Trapp notes that the 1st century B.C.E. marks the break in the succession of scholarchs for the Academy, Peripatos, and the Stoa and the loss of Athens’ pre-eminence as the intellectual center of the world. From the to the cosmos, philoso- phy and its various schools were beginning to have a much more cosmopolitan and interna- tional identity as they won followers across the Mediterranean world. By 176 C.E. (or end of the 2nd century C.E.), we have the re-establishment of four public chairs at Athens by the Emperor Marcus Aurelius for the Academy, the Peripatetics, the Stoics, and the Epicureans as evidence that these philosophies had become culturally dominant traditions in the Roman Empire. The end of the 2nd century C.E. (or the beginning of the 3rd) also stops short of the ascendancy of Neo-Platonism (begun by Plotinus; 205–268/70 C.E.) which transformed the intellectual landscape of the Empire entirely from that time forward. See the discussion by Trapp, Philosophy in the Roman Empire, ix–xi. 6 Chap. 1: Introduction systems like Epicureanism can be compared. In other words, as we study the Platonist and Stoic positions first, we can then place other moral transfor- mation systems along the spectrum they create. Epicureanism, for example, will emerge as an intermediate theory that asserts a componential – that is, a partially cognitive and partially non-cognitive – viewpoint on human desires and their self-mastery. We will see that certain Diaspora Jewish moralists also stood within this spectrum as they adapted both Stoic and Platonic tenets in their articulation of Judaism as a form of philosophy. We will also examine how certain eclectic members of the (Middle) Stoa like Posidonius and Panaetius were attracted to Platonic concepts but nevertheless retained an es- sentially Stoic orthodoxy. My reasons for limiting the scope of the entire project to the Academy, the Stoa, and the Garden – while omitting any major examination of Neo-Pythag- orean, Peripatetic, Cynic, Skeptic, and other philosophical schools – lie in the relative importance and influence of the former group of schools during this specific period of Roman history. A brief account of their rivalry will help explain my decision to focus upon these particular philosophies of mind. In the late 3rd century B.C.E., Athens became the home of four major philosophical movements which later came to dominate Hellenistic Greek culture. Within the city and surrounding suburbs of Athens, these four phi- losophies were taught in four separate but proximate locations: at the Acad- emy of Plato, along the Peri,patoj (or Walkway) in the Lyceum of Aristotle, in the Garden of Epicurus, and lastly at the Stoa. Poiki,lh (or Painted Porch) where and his followers gathered.9 Eventually, these four respective locations became the metonymic designations for the Platonic, Peri-patetic, Epicurean, and Stoic schools. The Platonic and Peripatetic schools, in a sense, represented the old guard of philosophy in , while the Epicurean and Stoic schools stood for a new Hellenistic wave of philosophical inquiry which challenged their earlier counterparts.10 In short, when Epicureanism and Stoicism began in Athens, their schools marked a

–––––––––– 9 Anthony A. Long and David N. Sedley, eds. and trans., The Hellenistic Philosophers (vol. 1: Translation of the Principal Sources and Philosophical Commentary; New York/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 3–5; Paul O. Kristeller, Greek Phi- losophers of the Hellenistic Age (trans. by Gregory Woods; New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 4. 10 For a discussion on how Epicureanism (whose official beginning is 306 B.C.E.) and Stoicism (beginning around 313 B.C.E.) engaged with the teachings of the Academy (ca. 347 B.C.E.) and Peripatos (ca. 335 B.C.E.), see Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 113–22 [Epicureanism]; 210–14 [Stoicism].

2. Which Moral Transformation Systems and Why 7 revolution to the previous Platonic and Peripatetic dominance which had col- ored Greek intellectual life for the past century.11 So, on the one hand, the Garden and the Stoa stood together against both the Academy and the Peripatos in the area of metaphysics, cosmology,12 and anthropology.13 As rightly noted by DeWitt, at the time of its emergence, Epicureanism’s chief contention was against the teachings of Plato, and not against those of Zeno (of Citium).14 Yet, on the other hand, as the dominance of the Platonic and Peripatetic schools waned, and as the influence of Epicu- reanism and Stoicism grew, it became inevitable that the Garden and Stoa would also become rival philosophies with respect to each other.15 In due –––––––––– 11 Ibid. See also Norman W. DeWitt, Epicurus and His Philosophy (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1954; repr. by Cleveland/New York: The World Publishing Co., 1967), 8–11. 12 On Epicurean reactions against Platonic metaphysics and cosmology, see the discus- sions by Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 114–17; Anthony A. Long, Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, and Skeptics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974), 42–43. On Stoic reaction against Platonic metaphysics and cosmology, see Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 152–60; Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 210–14; Kristeller, Greek Philosophers of the Hellenistic Age, 24–30. 13 The Epicurean and Stoic schools together denied Platonic soul–body dualism, although they did so by offering their own separate and differing theories for the monistic structure of the soul. For a discussion on how Epicurean anthropology critiques both Platonic and Peripatetic anthropologies, see John M. Rist, Epicurus: An Introduction (London/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 74–79; Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 151– 53. For a discussion on how Stoic anthropology critiques Platonic and Peripatetic anthro- pologies, see Brad Inwood, Ethics and Human Action in Early Stoicism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 18–41; Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 170–75; Reale, The Systems of the Hel- lenistic Age, 210–14. 14 DeWitt, Epicurus and His Philosophy, 6–7, 11, 16–18, 21–22, 23–24. Chronologically, Epicurus precedes Zeno by a few years. However, Zeno – upon the founding of his Stoic school – certainly argued against Epicurean teachings, and consequentially Epicurus’ fol- lowers would later have to answer the criticisms waged against them by the Stoa; see Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 214–15. Thus, the rivalry between the Epicurean and Stoic schools began much earlier than DeWitt cares to admit. 15 Among their chief contentions, the Epicureans and Stoics argued heavily against each other in the area of physics and cosmology, divine providence and free will, and ethics (spe- cifically concerning the te,loj of life; Cicero, Fin. 2.43–44); see Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 214–15; Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 60–61. In fact, Cicero, in his De Finibus, sets up a virtual debate over the goal (te,loj / finis) of living between Epicureanism (Books 1–2) and Stoicism (Book 3), while also presenting his own Skeptical Academic views (Books 4–5). Cicero has been criticized for exaggerating the hostility between the Epicurean and Stoic schools “as if [they were] rival schools of gladiators” (DeWitt, Epicurus and His Philosophy, p. 11); nevertheless, the opposition is real, and any discussion of ethics in the Greco-Roman era would have to contend with the theories of these two competing schools; see the discussion by Howard Jones, The Epicurean Tradition (London/New York: Routledge, 1989), 78–93. Cf. Acts 17:18. Those Greco-Roman Stoic writers who critique

8 Chap. 1: Introduction time, the Garden and the Stoa superseded their Platonic and Peripatetic pre- decessors to become the two main competing schools which commanded the philosophical and cultural milieu of the Greco-Roman era.16 The Stoa and the Garden were indeed “the great Schools born in the Hellenistic Age which in the succeeding Imperial Age demonstrated the greatest vitality and greatest spiritual hold over the hearts of men.”17 Yet despite the dominance of Stoicism and Epicureanism, one cannot ig- nore the enduring influence that Plato and his followers exercised during the early imperial period. Although there existed no official Academy itself in Athens,18 there were certainly many well-known and influential Platonists (e.g., Eudorus , Plutarch, Alcinous, Apuleius of Madaura, Al- binus, , Galen of Pergamum, Numenius of Apamea, Maxi- mus of Tyre, to name just a few) who continued to debate with both their Stoic and Epicurean contemporaries.19 These figures represent a resurgeance of interest in Plato and of his influence in the wider Greco-Roman world until Middle Platonism itself became the dominent philosophical movement to- wards the end of the 2nd century C.E.20 The eminence and impact of Plato’s –––––––––– Epicurean doctrines include: Persius, Silius, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Cleonides, and, to a lesser extent, Seneca, who was more favorably disposed toward Epicurean ideas; see the discussion of these Stoics by John Ferguson, “Epicureanism under the Roman Empire,” rev. and supplemented by Jackson P. Hershbell, in ANRW 2.36.4 (ed. by Wolfgang Haase; Ber- lin/New York: De Gruyter, 1990), 2280–83, 2284, 2294–95 [2257–327]. For an Epicurean critique of Stoic doctrines in the Greco-Roman era, see the following by Philode- mus: Rhet., Bk. 6 (PHerc. 1004) [against Stoic political rhetoric]; Mus., Bk. 4 [against Stoic musical theory]; Sign. (PHerc. 1065) [against Stoic logic]; and Stoic. (PHerc 339/155), Stoic. Ind. (PHerc. 1018), and Piet., Part 2 (PHerc. 1428) [against Stoic theology]. 16 Jones, The Epicurean Tradition, 78–93; Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 232–37; Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, 37–43 [Greco-Roman Epicureanism]; 53–55 [Greco-Ro- man Stoicism or what he labels as “Neo-Stoicism”]. 17 Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, 53. Reale’s quotation was made in reference to Stoicism, but here I have taken the liberty of applying this same quotation to the Epicu- reans as well, noting his previous comments to this effect (see ibid., 39). 18 See the remarks by Cicero (Fin. 5.1–2) and Seneca (Nat. 7.32.2) on the Academy being sine successore; also Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, 208–209. 19 John Dillon, The Middle Platonists: 80 B.C. to A.D. 220 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univer- sity Press, 1977; 2nd ed. with postscript, 1996), vi–xi; Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, 212–13. 20 See the description of the 1st century B.C.E. to the 2nd century C.E. as a “Transitional Period” in the Roman world from the philosophical dominance of Stoicism to Platonism by Troels Engberg-Pedersen, “Setting the Scene: Stoicism and Platonism in the Transitional Period of Ancient Philosophy,” in Stoicism in Early Christianity (ed. by Tuomas Rasimus et al.; Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2010), 1–14; idem, “Introduction: A Historiograph- ical Essay,” in From Stoicism to Platonism: The Development of Philosophy, 100 BCE–100 CE (ed. by Troels Engberg-Pedersen; Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press,

2. Which Moral Transformation Systems and Why 9 thought loomed over western society like a shadow. Although Stoicism and Epicureanism were the chief rival philosophies during this period, every sage still had to contend with Plato’s ideas and the reinterpretations of Plato’s doc- trines by his Middle Platonic proponents. For if there were indeed many pop- ular poets in the Greco-Roman period but the poet above them all was (to.n [Omhron poihth,n), it can be said that while there were many renowned philosophers in the Apostle Paul’s day, the philosopher was still Plato (to.n Pla,twna filo,sofon).21 Therefore, the serious historian attempting to grasp the overall contours of Roman intellectual life around the 1st century C.E. must engage in some way with the philosophical discourses of the Middle Platonists, the Stoics, and the Epicureans. As for the other philosophies and their adherents, I offer the fol- lowing rationale for their limited treatment. Any discussion on moral trans- formation must take into account how the passions can be controlled;22 how- ever, the (Neo-)Pythagoreans and the Cynics (i.e., the Cynics apart from Cyn- icizing Stoics such as Epictetus) lack just such a detailed account. There ex- ists no detailed treatise concerning the passions by either the Pythagoreans or the Cynics such as we find with the other philosophical schools, and the –––––––––– 2017), 1–26; Malcolm Schofield, “Introduction,” in Aristotle, Plato and in the First Century BC: New Directions for Philosophy (ed. by Malcolm Schofield; Cam- bridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), xiv–xxiv. These above works and others will be addressed in further detail in Chapter 11, Section 3.1 (The Importance of Platonism and Stoicism in the Transitional Period). 21 See the remarks by Byzantine commentator John Doxapatres on Aphthonius’ progym- nasmata in Christian Walz, ed., Rhetores Graeci (vol. 2; Stuttgart/Tübingen: J.G. Cottae / London: Black, Young & Young, 1835), p. 253, lines 22–28 (= Dox 2.253.22–28), which reads: “Because the crei,a is more useful (creiwdeste,ra) for a speech than the other progym- nasmata, that is why it is said to be ‘the useful’ (i.e., h` crei,a) par excellence; likewise we say Demosthenes is the rhetorician (to.n Dhmosqe,nhn r`h,tora le,gomen) although there are many rhetoricians, and Homer is the poet (to.n [Omhron poihth,n), and is the historian (to.n qoukudi,dhn suggrafe,a), and Plato is the philosopher (to.n Pla,twna filo,sofon).” I wish to thank Prof. Ronald Hock for not only drawing my attention to the above text in John Doxapatre’s commentary on Aphthonius’ progymnasmata but also providing the exact references and an English translation to the Greek text in Walz’s Rhetores Graeci. See also the following comments from Theon of Alexandria, Peri. Crei,aj, in The Chreia in Ancient Rhetoric (vol. 1: The Progymnasmata; SBLTT 27; Graeco-Roman Religion 9; ed. and trans. by Ronald F. Hock and Edward N. O’Neil; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986), 84–85; 92. Theon comments: “As it is also with the case of Homer, although there exist many poets, because of his excellence, we customarily call him alone the Poet (pollw/n o;ntwn poihmtw/n kat v evxoch.n tou/ton mo,non kalei/n eivw,qamen Poihth,n; p. 84, lines 27–28; Eng. trans. modified from Hock and O’Neil, The Chreia in Ancient Rhetoric, p. 1.85).” Like- wise, Theon calls Plato “the philosopher (Pla,twn o` filo,sofoj; p. 1.92, lines 162–63).” 22 Martha C. Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Eth- ics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 3–12.

10 Chap. 1: Introduction

Pythagoreans and Cynics were simply not as important to the debate on the self-mastery of the passions as the Stoics, Epicureans, and Middle Platonists were.23 Nevertheless, since many Middle Platonists critically accepted some ideas from the Peripatetics and the Pythagoreans (but only as they appeared to sup- port Plato),24 and since certain Stoics such as Epictetus were attracted to the Cynic ideal of freedom,25 I will partially discuss Peripatetic, Pythagorean, and Cynic ethics, but only as they illuminate the moral tenets of certain ec- lectic members of the Academy and Stoa.26 –––––––––– 23 Ibid.; Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 1–13. Concerning , David E. Aune gives the closest account of a Cynic “theory” on the passions but himself admits that such a re- construction is difficult because Cynicism is more an ethical lifestyle (e;nstasij bi,ou; Diog. Laert. Lives 6.103) than a philosophical system of thought, was not a formal school, and did not have a central body of doctrine; see his essay “The Problem of the Passions in Cynicism,” in Passions and Moral Progress in Greco-Roman Thought (ed. by John T. Fitzgerald; New York/London: Routledge, 2008), 48–51 [48–66]. On , from a study of the pseudepigraphic treatises or the Pseudopythagorica ethica, Johan Thom concludes that wsea Neopythagorean theory of the passions essentially follows the Platonic–Peripatetic doctrine of metriopatheia, or the moderation of emotions. A Neopythagorean account there- fore adds relatively few new insights which would not already have been covered in a study of Middle Platonic moral psychology; see Thom’s essay “The Passions in Neopythagorean Writings,” in Passions and Moral Progress in Greco-Roman Thought (ed. by John T. Fitz- gerald; New York/London: Routledge, 2008), 68–70, 74 [67–78]. 24 John Whittaker, “Platonic Philosophy in the Early Centuries of the Empire,” in ANRW 2.36.1 (ed. by Wolfgang Haase; Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 1987), 110–14; 117–21. 25 Adolf Bonhöffer, The Ethics of the Stoic Epictetus (Revisioning Philosophy 2; trans. by William O. Stephens; New York: Peter Lang, 1996), 4–5. 26 Eclecticism is not to be taken as a negative or pejorative term, as the following volume of essays indicates: see John Dillon and Anthony A. Long, eds., The Question of “Eclecti- cism”: Studies in Later Greek Philosophy (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988). Among classicists, the eclectic period of ancient philosophy is roughly the Greco-Roman era, or the period of the 1st century B.C.E. to the 2nd century C.E. (see the introduction, p. 1). In the essay, “The History of the Concept of Eclecticism” (The Question of “Eclecticism”, pp. 15–33), Pierluigi Donini explains how the term eclectic has wrongfully been understood as implying syncretistic or compromising practices that involve the uncrit- ical acceptance of teachings foreign to a particular school’s philosophical doctrines (pp. 28– 31). Rather, eclecticism should be redefined with a greater appreciation for the individual philosopher’s positive contribution to his or her own school’s teachings (p. 29) and his or her critical acceptance of external ideas that appear to support the school’s original philo- sophical outlook. Though Donini gives six different definitions for eclecticism as it pertains to the practices of Greco-Roman philosophers and their doctrinal affiliations (see his sum- mary of the 6 senses of the term eclecticism on p. 31), he discounts one definition (sense 1; p. 31) as too inaccurate and negative, another as too idiosyncratic to the particular author (sense 6), and two more definitions as arguably rare or non-existent traditions (senses 4–5; pp. 32–33), leaving only two workable definitions for eclecticism (senses 2 and 3; p. 33). One of the workable definitions is a very general description as follows: “the term

Index of Ancient Sources

New Testament

Matthew Galatians 6:28 81 2:19–20 26 13:1–9 84 5:22–23 26 13:32 81 Ephesians Mark 2:21 81 4:1–8 84 4:15 81 4:8 81 Philippians Luke 1:4 25 1:80 81 1:5 25 2:40 81 1:7 25 8:4–10 84 1:9 26 12:27 81 1:10 25, 27 13:19 81 1:12 27 1:17 26 Acts 1:25 25–27 6:7 81 1:27 25 7:17 81 2:1 25 12:24 81 2:2 26 17:18 7 2:17 26 19:20 81 2:18 26 2:27 26 Romans 2:28 26 1:18–3:20 26 3:1 26 7 286 3:8 25–26 7:7–25 26 3:10 25 7:14–25 286 3:12 25 3:20 25 1 Corinthians 4:1 26 2:1 292 4:4 26 3:6–7 81 4:10 26 4:11 25 2 Corinthians 4:13 25 9:10 81 4:17 25 10:15 81 610 Index of Ancient Sources

Colossians 1 Peter 1:10 81 2:2 81 2:19 81 2 Peter 3:18 81

Jewish Sources

4 Maccabees Her. 1:1–8 44 235 360 1:22–23 186 Leg. All.

1.30 275 Philo 1.70 59 Abr. 2:22–23 403 236–44 44 2.99 63 3.18 360 Contempl. 3.114–16 59 2 186 3.118 63 Deus 35–36 403

Early Christian Sources

Eusebius Lactantius

Praep. ev. Inst. 6.8.25–38 428 6.15.2 210

Hippolytus of Rome Origen

Haer. Cels. 1.21 426 2.20 428 6.41 34

Greek and Roman Sources

Achilles Tatius Aëtius

Leuc. Clit. Plac. 3.25 243 1.7.33 402–403, 413 4.21.1 284–85, 299, 408 4.21.1–4 284, 407

Greek and Roman Sources 611

Albinus 31.1 65 31.1–2 62 Prologos 32.1 60, 64, 76 6.151.2–4 122 32.4 65–66, 71, 544

33.1–4 155 Alcinous 34.2–3 164 Didask. 34.4 164 1.2 95 2.1 104, 107, 150 Alexander of Aphrodisias 2.2 113, 126, 136–37, De Anima 500 11–12 291, 409 2.2–3 138, 448 87–91 128 2.3 126 3.1 104, 107 Fat. 3.2 62 191.30–192.11 419 4.7 136 199.14–22 243 9.1–2 138 Mantissa 9.2 137 2.106–10 128 10 135 10.4 128–29, 135, 137 On Aristotle’s Topics 10.5 125 301.19–25 401 10.5–6 135–36 On Mixture 11–12 135 216.14–218.6 403, 405–406, 415 14 135

14.3 133 Andronicus of Rhodes 14.4 133 14.4–6 133 On the Passions 14.6 133 1 200, 213 15.1 133 6 201, 330 23.1 74 23.1–2 59 Apuleius 24 70 De Platone 24.1–4 59 2.23.253 122 24.2–3 60, 70

27.2 100, 490, 509 Aristotle 27.2–5 125 27.4 543 EE 27.4–5 490, 509 1223a 361 28.1 44, 104, 125–26 1225a30–32 361 28.1–2 125, 447 EN 28.1–4 138 1098b26 510 28.2 113, 126–27, 133, 1099a32–b8 510 137, 490, 509 1102b25–30 40 28.3 104, 128 1103b14–25 77 29.1 544 1104a33–b1 77 30.1 83 1105b25 95 30.2 83 1106b8–1107a8 67, 116 30.4–5 210 1108a31–36 67, 116 30.4–6 66 1109a20–24 67, 116 30.5 65, 67

612 Index of Ancient Sources

1113b6–7 361 5b4 197, 220, 276 1114a4–16 77 5b5 231–32, 234–35 1114b30–1115a3 361 5b7 234 1115a6–17 72 5b8 244, 455 1117a22–28 72 5b10 244, 278 1117b33 122 5b11 334–35 1125b31–1126a9 72 5b12 223, 245 1138b18–20 67 5d 250 1145a25–27 125 5e 249 1145a34–1145b3 40 6e 278 1150a9–1151a1 40 6f 257, 432 1151b32 41 7a 255 1177a12–1178a8 107 7b 251, 253, 255, 258 1178b6–24 124 7g 254–55 1178b7–22 125 8 264, 266, 384 1179b34–1180a4 77 8–8a 260, 262, 390 1098b26 248, 302 8a 267 1099a32–b8 248, 302 9b–10 215, 285, 550 10 183 Gen. an. 10a 272, 281 726b27–38 74 10b 185 Phys. 10e 339, 341 4.2.209a31–210a14 130 11a 263 4.2.209b14–15 132 11c 400 8.4.254b7–256a3 128 11e 262–66 8.5.256a4–258b9 128 11m 457 8.6.258b10– 51 223 8.10.267b26 128 Aulus Gellius Pol. 1262a25–1262b36 164 Noct. att. 1264b1–25 164 7.2.11–12 424 1339a–1342b 318 7.2.12–13 427 8.1.4–8 248, 302, 510 Metaph. 9.5.8 560 12.8.1074a35– 12.5 298 12.9.1075a10 128 12.5.7 376 1072b.3–32 419 19.1.14–21 191, 279 Rhet. 19.1.15 275 1260b3–4 248, 302, 510 19.1.17–18 312 19.1.18–20 290 Arius Didymus 19.1.19–20 288

ESE Calcidus 5a 187, 247 5b1 219, 222, 224, 226– In Tim. 27, 239–40, 393– 144 421 94, 451 5b1–5b6 222, 347 5b2 219, 223, 229 5b3 278

Greek and Roman Sources 613

Cicero 3.59 259, 262–66, 456 3.60 268 Acad. post. 3.62–68 398 1.10.36 247 3.69 254 1.22–23 376 3.73 325, 449 1.38 565 3.75 242 1.40 361 4.16–18 376 38–39 301 4.21 270 40–41 188 4.23 298 40–42 425 4.46 390–391 41–42 190, 240 5.1–2 8 Div. 5.16–27 376 1.126 420 5.26 44 5.65 398 Fat. 33–34 18 9–10 361 53 254 28–30 428 61 254 40 194 69 254 41 424 41–43 295 Leg. 42 272 1.25 442 42–43 423 1.58–59 442 43 273, 364 Luc. Fin. 18 188 1.13 520 21–22 188, 191–92 1.25 520 30 273, 275, 295 2.23 359 30–31 188 2.28 520 37–38 191, 424 2.43–44 7 38 193 2.49 520 57 188, 191, 193 2.80–81 520 77–78 188 3.16 187, 376 83–85 188 3.16–17 376, 382, 390 133 270 3.16–22 18 145 190–91, 219, 240 3.16–76 545, 552 Nat. d. 3.17 378 1.39 417 3.20 390 2.28–30 284, 404 3.20–21 389 2.123–24 398 3.22 385 3.23–25 196 Off. 3.24 248 1.101 299, 301, 511 3.31 219, 278 1.102 301 3.32 267 1.132 301 3.34 254 2.18 298, 301 3.35 185, 200, 207 3.7 553 3.48 238, 270 3.116 520 3.50–53 254 Parad. 3.50–54 254 2 243 3.50–61 247, 390 3.20–21 270 3.51 255

614 Index of Ancient Sources

Tusc. Diogenes Laertius 1.42 284, 404 Lives 2.7 520 1.21 497 3.6 218 2.13 213 3.10–21 242 2.87–94 247 3.13 218 3.52 532 3.22 32, 212 6.11 247 3.24–25 185, 198 6.11–12 247 3.25–28 207 6.103 10 3.29 97, 360 7.3 242 3.30 212 7.5 546 3.50 520 7.45 273 3.75 282, 295, 198–99 7.46 188, 219 3.76 215 7.49–50 189 3.79 216 7.49–51 188 3.79–81 216 7.50 273 4.7 520 7.52 189 4.10–11 59 7.54 188 4.11–12 182–83, 198 7.63 188 4.12–13 193 7.63–68 190, 214 4.12–14 201, 208, 330, 501 7.65 189 4.14 185, 198, 361 7.65–66 188, 191 4.14–15 200 7.84–85 187 4.16 185 7.84–131 545, 552 4.25–26 341 7.85 378, 382, 390 4.26 341 7.85–86 300, 376 4.29 227, 390, 393 7.85–88 18 4.34 390, 392–93 7.86 378–79, 384, 386, 4.34–35 227, 451 392 4.59–62 215 7.86–87 196 5.28 520 7.86–88 278 5.81–82 44 7.87 44

7.87–88 438, 451 Cleanthes 7.88 267–68, 393 Hymn 7.89 220, 225, 227, 239– 1–6 413, 439, 444 40, 249, 263, 393– 15–21 426, 428, 432, 453 94, 451 15–35 444 7.90–91 333 18–21 439 7.91 243, 455, 555 7.93 219 Crates 7.94 249–50 7.95 250 Ep. 7.98–99 250 34.4 208 7.101 510

7.101–102 248 Damascius 7.101–103 251 In Phaed. 7.101–105 247 I, §§138–51 120 7.103 252 7.104–105 251, 432

Greek and Roman Sources 615

7.105–107 254 Diogenes of Sinope 7.106 255 Ep. 7.107 261 11 208 7.108 262–65, 383, 392 12 208 7.108–109 196, 262, 264 21 208 7.108–10 259 47 208 7.109 261, 264, 267

7.110 31, 183–84, 205 Epictetus 7.110–11 185, 205 7.111 184–85 Diss. 7.111–14 184 1.1.1–13 361 7.112 185 1.1.1–32 358 7.113 185 1.1.4–6 219, 275, 278, 290 7.114 185 1.1.5–6 289 7.116 200–201, 208, 330, 1.1.7 219, 278, 289–90 501 1.1.7–12 191 7.117 207 1.1.12 219, 275, 278, 290 7.118 213 1.1.21–25 358 7.119 440 1.1.23 289 7.120–21 270 1.2.33 289 7.123 343, 456 1.3.1–9 413 7.125 234, 244, 278 1.3.3 288 7.125–26 231, 233 1.4.1–3 207, 279 7.126 229, 234–36 1.4.7 178 7.127 237, 242, 347, 509 1.4.14 279 7.128 302, 553 1.4.14–15 219, 278 7.130 268, 325, 449 1.4.18–22 349 7.134 415, 417 1.4.28–29 207, 279 7.135 411 1.6.12–22 196, 288 7.135–36 402 1.6.13–16 279 7.136 402 1.6.16–21 376 7.137 403 1.6.18–22 279, 436 7.137–38 416 1.6.19–22 325, 449 7.138 417 1.6.20 457 7.138–39 403 1.6.23–43 413 7.142 402–404 1.6.37 92 7.147 413, 415 1.7.5 193 7.177 191 1.7.8–9 290 7.183 178, 547 1.7.25–33 292 10.9 520 1.7.33 288 10.127–28 32, 91, 498 1.7.37 453 1.8.7 292 Diogenes of Oinoanda 1.8.16 289 1.9.4–6 288 fr. 1.11.1–40 398 4–5 32 1.11.39–40 290 29 44 1.12.8–12 279 44 32 1.12.34–35 289 54.III.10–15 423 1.13.1–5 413

1.14.9–14 413

616 Index of Ancient Sources

1.16.17–21 442 2.2.2 289 1.17.21 289 2.8.1–8 279, 288 1.17.21–29 437 2.8.11 289 1.17.25 358 2.8.23 207, 279 1.17.26 290 2.9.1–6 279, 288, 315 1.17.26–27 289 2.10.1 289 1.18.1–2 193 2.14.8 279 1.18.2–6 279 2.14.11–13 446, 502 1.18.2–11 288, 315 2.15.1 289 1.18.8 289 2.15.6–7 215 1.18.19 210 2.16.39–40 279 1.19.8 289 2.16.40 215 1.19.11–15 400 2.16.47 442 1.19.13–15 398 2.17.19–20 279, 287 1.19.15 376 2.17.23–27 279 1.20.4–5 279 2.17.31 207, 279 1.20.5 289 2.18.1–32 198, 273 1.20.7–8 279 2.18.11–12 279 1.20.7–10 290 2.18.15–18 215 1.20.11 288 2.18.15–19 33 1.20.14–16 442 2.18.23 289 1.20.15 289 2.18.23–26 279 1.21.2 279 2.18.25 274 1.22.9–10 433 2.18.25–26 290 1.22.17–18 288 2.18.27 290 1.24.8 279 2.18.27–29 279 1.26.10 288 2.18.27–30 274 1.26.10–11 288 2.18.27–32 210 1.27.1 188 2.18.28 274 1.27.1–2 279, 290 2.18.29–30 219, 278 1.27.6–7 292 2.19.20–28 210 1.27.9–10 218 2.22.7 398 1.28.1–2 193 2.22.15 376 1.28.4–9 279, 287–88 2.22.15–16 398 1.28.6–8 34 2.22.23–26 279, 289 1.28.7 36, 186, 287 2.22.24–30 219, 278 1.28.7–8 288 2.22.29 289 1.28.12–14 279, 289 2.23.9–11 320, 430 1.28.30 436 2.23.18 320, 430 1.28.31–33 279 2.23.40–42 432 1.28.33 288 2.23.42 289, 320, 431 1.29.1 289 2.23.42–43 432, 453 1.29.12 289 2.26.5–6 279 1.29.33–49 242 3.1.40 289 1.30.4 289 3.2.1 280 1.30.4–5 279, 289 3.2.1–4 31 2.1.4 219, 278 3.2.1–5 280 2.1.9–10 436 3.2.2 280 2.1.34–39 242 3.2.2–3 280 2.2.1–26 279 3.2.3 280

Greek and Roman Sources 617

3.2.4 207, 279 4.1.128–31 431 3.3.1 289 4.1.128–34 413 3.3.14–17 432 4.1.129 361 3.3.14–19 432–33 4.1.131–32 432, 453 3.5.1–3 432 4.1.136–38 358 3.7.4 314 4.1.152 243 3.7.5–12 432 4.1.159–69 361 3.8.1–2 290, 292 4.3.7 207, 279 3.9.12–13 279 4.4.9 207, 279 3.9.18 280 4.4.23 289 3.9.18–19 279 4.4.33–41 413 3.9.19–20 280 4.4.34 432, 453 3.9.22 279 4.4.36 207, 279 3.12.1–4 290 4.4.46 436 3.12.7–13 290 4.5.27 97, 360 3.12.11 288 4.5.32 289 3.12.11–12 279 4.6.34 207, 279, 289 3.12.12 289 4.6.34–35 219, 278 3.12.14–16 290 4.7.12–32 433 3.13.11 207, 279 4.7.40 432 3.13.13 279 4.8.1–2 436 3.15.6–7 453 4.8.27 207, 279 3.15.12 207, 279 4.8.30–32 413 3.19.2 289 4.10.13 207, 279, 290 3.20.1–19 433 4.10.14–15 442 3.21.1–4 346 4.10.22 207, 279 3.21.9 207, 279 4.10.26 207, 279 3.22.95–96 432, 453 4.10.30 432 3.22.104 436 4.12.1–8 363 3.22.105–106 361 4.12.15–21 362, 369 3.24.11 376 4.13.5 436 3.24.19–25 413 Ench. 3.24.24 207, 279 1.1–4 361 3.24.68–75 433 1.1–5 358 3.24.69 289 1.5 219, 278–79, 290, 3.24.70 291 362, 369 3.24.70–75 291 2–3 361 3.24.86–88 97, 360 5 215, 218 3.24.112–18 413 5–6 361 3.26.13 207, 279 6 279, 289 3.26.28–31 442 10 279 4.1.1 429 12.2 207, 279 4.1.1–177 279 16 274 4.1.2 436 18 290 4.1.21–23 210 18–20 274 4.1.72–75 434 20 290–91 4.1.72–80 361 21 97, 360 4.1.73 435 25 97 4.1.100–102 361 26 360 4.1.111–12 361

618 Index of Ancient Sources

29.7 207, 279 Galen 31.3 376 Aff. Dig. 34 360 1.2.1–12 76 48.2–3 362, 369 1.2.6–7 75 51.3 243 2.2.22–3.12 156 53.1 426, 428, 432, 453 2.3.10–11 158 fr. 2.3.27–4.11 160 9 191, 275, 279, 312 2.4.11–5.6 157 9.18–20 290 2.5.2–13 160 9.19–20 288 3.5.14–24 75 35 291 3.8.6–17 148, 153 38–48 560 3.8.18–9.10 159 3.10.23–4.11.14 80 Epicurus 4.12.23–13.3 79 4.15.18–16.4 80 Ep. Hdt. 5.16.5–17.3 79 82 44 5.18.10–25 159 Ep. Men. 5.18.23–25 160 127–28 29, 41, 91, 498 5.19.10–20 159 132 32 5.19.19–20 160 5.20.12–19 63, 66, 71, 301 KD 6.21.4–13 89 1 44 6.21.7–10 64 18 32 6.21.13–18 89 24 29 6.22.6 63 25 32 6.22.8–10 63 30 32 6.22.10–16 64 VS 6.22.16–24 89 59 32 6.23.11–13 96 6.23.13–24.10 89 Euripides 6.26.14–20 22, 160 7.27.22–25 22, 161 Andr. 7.28.17–29.14 166 627–31 203 7.30.16–31.6 166 629–31 205 8.31.7–22 167 Herc. fur. 8.31.22 167 586 34 8.33.1 81 965–67 34 9.37.7–38.2 79 10.41.5–11 22, 161 Hipp. 10.42.8–10 80 358–61 34 10.42.9 81 375–85 287 10.42.22–43.7 161 397–402 34 10.43.9–10 161 Med. 10.43.26–44.5 80 1071–80 34 10.43.26–44.11 160 1074–80 287 Capt. 1075 287 3.96.10–12 76 1079 36, 186

Greek and Roman Sources 619

Ind. 4.3.4 303 10–15 96 4.3.5 307 12b 96 4.3.5–6 198 42 96 4.3.8 303 46 97 4.4.2–3 31 52–53 97 4.4.16–19 31 57–61 167 4.4.16–34 213 60–61 167–68 4.4.24–25 198, 204 65 167–68 4.4.38 507 68 94, 498 4.4.38–5.7.4 506 68.71–73 90 4.5.3–18 215, 285 69 95–96 4.5.15–46 303 71–72 498 4.5.21–25 204 74 498 4.5.24–46 341 74–76 93 4.5.30 303 76–78b 97 4.6.1–3 196 79b 169 4.6.2–5 196, 220, 276 81 169 4.6.3 196 4.6.6 204 Pecc. Dig. 4.6.9 205 1.45.10–12 75 4.6.9–11 203 2.49.9–20 75 4.6.12–27 215, 285 PHP 4.6.19–27 287 Bk. 1, fr. 2 32, 58, 496 4.6.35 281 Bk. 1, fr. 6 61 4.6.35–37 204 2.7.17 186 4.6.36 281 2.8.40–51 32 4.6.37 282 3.1.10–11 284, 404, 407 4.6.38–4.7.44 216 3.1.25 183 4.7.1 507 3.2.6 63 4.7.1–4 198, 213 3.3.1–30 61 4.7.1–19 304 3.3.4–6 63, 301 4.7.3–4 507 3.3.13–15 63, 301 4.7.4 199 3.3.13–22 186 4.7.6 507 4–5 303 4.7.9 212 4.1.12 61 4.7.11–17 216 4.1.16 61 4.7.12–17 198, 200, 206, 215– 4.2.1–6 200, 206 16, 285 4.2.7 287 4.7.12–19 217 4.2.10–18 183, 198, 206 4.7.13 215, 217 4.2.12 34, 36, 186 4.7.17 199 4.2.14–18 204, 230 4.7.23 507 4.2.25 75 4.7.24–41 32 4.2.27 63, 301 4.7.27–28 217 4.2.28–44 304 4.7.28 304, 326 4.3.1–4 32 4.7.33 304, 326 4.3.2 200 4.7.36 507 4.3.2–5 183, 206 4.7.38 217 4.3.3–5 304 4.7.46 507 4.3.3–10 307

620 Index of Ancient Sources

5.1.4 184, 198, 200, 206, 6.1.4 61 213, 490 6.1.4–27 42, 63, 72 5.1.8 61 6.1.13–14 65 5.1.292 32 6.1.24 61 5.2.3–7 32 6.2.4 63, 301 5.2.4 507 6.8.59–83 496 5.2.20–52 211 6.8.67–82 58 5.2.22–24 218 6.8.68–70 58 5.2.35–42 78 6.8.77–83 61 5.2.45 283 7.3.14–22 74 5.3.7 283 8.4.26 67 5.3.10–11 407 8.7.8–29 74 5.3.14–16 283 8.9.15–17 67 5.3.19–21 283 9.7.9–10 151 5.3.21–31 78 9.7.9–13 149 5.4.15–16 507 9.7.12 150 5.5.8–26 32, 455 9.7.12–13 150 5.5.16–17 504 9.7.14 150 5.5.16–21 305, 320 9.7.15 150 5.5.21 304, 326, 504, 507 9.7.16–19 151 5.5.26 504 9.7.17 150 5.5.26–27 305, 320 9.9.1–3 151 5.5.26–28 304, 326 9.9.1–7 149 5.5.26–29 305 9.9.2–6 149 5.5.28–29 326–27, 505 9.9.3–6 151 5.5.29 336 9.9.6 150 5.5.30–35 327, 336 9.9.9–10 149 5.5.32 328, 504 Prop. Plac. 5.5.34 61, 63, 301, 328 13.4 149–50 5.6.1–2 325 13.5–6 150 5.6.6 507 13.6 149 5.6.9–10 508 5.6.19–20 328, 336 QAM 5.6.19–22 327 5.48.20–22 74 5.6.20–22 327 5.48.22–25 74 5.6.22–26 32 UP 5.6.24–27 305 3.10 152 5.6.27 508 4.13 58 5.6.29–32 67 11.14 153–54 5.6.33–37 303 17.1 151 5.6.34–37 183, 206 17.3 152 5.6.39–46 32

5.6.46 508 Heraclides 5.7.1–88 32 5.7.24–25 66 fr. 5.7.56 69 97–98 74 5.7.57 69 5.7.81–88 58 5.9.7–8 58 6.1.3–6 63

Greek and Roman Sources 621

Herodotus 41D 278, 280 41E 193 Hist. 41G 219, 457 2.73 243 41I 219

45C 402 Hierocles 45C–D 284, 404 AA 376, 378–80, 391– 45D 402 92, 397–99 46B 411 46D 404 EE 47A 403–404 1.1–2 378 47H 284, 404 1.1–9.11 376 47O 403 1.31–39 379 47P 403 1.39–50 379 47Q 403 1.51–2.3 380 47Q–R 284, 404 2.3–18 380 47S 338 2.3–3.54 381 48C 403, 405–406, 415 2.18–3.19 380 53A 280 2.52 381 53A–Y 299 3.20–54 380 53E 284, 404 4.23–27 378 53G 407 6.23–27 379 53G–H 284, 404 7.40–50 379, 390 53I 407 7.50–8.27 379 53K 291, 407, 409 9.1–10 383, 399 53K–L 284, 404 9.10 384 53P 275, 280

53Q 194, 280 Iamblichus 53R 195 Myst. 53S 195, 280 I.12.17–26 120 53U 407 53V 407 De Anima 54A 413, 415 11–12 291, 409 54I 545

54U 421 LS (Long / Sedley) 55L 420 20G 422 55M 421 21E 32 55N 419 27B 401 55S 428 27D 401 56A–C 187 28F 284, 403–404 56C 280 33I 190, 194, 214 57A 300 39A–G 188, 280 57B–D 300 40A–T 188 58A 248, 510 40H 280 58B 251 40I 193 58C 247 41 219 58F 253, 256 41A 190, 219, 240 59C 261 41A–I 188 59F 264, 266 41B 190, 240 59G 266 41C 190, 213, 240

622 Index of Ancient Sources

59I 239, 262, 270, 347, Manilius 351, 392 Astron. 59J 268, 393 2.105–26 444 59L 267 4.885–95 441 61A 225, 249, 263, 393–

94 Marcus Aurelius 61B 225, 231, 393 61C 231, 276 Med. 61D 231–32 1.7 92 61F 231 1.9.9 207, 294 61G 244 2.1 97, 360 61H 219, 222, 226, 347 2.2 293–94, 360 61K 243 2.5.2 207, 294 61L 244, 455 2.9 440 61N 243 3.9 295 61O 227 3.13 363 61S 238, 347 3.16 293–94 61T 238, 269, 347 4.3 295, 363 62A 426 4.10 295 62A–K 423 4.16 315 62B 426, 428, 432, 453 4.23 92 62C 423 4.24 362, 369 62D 424, 427 4.41 92, 564 63C 438 5.1 97, 295, 360 64H 248 5.11 362, 369 65A 183 5.16 360 65A–Y 198 5.19 295 65B 200, 213 5.20 315 65D 206 5.26 31, 294–95, 360 65G 183, 206, 215, 285 5.29 564 65H–K 183 6.15 97, 360 65I 206 6.16.1 294 65J 206 6.28 294 65K 206 6.32 361 65M 455 6.41 361 65O 206, 216 6.41.1–6 435 65U 218 6.52 295 65W 213 7.3 294 65X–Y 280 7.9 92 65Y 312 7.14 97 7.19 564 Lucretius 7.27 97, 360 7.29 215, 294–95 DRN 7.31 442 3.152–60 32 7.55 360 5.45–50 32 7.64 363

8.2 362, 369

8.7 361

8.13 295

Greek and Roman Sources 623

8.36 362, 369 Nemesius 8.47 295 Nat. Hom. 8.48 294 2.21.6–10 402 8.49 97 2.22.3–6 402 8.56 293 35.105.6–13 434 9.15 295

9.24 564 Numenius 9.36–39 92 9.40 295, 361 fr. 12 133 9.42 399 9.42.5 400 Panaetius 10.2 400 fr. 10.13 97, 360, 362, 369 1 300, 511 10.14 92 9 312 10.34 97, 360 49 301 11.2 362, 369 86 300 11.3–4 358 87 299, 301, 511 11.4 400 88 301 11.7 295 89 298, 301 11.16 295 110 553 11.18.10 207, 294 111 298 11.33–34 564 113 298 11.34 97, 360 154 305 11.36–38 564

11.37 361 Pausanias 12.3 293 12.19 293 Descript. Gr. 12.22 215, 295 10.24.1 156 12.31 442 PGM Musonius Rufus IV.1265–74 34 IV.1390–1495 34 fr. IV.1496–1595 34 2 456 IV.2441–2621 34 5 346, 456 IV.2708–84 34 6 346, 348, 357–59 IV.2891–2942 34 7 219 IV.2943–66 34 8 292–93 IV.3209–54 34 12 256 VII.191–92 34 17 97, 196, 360, 443, VII.215–18 34 450, 502 VII.300a–310 34 19 360 VII.405–406 34 38 292, 360, 431, 433 VII.459–61 34 40 196, 292 VII.462–66 34 42 413 VII.467–77 34 44 196, 219 VII.643–51 34

VII.661–63 34 Ovid VII.969–72 34 Metam. VII.973–80 34 7.17–21 287 VII.981–93 34

624 Index of Ancient Sources

VIII.1–63 34 PHerc. 1417/III X.1–23 34 col. 117.11–14 320 XIc.1–19 34 col. 117.42–118.1 320 XII.14–95 34 PHerc. 1428 8 XV.1–21 34 XVI.1–75 34 PHerc. 1497/IB XVIIa.1–25 34 col. 115.1–6 317–18 XIXa.1–54 34 col. 115.8–11 317 XIXb.1–3 34 col. 115.11–12 317 XIXb.4–18 34 col. 115.28–35 323 XXIVb.1–15 34 PHerc. 1497/III+IV XXXII.1–19 35 col. 117.23–34 321 XXXIIa.1–25 35 col. 117.23–118.1 319 XXXVI.102–33 35 XXXVI.134–60 35 PHerc. 1497/VII XXXVI.187–210 35 col. 121.21–27 323 XXXVI.295–311 35 PHerc. 1497/XXVIII XXXVI.333–60 35 col. 142.1–14 324 XXXVI.361–71 35 col. 142.10–11 321 XXXVIII.1–26 35

XXXIX.1–21 35 Philodemus LII.1–9 35 LII.9–19 35 Ira LXII.1–24 35 32 32 LXIII.1–7 35 42 32 LXIII.7–12 35 44 32 LXVII.1–24 35 47–49 32 LXXVIII.1–14 35 Mus., Bk. 4 (Delattre) CXIXa.2–3 35 col. 36.1–4 321 CXXII.26–50 35 col. 36.7–9 321

col. 89.28–33 319 PHerc. 225/15A col. 90.40–91.7 319 col. 89.28–33 319 col. 115.1–6 318 PHerc. 225/15B+1575/4+1094/8A col. 115.8–11 317 col. 90.40–91.7 319 col. 115.11–12 317 col. 115.28–35 323 PHerc. 339/155 8 col. 117.11–14 320 PHerc. 411/3 col. 117.23–34 321 col. 36.1–4 321 col. 117.23–118.1 319 col. 36.7–9 321 col. 117.42–118.1 320 col. 121.21–27 323 PHerc. 1004 8 col. 142.1–14 324 PHerc. 1018 8 col. 142.10–11 321

PHerc. 1020 Mus., Bk. 4 (Neubecker) col. 1 219, 278, 280 col. IB.1–7 318 col. 4 219, 278 col. IB.9–12 317 col. IB.12–13 317 PHerc. 1065 8 col. IB.29–30 323 col. 3.23–34 321

Greek and Roman Sources 625 col. 3.23–4.2 319 X.896A–E 52 col. 5 320 XII.966E 118 col. 8–10 320 XII.967D–E 118 col. 23.28–24.25 323 XII.968A 117 653C–673A 318 Stoic. Ind. 661A–D 510 col. 61 8, 300, 511 700A–701B 318

731A 510 Philostratus 731E 157 Vit. Apoll. 795A–812E 318 3.49 243 Meno Vit. soph. 72B–D 55 523 34 78C–79A 510 590 34 Parm.

127E 130 Pindar 127E–128E 145 Pyth. 91 128E–130B 55 130B 54–55 Plato 130B–131A 54 130C 55 Alc. I 132C 55 124A 156 137C–142A 145 129A 156 132C 156 Phaedo 60E 322 Apol. 60E–61B 322 30B 93, 121 62B 88 Charm. 64A 95 164D–165D 156 64D 89 65D–66A 55 Crat. 66B–E 88 389A–C 54 67D 95 400B 88 67E 95 439C–D 322 69B–C 120 Crito 79A–80B 88 47D–E 510 80A 74, 106, 126 80A–84B 105 Gorg. 80D 106, 126 467C–486A 93, 121 80E–81A 95 491D 37 81C 98 Hipp. maj. 82A–B 125–26 287C–D 55 83B 61 100C–D 55 Leg. 104E–107B 88 I.626D–E 66, 116 I.631B–D 67 Phaedr. II.923A 156 229E 156 IV.715E 127 245C–46A 52 IV.716B–C 104 246A–B 301 IV.716C–D 115 247C–E 107

626 Index of Ancient Sources

248A 104, 127 IV.440A–B 62–63, 68 252C–53C 114 IV.440A–441E 69 253A 104, 114 IV.440B 62, 68, 69 254A–E 74 IV.440E 69 IV.441A 69 Phileb. IV.441A–D 57 45D–E 67 IV.441E 57 48C 156 IV.441E–442C 58, 69 Prot. IV.442B 32 329E 233 IV.442B–C 69 330A–B 233 IV.443B–C 163 330B 223 IV.443B–444A 55 330D 55 IV.443E 57 331E 233 IV.444B 62, 68 343B 156 IV.444B–E 59, 66, 116 345E 236 IV.444D 67 352B–C 35, 186 IV.444D–E 59, 63 352D–E 34, 287 IV.445D 164 359B 233 V.457C–D 164 361A–B 233 V.472B–D 55 V.473D 164 Pol. V.476A 55 283E–285C 67 V.476C–D 55 291D–292A 164 VI.500B–D 107, 123 Resp. VI.500C 113, 137 I.347B–D 56 VI.500C–D 112, 137–38 II.357B–D 93, 121 VI.500C–E 56 II.357B–358A 55 VI.500D 138 II.370E–371E 509 VI.500D–E 54, 107 II.376E 95 VI.505A 55 III.389D–E 89 VI.509B 55 III.397A–400E 318 VII.514A–518B 107, 130 III.398B–D 95 VII.517A–518B 107 III.403D–404E 95 VII.529D 132 III.413C–414B 118 VII.532C 55 IV.427E–428A 223 VII.540A 54, 56 IV.430C 120 VII.540A–B 55 IV.430E 39 VIII.543D–544A 164 IV.430E–431A 38–39 IX.580B–C 39 IV.431C 164 IX.590C–592B 164 IV.433A–434C 163 X.596A 54 IV.433C–D 223 X.596A–598D 54 IV.435C 32 X.609A–C 76 IV.436A–439E 57 X.613A 113, 125 IV.436B 58 X.613A–B 104, 114, 123 IV.439A–D 57 X.613B 108, 141, 447 IV.439A–441C 32, 68 IV.439E 68 Soph. IV.439E–440A 57 227D–228B 78 IV.440A 62

Greek and Roman Sources 627

Symp. Adol. poet. aud. 207C–209E 123 28C 165, 489 220C 100 Adul. amic. Theaet. 48E–F 157 158C–D 321 48E–49B 157 172B–177C 123 48F 157 176A 105, 141 49B 157 176A–B 125–26 49F 159 176A–C 105 51A–B 159 176B 44, 104, 108, 148, 51B 159 447, 534 51C–D 159 176E 107 52A 159 54D–E 159 Tim. 54F 159 27C–48E 109 55A 159 28A–B 109 55D 159 28C 144 55E–60B 159 28C–29A 109 56A 159 28E 54 61D 59 29A 54 70E 159 29B 111 73C–D 159 29D–31B 107 74D 159 34B–35A 52 93D 159 39E–40A 55 93F 159 41E 74 95B 159 47B–C 110, 115 96F–97A 159 49A 54 51B–E 55 Ages. 69D–70E 57 36.2–3 67 77B–C 57 Amat. 80B 322 748E–771E 61 89E 57 752A 164 90C 108, 127, 447 752C 164 90C–D 108, 115 753B–D 164

759E 66, 70 Plotinus 767E 164 Enn. An. procr. I.2 122, 124 1014A–B 144 I.2.2.11–18 120 1024C 144 I.2.2.18–20 120 1024C–D 144 I.2.2.18–3.10 120–21 1024D–E 145 I.2.3.12–23 120 1024D–1025A 146 I.2.4.13–16 120 1025C–D 32, 59 I.2.7.26–27 122 1025D 61

1025E–F 145 Plutarch 1026D–E 144 Ad princ. iner. 1027A 144–45 780E–781A 142, 447 1030A–B 146

628 Index of Ancient Sources

Cohib. ira Garr. 454B 77 503C–504C 79 455B–E 79 515A 81 459A 79 Gen. Socr. 464B 89 591D–E 88 Comm. not. 591D–F 98, 100 1056E–F 191, 193 592A–E 100 1057A–B 191 Inst. Lac. 1060C 543 238B 337 1062E 240 1062E–1063B 238, 269, 347 Inv. od. 1063A 269 538E 159 1063C–F 543 Is. Os. 1084A–B 283 351D 99 1084F–1085A 188 371A–B 144 Conj. praec. 376C 144 138A–146A 164 377E–F 144 142E–F 404 Lib. aegr. Cons. Apoll. 4–6 305, 314 102C–D 67, 210 Max. princ. Cons. ux. 776A–779C 164 608A–612A 164 Quaest. conv. Def. orac. 633A 337 416E–F 146 666C–D 310 423C–D 144 Quaest. plat. 434D 143 1000E 144 Dem. 1001C 144 1.1 489 1001E 140 1002A 145 E Delph. 1002B 144 303A 144 1003A 144, 146 393A–B 140, 144–45 393A–C 144 Rect. rat. aud. 394A 144 37D 104 47C–D 158 Fac. 943A 98, 100 Sera 944E 144 550D 44, 142 550D–E 139–40, 148, 447 fr. Erot. 551C–E 78 134 32, 65 559D 144, 166 135 65 562B–D 82 fr. Kall. 562C–D 77, 167 144 88 Stoic. rep. 145 88 1034C–E 231 1034D–E 276 1037F 193, 195

Greek and Roman Sources 629

1038A–E 376 446F–447A 183, 206, 215, 285 1038B 398 447B–C 36 1038C 376 447E–F 66 1040D 121, 248, 302, 510 448B 59 1042C–D 268 448C 70 1046E 232, 234–35, 243 448D 32 1046E–F 196, 231 449A–452D 206 1050C 422 451D 71, 296 1057A 193, 195 451D–E 63, 72, 301 451D–452B 71 Suav. viv. 451D–452D 32, 59 1096C–D 88 451E 72 1099B–D 89 451E–F 75–76 1105D 95 451F–452A 66 Superst. 452B 210 168B–C 35 Virt. prof. Tu. san. 75A–76C 350 127C–D 310 75B 83 75B–D 83 Un. rep. dom. 75C–D 238, 347 826A–827C 164 75D 84, 239–41 Virt. mor. 75F 84 440E 233 76D 82 440E–441C 231 76D–E 82 440E–441D 198 76E 83 440F–441A 233 76E–F 83 441B–C 220, 225, 239–40, 78E 158 277, 393–94, 451 82D–E 513 441C–D 282 83C 82 441D–E 88 84C 161 442A 32 84C–D 22, 513 442A–B 59 84D 161 442B 32, 69 85B 22 442C 71 442C–D 71 Porphyry 443C 82 Sent. 443D 42, 60 27.2–29.8 120 444B 67 32.63–70 120 444B–445C 42

444E 72 Posidonius 444E–445F 72 445A 72 fr. 445B 63, 66, 301 29 555 445B–D 71 30 325 445B–E 40 154 305, 314 445F–446C 36, 186 164 341 446A–447A 186 446D 40

630 Index of Ancient Sources

Proclus 26.5 358 41.2 452 In Alc. 42.1–4 350 2.44–48 95 48.2–4 399 65.20–66.3 95 48.11 444 176.19–20 95 56.25 441, 445 195.17 95 59.16 330

61.1–2 97, 360 Pseudo-Andronicus of Rhodes 63 212 – see Andronicus of Rhodes 66.5–7 331

66.11–12 445 Pseudo-Pythagoras 66.12 445 Carm. Aur. 66.37 331 9 347 66.39–40 451 14 347 68.7 359 35 347 70.22–23 368 40–44 347 70.50–55 514 54–56 347 71.29 314 71.29–30 314 Seneca 75.8 351 75.8–9 351 Ben. 75.9–12 351, 392 5.5.4 435 75.13–14 352 5.5.4–5 361 75.14–16 352 7.1.3–4 359 76.28–29 331 7.2.1 359 83.25–27 344 Const. 85.6–17 308 2.1–3 94 85.10–14 361 7.1 243, 337, 343 90.46 451 92.1–2 440, 445 Ep. 92.1–10 314 6 365 92.29–30 451 6.1 370 92.30 445 6.1–2 368 92.30–34 440 6.1–3 369–70 93.6 97, 360 6.4 371 94 352 6.5 368, 374 94–95 364 6.5–6 365, 367, 370, 514 94.19 356 6.6 369 94.19–20 356 7.2 372 94.20 356 7.5–7 372 94.47–50 353, 359 7.8–9 371 94.50 364 8.2 218, 563 94.50–51 367 9.2 207 94.53 372 11.9–10 367–68, 373, 514 94.62–63 372 11.10 374 94.64–65 372 12.8 97, 360 94.66 372 16.1 359 95 354 16.5–6 442 95.1 354 18.5–13 360 95.6 355

Greek and Roman Sources 631

95.7 355 1.12.3 308 95.10 353, 355 1.12.5 309 95.51–53 355, 400 1.14.1 308 95.53 400 1.16.5–6 308 95.58 355 1.17.1 308 95.64 355 1.17.1–2 32 96 330 1.17.6–7 31 96.2 442 1.19.1 309 96.7–8 330, 505 1.20.1 309 99 212 2.1.1–5 188, 191 99.3 331 2.1.3–4 328 99.26 217 2.1.3–2.4.2 211 107.11–12 426, 428, 432 2.2.5–6 181 109.4–5 331 2.2.5–2.3.4 311, 505 110.12 359 2.2.6 212 113.18 193–94 2.3.1–4 31 116.1 211 2.3.2 314 117.13 188 2.3.4 193 120 18 2.3.4–5 198 120.10–14 242 2.3.4–2.4.2 312 121 18 2.4 215, 217 121.5–24 376 2.4.1 31, 194, 212 121.6 381 2.4.1–2 198 121.6–9 380 2.4.2 308, 505 121.10 397 2.16.2–3 450 121.14–16 381 3.1.1 308 121.19–21 380, 390 3.8.3–5 329, 337 124 18 3.8.5 329 141.1 308 3.9.1 329 3.9.1–2 337, 505 Helv. 3.36.1–4 362, 369 10.3 359 Marc. Herc. Fur. 1.7 97, 360 974–75 34 9.2 97, 360 Ira 9.5 97, 360 1.7.1 308 10.3 97, 360 1.7.2–3 309 21.1 97, 360 1.7.2–4 308 Med. 1.7.4 309, 312 926–44 34 1.8.1 437 938–44 287 1.8.5 309 1.9.1 308–309 Nat. 1.9.4–1.10.1 309 7.32.2 8 1.10.1 309 Otio 1.10.1–3 308 1.4–3.1 368 1.11.1 308 1.11.2 308 Polyb. 1.11.12 309 17.1–2 368 1.12.1 308

632 Index of Ancient Sources

Tranq. an. Stobaeus 9.1–6 360 Anth. 11.6 97, 360 1.25.3–27.4 545 11.10 97, 360 1.79.1–12 421 17.4 337 1.129.2–130.13 403–404 17.5 337, 343 1.155.7–11 405 17.8–9 342 2.37–152 549 Vit. beat. 2.37.18–152.25 548 3.2 562 2.38–39 32 3.3–4 97, 360 2.42.20–22 62 4.4–5 331 2.57–85 552 5.5–6 442 2.57–116 545 7.1–3 256 2.57.5–15 247 9.1 331 2.57.13–14 548 11.1–2 360 2.57.13–116.18 550, 552 2.57.18–20 187 Sextus Empiricus 2.59.4–11 222, 347 2.59.4–60.8 224 Math. 2.59.4–64.17 222 7.150–57 188, 240 2.59.8–9 219 7.151–52 188, 192 2.59.11–60.5 226 7.151–57 191, 213 2.60.2–3 219 7.152 190 2.60.5–8 222, 347 7.206–10 32 2.60.7–8 224, 393–94 7.253–60 188 2.60.9–24 229 7.402–10 188 2.60.20–21 219 7.424 188 2.60.31–33 227 8.12–13 189 2.61.11–12 219 8.70 188 2.62.20–63.5 197 8.85–86 188–89 2.62.22–63.4 220, 276 8.397 191 2.62.25–63.5 276 11.64–67 247, 253, 256 2.63.6–11 219 11.118 32 2.63.6–25 231–32 11.141 32 2.65.6–7 455 11.158–59 32 2.65.8 196 11.200–201 263–66 2.66.14–15 278 Pyr. 2.67.5–12 334–35 1.17 32 2.68.5–7 223 1.22 32 2.68.18–23 219 1.23–28 32 2.69.12–22 250 1.231 32 2.73.16–74.3 191 1.235 502 2.73.21–23 223 3.173–77 32 2.73.25–74.1 223 3.235–36 32 2.74.1–3 223 2.78.1–6 278 Simplicius 2.79.12–17 432 2.79.18–80.13 247 In Arist. Cat. 2.80.14–82.18 251 8.237.25–238.20 338 2.82.20–21 247 10.401.25 242

Greek and Roman Sources 633

2.84.24–85.1 432 Suetonius 2.86.2–6 214 Claud. 2.86.17–19 42, 194 33.1–2 359 2.86.17–87.7 193 2.87.2–7 42, 194 Nero 2.87.3–7 196 20.1 359 2.88.2–6 42, 190, 193–94 Vit. 2.88.8–10 193 13.1–3 359 2.88.8–12 198

2.88.8–90.6 198 SVF (Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta) 2.88.10 183 1.60 190, 240 2.88.22–89 200 1.66 190, 219, 240 2.88.26–89.22 550 1.102 411 2.89.3 186 1.120 404 2.89.4 36, 548 1.135 284, 404 2.89.4–90.6 32 1.191 247 2.89.6 272 1.205 183 2.90.2 281 1.207 565 2.90.5–6 281 1.361 247 2.90.7–18 198, 200 1.518 402 2.90.19–91.4 185 1.527 426, 428, 432, 453 2.90.19–91.9 185 1.537 545 2.91.4–5 185 1.563 276 2.91.5–7 185 1.566 244 2.91.8–9 185 1.624 191 2.93.1–13 339 2.54 188 2.93.6–9 341 2.65 188 2.94.27–95.2 400 2.91 188 2.96.18–97.5 262 2.131 219, 278, 280 2.111.18–20 457 2.193 189 2.111.18–112.8 191, 219 2.329 401 2.115.5–17 213 2.330 401 2.116.19–20 549 2.331 401 2.116.19–128.9 376 2.366 404 2.138.21–26 62 2.413 403–404 3.496.10–12 37 2.458 403 4.502.20–503.10 378, 391 2.471 405 4.503.5–10 379, 392 2.473 403, 405–406, 415 4.503.18–24 380, 398 2.634 403 4.660.15–664.18 376 2.786–87 284, 404 4.663.2–4 397 2.790 402 4.664.4–9 397 2.826 291, 409 4.664.9–12 400 2.836 284, 299, 407–408 4.671.3–673.18 376, 397 2.844 275 5.906.18–907.5 239, 262, 270, 347, 2.913 421 352, 392 2.921 420

2.933 421

2.945 419

634 Index of Ancient Sources

2.974 423 3.422–30 340 2.975 426 3.431 201, 206, 330 2.988 196 3.432 201, 330 2.1000 424, 427 3.459 183, 185, 215, 285 2.1021 413, 415 3.462 31, 34 2.1027 402–403, 413 3.463 206 3.1–126 298 3.466 206, 216 3.39 225, 249, 263, 393– 3.473 31 94 3.493 261 3.54 317 3.498 259 3.56 248, 302, 317 3.501 262 3.58 317 3.504 267 3.62 321, 336 3.510 239, 262, 270, 347, 3.63 319 352, 392 3.71 323, 336 3.516 266 3.169 42, 193–94 3.539 238, 269, 347 3.171 42, 190, 193–94, 3.548 219 214 3.560 244 3.175 193 3.564 213 3.178 300, 438 3.658 243 3.179 398 3.663 219 3.181 376 3.757 268 3.223 243 3.760 268 3.238 242 3.763 268 3.262 219 3.988 190 3.264 219 3.278 197, 220, 276 Theophrastus 3.280 231–32 Char. 3.299 231 16.1–4 35 3.377–420 213

3.378 31 Us. (Usener) 3.389 34, 36, 186 247 32 3.391 185, 196, 198, 200,

213 Xenophon 3.393 338 3.394 200, 214 Mem. 3.421 339 3.9.4 287 3.421–30 211

Index of Modern Authors

Adamson, Peter 495 Bénatouïl, Thomas 53, 107, 135, 141, Albinus, Lars 101, 122 247, 262, 325, 412, 449, 542 Alcock, Joan P. 359 Benson, Hugh H. 54–55, 132 Alexander, Loveday C.A. 81 Betegh, Gábor 375 Algra, Keimpe A. 237, 284, 325, 349, Bett, Richard 248 377, 403–404, 412–15, 418–19, 42– Betz, Hans Dieter 66, 180, 535 22, 439, 550, 552 Billerbeck, Margarethe 559 Allen, James 556 Bobonich, Christopher 58, 162–63, 190, André, Jean-Marie 513, 523, 525 224, 230, 234, 285, 339, 465, 469 Annas, Julia E. 3–4, 17, 20–21, 28–30, Bobzien, Susanne 27, 182, 246, 279, 42, 44, 52, 54, 104, 106, 111–12, 361, 418, 420, 423–29, 432–36, 524 119–24, 128, 177–78, 187, 206, 214, Boeri, Marcelo D. 427, 439–40 297, 303, 375, 377, 387–90, 392, Bonazzi, Mauro 51, 54, 59, 107, 135, 395, 400, 402, 404–406, 448, 466, 140–41, 143, 147, 465, 486, 491, 508, 522, 531–34, 546–47 500, 502–503, 542 Anton, John P. 301 Bonhöffer, Adolf 10, 279, 412, 436, 558 Armstrong, Arthur H. 100 Bossier, Fernand 257 Armstrong, John M. 105, 115–18 Boudon-Millot, Véronique 90, 540 Arnold, Edward V. 185 Boudouris, Konstantinos 385 Asmis, Elizabeth 293, 563–64 Bowden, John 483, 499 Attridge, Harold 26 Boys-Stones, George 50–54, 57, 59–60, Aune, David E. 10, 34 72, 102, 104, 107, 121, 135, 146, 165, 169, 486, 523 Babbit, Frank C. 59, 83, 85, 96, 100, Brandwood, Leonard 533 143, 238, 241, 513 Branham, R. Bracht 247 Baltzly, Dirk 104, 111, 116, 120–22, 124 Braund, Susanna M. 12, 212, 557 Barclay, John M.G. 13, 20, 44, 499 Brenk, Frederick E. 140, 143–44 Barker, Andrew 318 Brennan, Tad 25, 57, 68, 187–90, 193– Barnes, Jonathan 74, 149, 165, 536 95, 199, 201–202, 208, 214, 236, Barney, Rachel 56–59, 69, 73, 78 246–47, 376, 379, 388, 418, 423 Bartsch, Shadi 355 Breytenbach, Cilliers 524 Basore, John W. 308–309, 311–12, 337, Briones, David 517 342, 359, 362, 435, 437, 450 Brisson, Luc 110, 114, 414 Bassler, Jouette M. 19 Brock, Arthur J. 63 Beaujeu, Jean 122 Brody, Baruch A. 268, Becchi, Francesco 72, 75, 542 Brookins, Timothy A. 516 Beck, Mark 72, 86, 542 Brouwer, René 237, 239, 243, 296, 349, Beker, J. Christiaan 19 351 Bellinger, Alfred R. 560 Brown, Peter L. 89 636 Index of Modern Authors

Bruns, Ivo 419 336, 496, 504, 507–508, 538–42, Brunschwig, Jacques 12, 31–32, 61, 63, 554–55 178, 209, 298, 354, 378, 539, 562 de Rijk, Lambertus M. 111 Brunt, Peter A. 177, 179–82, 299, 346– Delattre, Daniel 317–21, 323–24 48, 418 Dennis, Matthew 363 Burnet, John 62 deSilva, David A. 523 Burnyeat, Myles F. 32 Destrée, Pierre 182, 230, 246, 285, 358, Bury, Robert G. 108, 110, 115, 189, 361, 418, 429 191–92, 256, 280, 502, 534, 556 Devereux, Daniel 54–56, 107 DeWitt, Norman W. 7, 483, 519–20 Calvo, Tomás 110 d’Hoine, Pieter 325, 418 Cancik, Hubert 385 Diels, Hermann A. 284–85, 299, 402– Cancik-Lindemaier, Hildegard 180 403, 407–408, 413, 549–50 Carone, Gabriela Roxana 110 Dillon, John 8, 10, 21–22, 32, 49–51, Castelnérac, Benoît 497 53–54, 60, 62, 64–65, 67, 70, 72–74, Castner, Catherine J. 483, 519–20 76, 83, 88–89, 95, 99, 111, 124–29, Caston, Ruth R. 202, 330 133, 135–39, 144–45, 150, 176, 179, Caston, Victor 406 208–209, 291, 301, 409, 487, 495, Catan, John R. 4, 22, 51, 54, 139, 164, 500, 509, 523, 535–38, 541–44, 551, 175, 178, 246, 254, 278, 297, 430, 562 519, 534, 546, 556 Dodson, Joey 517 Celluprica, Vincenza 51, 59, 107 Donini, Pierluigi 10–11, 74, 76, 179, Chase, Michael 31, 293, 345 237, 240, 247, 349, 377, 387–88, Chester, Stephen 242 395, 398, 400, 419, 494–95, 503, 562 Chiaradonna, Riccardo 148, 151–52, 154 Dörrie, Heinrich 22, 51 Chilton, Cecil W. 483, 520 Downing, F. Gerald 251, 517 Choi, Soon Bong 143 Doyle, Daniel 377, 387–89, 395, 400 Clay, Diskin 521 Dragona-Monachou, Myrto 418, 431, Cleary, John J. 67 433 Colish, Marcia L. 312 Collins, Adela Yarbro 180 Eco, Umberto 524 Cook, Arthur B. 440 Edelstein, Ludwig 539, 555 Cooper, John M. 12, 139, 179, 181, 231, Edlow, Robert B. 76, 538, 541 233–35, 268, 270, 290, 297. 303– Eidinow, Esther 177, 318, 531, 539, 546, 304, 306, 314–16, 328, 395, 400, 553–54, 558–59, 561, 563 403, 412, 426, 508, 554, 557 Eklund, Rebekah A. 159 Copenhaver, Rebecca 3 Eliasson, Erik 65, 361, 418, 423–24, Corcilius, Klaus 407, 415 426–27, 431, 433–36 Córdova, Nélida Naveros 521 Emadi, Samuel 518 Corrigan, Kevin 114, 130–31 Emlyn-Jones, Christopher 62, 112, 114, Corso de Estrada, Laura 378 132, 137 Engberg-Pederson, Troels 8, 11–13, 16, Dancy, Russell M. 55 18, 20, 23–28, 38, 67, 158–160, 175– Davies, Richard 534 76, 182, 186–88, 190, 193, 195–97, Debru, Armelle 488, 496 199, 208, 214–15, 252, 254, 259, de Harven, Vanessa 189–90 261–62, 277, 284, 286, 293–95, 297, De Lacy, Phillip H. 32, 36, 50, 58, 61, 327, 376–77, 384–85, 387–88, 404, 69, 74, 77, 139, 148, 150–51, 196, 408, 439, 483–87, 490–91, 493, 495, 198, 216–17, 305, 307, 326, 328, Index of Modern Authors 637

500, 503, 508, 512–13, 516, 523–24, Gill, Mary Louise 52, 133 528–29, 545, 553–54, 559 Glad, Clarence E. 14, 43, 155, 363, 514– Epp, Eldon J. 20 15, 517 Erskine, Andrew 212, 216, 218, 557 Glucker, John 176, 551 Evans, Craig A. 16, 516, 518, 529 Goehring, James E. 38 Goold, George P. 441, 444 Falcon, Andrea 485 Göransson, Tryggve 549–50 Falconer, William A. 420 Görgemanns, Herwig 375, 377, 396 Faraone, Christopher A. 35 Görler, Woldemar 551 Feder, Lillian 533 Gosling, Justin 215, 285–87 Ferguson, John 8, 483, 520 Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile 247 Ferrari, Giovanni R.F. 55, 131 Gourinat, Jean-Baptiste 181–82, 230, Fillion-Lahille, Janine 297, 303, 313 285, 346, 349, 361, 412, 418, 423, Finamore, John F. 409 426, 432 Fine, Gail 104, 106 Graver, Margaret R. 185, 190, 193, 201– Fiore, Benjamin 155, 367, 371, 514 202, 204–205, 230, 234, 330–31, Fischer, Susanna E. 418, 439 332, 334–41 Fish, Jeffrey 77 Green, Peter 31 Fitzgerald, John T. 10, 13, 16, 18, 23, Griffin, Miriam T. 165, 177, 247, 299, 25–27, 33, 44, 71, 81, 158, 207–208, 347, 354, 366, 368, 418, 536, 559 212–13, 217, 279, 296, 371, 439, Gummere, Richard M. 330, 344, 350– 487, 515, 518, 527, 557–58 51, 353, 355–56, 365, 367, 370–72, Flemming, Rebecca 149, 154 374, 381, 397, 399, 441, 444–45, Fletcher, Richard 345 451–52, 514 Fordyce, Christian J. 561 Fortenbaugh, William W. 67, 339, 376– Haase, Wolfgang 8, 10, 14, 23, 34, 51, 77, 551 179, 210, 289, 293, 314, 412, 418, Foucault, Michel 13, 38–39, 41–43, 356 483, 490, 495, 513–14, 520, 536, Fowler, Harold N. 105–106, 114, 142 538–39, 541, 547–48, 556, 561, 563 Frede, Dorothea 53, 59, 73, 144, 284, Hadot, Pierre 31, 293, 295, 345, 356, 404, 412, 418–20, 423–25, 427–28 360–61, 563–65 Frede, Michael 149, 151–53, 208–209, Hägg, Henry Fiskå 129, 133, 135, 143 385–87 Hagner, Donald A. 519 Freedman, David N. 51, 535, 541 Hahm, David E. 547–550 Furley, David J. 29 Haines, Charles R. 92, 294, 400, 436, 564 Gaca, Kathy 27–28 Hankinson, R. James 32, 58, 63, 65, 67, Gallarte, Israel M. 75, 142 71, 74–77, 80, 88–89, 93, 168–69, Galvin, John P. 287 209–10, 488, 495–96, 538–39, 541, Gathercole, Simon 13, 20, 44 543 Gerson, Lloyd P. 135 Harkins, Paul W. 63–64, 80–81, 148, Gigante, Marcello 278 156–57, 160–61, 166, 539 Gill, Christopher 12, 58–59, 67, 69, 73, Hatzimichali, Myrto 497 75, 78, 87–88, 94, 97, 148–49, 154, Hays, Richard B. 13, 517–18 167, 175–77, 179–82, 202, 209, 212, Held, Dirk t.D. 123, 533 215, 283–86, 297, 299, 303, 306, Helmig, Christoph 486, 491, 502–503, 316, 375, 377, 385–89, 395, 398, 542 404, 407–409, 485, 491, 496, 508, Helmreich, Georgius 58, 151–54 541–42, 557, 564 Henderson, Sophie 318 638 Index of Modern Authors

Hengel, Martin 483, 519 Jones, Roger Miller 50, 137 Hense, Otto 548, 550 Jouanna, Jacques 74, 90, 149, 540 Hermann, Karl Friedrich 537, 549 Hershbell, Jackson P. 8, 289, 418, 430, Kahn, Charles 533 433, 483, 490, 520, 536, 543, 556, Kamtekar, Rachana 58 558–59 Karamanolis, George E. 51, 73, 485, Hicks, Robert D. 189, 191, 201, 233, 486, 503, 542 236–37, 243, 248, 251, 268, 302, Kaster, Robert A. 202, 330 333, 382–84, 386, 404, 411, 413, Kaufmann, David H. 312 415, 417, 438, 440, 509–10, 520, 547 Kenney, John Peter 137, 140 Hijmans, Benjamin L. 256, 289, 349, Kerferd, George B. 339, 341–42 557 Keyes, Clinton W. 442 Hirsch-Luipold, Rainer 53, 129, 140, Kidd, Ian G. 101, 267, 297, 303, 325, 143 341, 508, 554–55 Hock, Ronald F. 9 Kim, Seyoon 143, 499 Holladay, Carl R. 515 King, John E. 216, 227, 341, 393, 520, Holowchak, M. Andrew 262, 265, 296 551 Hornblower, Simon 177–78, 318, 531, Kinny, Daniel 247 539, 546, 553–54, 558–59, 561, 563 Klein, Jacob 376–79, 385–87, 389, 396, Hossenfelder, Malte Graz 385–87 400 Howatson, Margaret 531 Knuuttila, Simo 38, 42, 51, 60, 62, 65, Huizenga, Annette Bourland 517 67–68, 210 Hurley, Robert 13, 38, 43 Kollesch, Jutta 539 Hutchinson, Adam 362 Konstan, David 371, 376, 378–80, 383, 391, 397–99, 560 Inwood, Brad 7, 12, 20–21, 25, 29, 31, Koskenniemi, Erkki 521 36, 42, 175–76, 182, 184, 186–88, Kosman, Louis A. 67, 72 190, 193, 195–99, 201, 205–206, Kotzia, Paraskevi 95 209, 213, 215, 217–18, 237, 240, Krämer, Hans Joachim 534 245–47, 253, 257, 283, 297, 299– Kraut, Richard 54, 56, 531–33 300, 312–14, 325, 349, 353, 355, Kristeller, Paul O. 6–7, 177, 297, 546, 368, 377–78, 387–90, 392–96, 398, 553–54 400, 402–403, 407, 409–10, 412, Kristjánsson, Kristján 237 415, 418–19, 449, 485, 547, 549–50, 553, 558–62 Labarrière, Jean-Louis 190 Ioppolo, Anna Maria 300, 511 Lakoff, George 40 Ireland, Rosh 347 Laks, André 53, 144, 181, 412, 418, 420 Irvine, William 345, 358, 360–62, 369 Lamb, Walter R.M. 35 Irwin, H. 32, 57, 60, 67–69, 93, Lamberton, Robert 535–36 121, 128, 208–10, 214, 233–34, 246– Lampe, Kurt 247 49, 254–55. 257, 302, 509, 531–33 Lang, Bernhard 517 Lapidge, Michael 402–403, 406, 412, Jedan, Christoph 21, 190, 220, 223–25, 439 230–36, 241–42, 254, 263, 267, 332– Lee, Edward N. 110 33, 335–36, 439, 442, 444, 450 Lee, Max J. 143, 158, 167, 499–500 Jiménez, Aurelio Pérez 143, 147 Lee, Michelle V. 355–56, 403–404, 516 Johnston, Ian 65 Leinkauf, Thomas 503 Jones, Howard 7–8, 483, 519–20 Lesher, James H. 321–22 Løkke, Håvard 190, 214, 225, 334–36 Index of Modern Authors 639

Long, Alex G. 325, 327–28, 449, 486 Moline, Jon 58 Long, Anthony A. 6–8, 10, 17–18, 21, Morford, Mark 176, 559 24, 29, 31–33, 41–42, 44, 176, 179, Moyise, Steven 518 187–88, 190, 193–195, 197, 199– 201, 206, 213, 215, 222, 225–27, Narcy, Michel 181, 418 237, 243–49, 251, 253–54, 256–57, Neubecker, Annemarie J. 317–21, 323 260–62, 265–69, 274, 278, 280, 284– Nicgorski, Walter 176 85, 288–89, 297–300, 303, 312, 314, Nicholls, Matthew C. 96 338, 349, 358, 373, 375–77, 379–81, Nida, Eugene A. 182 385, 388, 393, 401–409, 412–15, Nightingale, Andrea 106, 109, 124, 248 418–28, 430–33, 437, 439–40, 447, North, Helen 132 455, 457, 487, 495, 508, 510, 545–46 Nussbaum, Martha C. 9–12, 20, 29, 31– 548–53, 560–62, 565 34, 38, 42, 61, 63, 163, 178, 180, Lorenz, Hendrik 303, 305–306 187–88, 190, 193, 195, 198–99, 201, Lutz, Cora E. 97, 196, 219. 292–93, 346, 205–206, 209, 211, 213–15, 218, 348, 357–61, 413, 431, 433, 443, 252, 282, 286, 297–98, 310, 314, 446, 450, 456, 502, 560 316–18, 322–23, 326, 328–29, 354, Lutz-Bachmann, Matthias 377 522, 539, 547, 562–63 Nuttall, Edmund C. 525 MacGillvray, Erlend D. 520 Nutton, Vivian 90–91, 93, 97, 150, 169, Magee, John 421 498, 538–40 Malherbe, Abraham J. 14, 16, 18, 20, 22–23, 208, 487, 514–15, 517, 519, Oakes, Peter 518 525, 527 Obbink, Dirk 35, 278 Manetti, Daniela 95 O’Brien, Carle Séan 135, 415–16, 422 Mansfeld, Jaap 111, 129, 285, 408, 548– O’Keefe, Tim 456 50 Oldfather, William A. 92, 218, 274–75, Marcovich, Miroslav 547 279, 288, 291, 350, 428–31, 433, Marquardt, Ioannes 74, 539–40 435, 437, 446, 449, 453, 457, 559 Martin, Hubert M., Jr. 66, 535 O’Neil, Edward N. 9, 158–60 Mason, Andrew S. 54–55, 107, 109, 115, Opsomer, Jan 49, 52–54, 59, 67, 100– 132, 412, 418, 431 101, 107, 129, 135, 140, 143–45, Mason, Eric F. 516 277, 489–90, 500 May, Margaret T. 151–52 Oropeza, Brisio J. 518 McCruden, Kevin B. 516 McLaughlin, Brian P. 3 Padel, Ruth 36 McKenzie, Steven L. 518 Pauly, August Friedrich von 87, 385 McKnight, Scot 499 Pears, David 72 McPherran, Mark L. 132 Pellegrin, Pierre 52, 133 McRae, George W. 20 Pelliccia, Hayden 531 Meijer, Piet A. 414, 426, 428 Pelling, Christopher 536 Mejer, Jørgen 547 Pelosi, Francesco 318, 322 Merki, Hubert 104, 439, 450 Pembroke, Simon G. 375–76, 379, 387, Meyer, Susan Sauvé 42, 77, 121, 162, 398 421 Penner, Terry 54–55, 532 Michalewski, Alexandra 485–86 Perler, Dominik 407, 415 Miller, Walter 299, 301, 511 Perrin, Bernadotte 489 Mitsis, Phillip 20, 32, 354–55 Petersen, Anders Klostergaard 129, 516– Modica, Joseph B. 499 17, 521 640 Index of Modern Authors

Petit, Caroline 71, 90, 94, 96, 167, 169, Rist, John M. 7, 32, 179, 181, 184, 186– 541 87, 211, 244–47, 252, 254, 268–70, Petty, Robert Dale 133 314, 424, 510, 561–62 Phelan, John E., Jr. 159 Rocca, Julius 153 Pietrobelli, Antoine 89–90, 540 Roig Lanzillotta, Lautaro 75, 142 Pink, Thomas 431 Rolfe, John C. 248, 424, 427, 560 Pitts, Andrew W. 16 Roller, Matthew 354, 366–68, 371–73, Pohlenz, Max 175–76, 187, 267, 283, 514 293, 313, 388, 556–58, 562, 564 Roochnik, David 322 Pomeroy, Arthur J. 183, 185, 197, 215, Rorty, Amélie O. 67, 72, 208 219–20, 222–24, 226, 229, 231–32, Roskam, Geert 83–85, 236–37, 239–40, 234–35, 239, 244–45, 249–50, 253– 349–52, 392, 489, 542 55, 257–58, 260, 262–64, 266–67, Ross, William D. 558 272, 276, 281, 285, 334–35, 339, Rothschild, Clare K. 90, 93, 97, 540 341, 347, 384, 390, 393–94, 400, Rowe, Christopher 123, 533 432, 451, 457, 550 Royse, James R. 548 Porter, Stanley E. 16, 516, 529 Runia, David T. 52, 129, 133, 285, 408, Powell, Jonathan G.F. 551 548–50 Pratt, Norman T. 563 Rush, Audrey N.M. 137 Preddy, William 62, 112, 114, 132, 137 Russell, Daniel C. 111–12, 117, 119, Preus, Anthony 208, 301 121, 439–40, 445, 533–34 Price, Anthony W. 199, 204, 206, 230 Russell, Donald A. 75, 77, 82, 89, 165, 535–37 Race, William H. 91 Rutherford, Richard B. 563–64 Rackham, Harris 124, 272, 275, 301, 382, 385, 389–90, 417, 423, 520, Salazar, Christine 385 551–52 Salles, Ricardo 177, 180–81, 199, 230, Ramelli, Ilaria 376, 378–81, 383, 390– 246, 325, 358, 361, 398, 403, 412, 92, 397–99, 559–60 418, 420–27, 429–30, 432, 436–37, Rasimus, Tuomas 8, 175, 484, 495, 516 449 Rawson, Elizabeth 165 Sandbach, Francis H. 190, 425, 536 Reale, Giovanni 4, 6–8, 22–23, 51–54, Sanders, Kirk R. 77 67, 72, 95, 100, 139, 164, 175–76, Santas, Gerasimos 54 178–80, 187, 206, 246, 254–55, 259, Scade, Paul 316–17, 321, 323–24 270, 278, 280, 292–93, 297–99, 313, Scaltsas, Theodore 412, 418, 431 430, 519, 534–35, 546–47, 553–54, Scheider, Helmuth 385 556–59, 561–62, 564 Schiefsky, Mark 59 Reesor, Margaret E. 401, 409 Schiesaro, Alessandro 355 Reis, Burkhard 59, 73, 284, 404 Schmid, Hans-Jörg 63, 211 Remes, Pauliina 130, 434 Schnelle, Udo 524 Renehan, Robert 523 Schofield, Malcolm 9, 32, 177, 208, 371, Reydams-Schils, Gretchen 176, 178–79, 378, 485, 546–47 181, 186, 362, 368–69, 373, 376–77, Seaford, Richard 316, 496 379, 387, 389, 396–98, 400, 423, Seal, Carey 355 439–43, 446, 450, 496 Searle, John 3 Reynolds, Leighton D. 561–62 Sedley, David N. 6, 17–18, 21, 24, 33, Riese, Walther 539 42, 55–56, 104, 106–107, 109–16, 120, 122–24, 126, 131, 135–38, 176, 178, 187–88, 190, 193–95, 197, 199– Index of Modern Authors 641

201, 206, 213, 215, 222, 225–27, Stough, Charlotte L. 32, 418, 420, 423– 237, 244–46, 248–49, 251, 253, 256– 24, 426–27 57, 260–62, 265–69, 278, 280, 284– Stowers, Stanley K. 13, 26, 287 85, 298–300, 303, 312, 338, 349, Striker, Gisela 208, 376, 378–79, 385– 376, 379, 385, 393, 401–409, 412– 87 15, 419–28, 440, 455, 457, 465, 485– Svebakken, Hans 523 86, 510–11, 529, 546, 565 Szaif, Jan 377 Sellars, John 175, 178–79, 182, 189, Szlezák, Thomas A. 130, 532 195, 201, 218, 242–43, 296, 337, 343, 345–49, 351, 353, 356–360, Tarán, Leonard 50 362–63, 369, 371, 401–404, 406, Tarrant, Harold 50, 52–53, 104, 116, 412, 415–16 135, 141, 153, 523, 532, 537 Setaioli, Aldo 412, 441, 444–45 Theissen, Gerd 287, 499 Sharpe, Matthew 223–24, 247, 262 Thom, Johan C. 10, 18, 23, 347, 413–14, Sharples, Robert W. 53, 104, 145, 181, 439–41, 487, 515, 521, 523–25, 527– 199, 243, 284, 349, 402, 404, 419, 28, 546 430, 435 Thompson, James W. 516 Shearin, Wilson H. 345 Thompson, Trevor W. 90, 93, 97, 540 Sheffield, Frisbee 146, 177, 247, 418 Thorsteinsson, Runar M. 177–78, 181– Sherman, Nancy 67 82, 517 Shields, Christopher 3, 54, 107 Thorton, Bruce S. 38, 70 Shorey, Paul 62, 69, 112 Thumiger, Chiara 78, 488, 496 Sihvola, Juha 12, 38, 42, 67–68, 187, Tieleman, Teun 74, 87, 94, 196, 206, 190, 208, 215, 252, 286, 293, 297, 285–86, 291, 297, 299–301, 303, 434, 491, 508, 554 409, 508, 511 Silverman, Alan 124 Tihanyi, Catherine 414 Singer, Peter N. 63–64, 78, 80–81, 88, Todd, Robert B. 412 90, 93–94, 96–97, 148, 156–57, 160– Torri, Paolo 465, 468 61, 166, 169, 488, 495–96, 540 Trapp, Michael 4–5, 17–18, 29, 44, 61– Singpurwalla, Rachel 57, 60 62, 180, 242, 538, 543 Sisko, John E. 3, 57–58, 168, 189, 496 Trigg, Roger 88, 163–64 Skemp, Joseph B. 100 Tsekourakis, Damianos 251, 257, 259, Skoog, Douglas 240 262 Smith, Martin Ferguson 422 Tsouna, Voula 21, 77 Snyder, H. Gregory 485 Tuominen, Miira 434, 436 Sorabji, Richard 12, 53, 104, 145, 181, Turner, John D. 114, 130–31 199, 230, 297, 300, 303, 315, 349, 376, 379, 405–406, 418, 430, 432, Ungerer, Friedrich 63, 211 434, 559 Urmson, James O. 67 Sörbom, Göran 318 Usener, Hermann 32 Spanneut, Michel 210 Sparrow, Tom 362 Valantasis, Richard 88 Sparshott, Francis 123, 533, 544 van Ackeren, Marcel 346, 359, 400, 564 Spawforth, Antony 177–78, 318, 531, van den Beld, Antonie 287 539, 546, 553–54, 558–59, 561, 563 van den Broek, Roelof 129 Steel, Carlos 325, 418, 503 van der Eijk, Philip J. 402, 435, 542 Steinmetz, Peter 551 Van der Stockt, Luc 489 Stephens, William O. 10, 279, 362, 412, van Geytenbeek, Anton C. 256, 349, 418, 434, 558 557–59 642 Index of Modern Authors van Hoof, Lieve 86–87 107, 111, 113, 125–29, 133, 135–38, van Hooft, Stan 223 150, 447–48, 490, 500, 509, 537, 541 van Kooten, George 101, 104–105, 114– Wians, William 67 16, 121, 129, 146, 448, 516–17, 521 Wilberding, James 95 Van Nuffelen, Peter 146 Wildberger, Jula 312 Van Riel, Gerd 132, 325, 418 Williams, Gareth D. 354, 514 Van Straaten, Modestus 299–301, 511, Wilson, Marcus 212 553 Wimbush, Vincent L. 38, 41, 88 Verbeke, Gerardo 257 Windle, Kevin 347 Vigo, Alejandro G. 377–78, 398 Winkler, John J. 35 Vlastos, Gregory 234 Winterbottom, Michael 561 Vogt, Katja Maria 224–25, 231, 234, Woodruff, Paul 31 249 Woods, Gregory 6, 177, 297, 546 Volk, Katharina 354, 514 Woods, Michael 57, 68 von Arnim, Hans 238, 317, 319, 321, Woolf, Raphael 69 323, 336, 565 Wright, Adam Z. 516, 518 Wright, Richard A. 71, 82, 85 Wachsmuth, Curtius 548, 550 Walker, Harlan 359 Xenakis, Iason 412, 558–59 Walz, Christian 9 Xenophontos, Sophia 94, 96, 165–66, Ware, James 13, 44, 439, 452 169, 350, 489 Warren, James 177, 247, 418 Wasserman, Emma 287 Yli-Karjanmaa, Sami 523 Werkhoven, Sander 363 Yoon, David I. 516 Werkmeister, William H. 110 White, L. Michael 16, 23, 27 Zambon, Marco 52 White, Michael J. 402–403, 405–407, Zanker, Graham 532 412 Zhmud, Leonid 347 White, Nicholas 54–55 Ziegler, Konrat 87 Whittaker, John 10, 51, 54, 59–60, 62, Zoller, Colleen 78 64–65, 70–71, 74, 76, 83, 95, 104,

Index of Subjects

abstinence 43, 68, 77, 251, 357, 439 360–61, 412, 419, 421, 424–27, 429, Academic / Academy, the 5–8, 10, 17, 433–35, 439, 447, 455–56, 471, 501 21–22, 29, 44, 49–52, 61, 63, 66, 70, – psychological (rational and irration- 73–74, 121, 132, 148, 176–77, 193, al) 56–57, 60, 64–66, 68, 70, 73–74, 295, 300, 343, 378–79, 484–86, 511, 134, 186, 195, 205, 214, 220, 225, 532, 534–35, 537, 541, 544, 546, 252, 272, 275, 280–81, 283–85, 291, 551–52, 561 297, 299, 306, 312, 364, 389–90, actions / acts (Stoic) 401, 407–409, 427, 433–35, 447, – appropriate (kathēkonta) 80, 181, 455–56, 462–63, 471–72, 482, 488, 194, 202, 216, 229–30, 239–40, 253– 492, 495, 505, 511, 527 54, 259–70, 289, 321, 327, 331, 348, agriculture / plants 81, 84, 150, 166–67, 357, 369, 383–85, 387–97, 400, 423, 261, 378–79, 383–84, 391, 403–404, 472, 474–75, 479–81, 560 411, 414, 435–36, 469 – erroneous / errors (hamartēmata) 31, Alcinous 8, 21, 22, 44, 50–53, 59–60, 192–93, 203, 213–15, 221, 224, 228, 62, 64–67, 70–71, 74, 76, 83, 86, 95, 235–36, 240, 241, 243, 245–46, 259– 100–101, 103–104, 107, 111, 113, 61, 262–264, 270, 278, 280, 332, 121–29, 133–40, 143, 150, 153–55, 340, 343, 362, 367, 369, 422, 431, 164, 169, 207, 210, 447–50, 466–67, 445–56, 472, 474–75, 506, 514 469, 489–90, 495, 500–502, 509–11, – inappropriate / unsuitable (para to 522–23, 533–35, 537, 541–44, 549, kathēkon) 229, 246, 250, 259–65, 556 267–69, 389–90, 392, 472 allusions, Greco-Roman 12, 301, 347, – intermediate (mesa kathēkonta) 239, 493, 499, 501, 516–18, 528–29 259–61, 263–66, 269–70 anger (orgē) 18, 33–34, 57–58, 61–63, – right (katorthōmata) 196, 203, 221, 66, 68, 71–72, 75–77, 79–80, 86–87, 246, 259–66, 269–79, 332, 364, 384, 94, 165, 183, 185–86, 286, 294, 305, 389–90, 393, 429, 472, 474–75, 481 308–13, 315–16, 320, 323, 328, 330, affective movements (pathētikai kinēseis) 352, 437, 462–63, 477, 496, 505, 557, 303–307, 314–315, 317, 320, 325–28, 561 335–36, 476–77, 490–91, 504–505, angerability (orgilotēta) 77, 463 512 animals (general) 38, 40, 60, 64, 66, 71, agency / agent 83, 133–34, 150, 156, 166, 188, 195, – divine 5, 13–14, 20, 43, 45, 92, 117, 207, 259–61, 279, 288, 295–96, 300, 133–34, 146, 151, 153, 412, 416, 304–305, 316, 335–36, 376, 378–86, 418–19 390–92, 395, 399, 403–404, 410–11, – human 5, 12–15, 20, 30, 43–44, 65, 450, 457, 479, 504 79, 92, 117, 134, 146, 155, 165, 182, – horse (Plato’s metaphor) 36, 41, 63– 188, 194–95, 221, 225, 246, 249, 65, 71, 73, 154, 156, 166–67, 244, 253, 257, 269, 271, 277, 350, 358, 301, 334, 462, 478 644 Index of Subjects

– scorpion 77, 156, 166–67 272–73, 275, 278–80, 282–86, 288– – snake / viper 77, 156, 166–67, 380 91, 293, 295–97, 299, 306–308, 311– anthropology 7, 24, 88, 97–99, 101, 171, 14, 328–29, 333, 361, 387, 408–409, 177, 209, 295, 375, 379, 401, 404, 411, 423–25, 427–28, 432, 435–37, 407, 462, 465, 491, 554, 561, 564 452, 456–57, 471, 474, 476–77, 565 apatheia (passionlessness) 67, 90–94, assimilation 97, 148–49, 183–84, 207–208, 210, – to God (homoiōsis theōi) 15, 44, 51, 212–13, 217, 279, 286, 293–95, 298, 53, 101, 103–109, 111–29, 133–40, 301, 471, 474–75, 481, 557 142–43, 148–50, 152–54, 171, 442– appearance (phantasia, impression) 42, 43, 447–50, 464–69, 490, 492, 502, 93, 180, 183, 188–95, 197, 200, 203– 534 204, 213–16, 219–23, 225–26, 228, – to the divine (homoiōsis theiōi) 101, 240, 243, 245–46, 248, 255, 272–76, 112–14, 123, 126, 136–38, 141–43, 278–85, 287–96, 299, 304–307, 310– 449–50, 500–501 14, 316, 318, 323, 326, 328, 336, – to a god / (, , 337, 379, 385–86, 391, 408–409, Zeus, etc.) 114–15, 446–47 423, 425, 427–28, 430–32, 436–37, 452–53, 455, 457, 471–77, 481–82, bad (evil) 35, 39, 43, 60, 69, 72, 77–78, 490–91, 498, 504–505, 508, 511–12, 81, 83, 87, 89, 105–106, 125, 127– 528, 565 28, 156–57, 165, 168–69, 183, 187, appropriation (oikeiōsis) 18, 186–87, 189, 198, 200–203, 212–13, 216–17, 304–305, 375–96, 396–400, 410, 219, 221–22, 226, 246–47, 249–53, 455, 457, 479–82, 504, 528, 561 257–60, 263, 269–70, 282, 286, 291, – individual 375–96 304–305, 308–309, 326–27, 333, – social 396–400 342–43, 345, 350, 357, 361, 368–69, Aristotle 6, 18, 23, 30–34, 38–42, 50–52, 371–73, 389, 413, 419, 422, 426–28, 67, 72–74, 77, 87, 94–95, 116, 121– 432, 436, 440, 453, 456, 463–64, 25, 128–30, 132, 135, 137, 162–65, 471–72, 474–75, 478, 509–10 209, 237, 248, 291, 300, 302, 308, Beautiful, the (Form) 55, 113, 118, 138– 318, 322, 338, 361, 365–66, 370, 42, 148, 321, 450, 466 419, 455, 465, 485–86, 495, 503, belly, stomach 505–507, 510–13, 515, 524, 534, – see gut (stomach, belly, intestines, 538, 541–44, 549, 551, 554 liver) art (technē, skill) 17, 151, 154–55, 192, body / bodies (corporeal, material, mat- 211, 220, 231, 244–45, 254–55, 266, ter, physical) 3, 7, 29, 37–38, 42, 49, 283, 290, 333–35, 338–39, 344, 348– 53–58, 60, 64, 66, 73–74, 78, 81, 88– 49, 356, 362, 364, 381, 388, 392, 91, 93–101, 105–107, 109–12, 114, 395, 475, 478, 481, 558–59 117, 119–23, 126, 128–34, 136–37, Arius Didymus 32, 36, 62, 135, 178, 145–48, 151–54, 168, 171–72, 176, 183, 185, 187, 197, 201, 209, 215, 180–81, 189, 192, 196–97, 204, 207, 219–20, 222–32, 234–35, 239–40, 212, 221, 240, 242, 248, 251, 253– 244–47, 249–51, 253–55, 257–67, 55, 264, 267, 276, 284, 293, 297, 272–73, 276, 278, 281, 285, 334–35, 302, 305, 310–16, 326, 328–29, 331– 339–42, 347, 375, 377, 383–84, 390– 32, 335–37, 340, 343–46, 354–58, 91, 393–94, 400, 420, 432, 451, 455, 360–62, 375–76, 378, 380, 388–91, 457, 548–52 395–97, 401–408, 410–11, 413–18, assent (sunkatathesis) 116, 181–83, 188, 420, 423, 433, 439–41, 445, 449–52, 190–95, 201–205, 213–15, 219–22, 456–57, 462–66, 468–71, 476, 478– 225, 228, 230, 235–36, 246, 255, 82, 488–89, 490–92, 496–98, 500, Index of Subjects 645

502, 504–505, 509–10, 522, 538, 248, 269, 271–74, 277, 281–86, 291, 541, 543, 561 293, 296–300, 302–304, 307, 309– brain (head, skull) 3, 58, 60, 74, 93, 100, 10, 313–14, 316, 319, 326–29, 332, 108, 242, 249–50, 252, 284–85, 380, 335, 341–42, 345–48, 351–52, 361, 404, 407–408, 488, 496 363–64, 382, 398, 402–404, 415–17, 421–29, 431–32, 434–36, 448, 455, Cato (Roman statesman) 243, 337, 342– 470, 473, 475, 485, 490–91, 495, 44, 368, 372–73, 382, 552 505–508, 512, 540, 543, 545–47, causation / cause 24, 53, 74, 117, 128, 550, 553, 555–57, 561–62, 564 130–32, 134, 151, 153, 199–200, Cicero 7–8, 18, 31–32, 44, 59, 97, 176, 205–206, 213–16, 275, 280, 286, 182–83, 185, 187–88, 190–94, 196, 307, 310–11, 317, 382, 413–14, 419– 198–201, 207–208, 212, 215–19, 25, 428–30, 432, 434, 436, 439, 452, 222, 226–28, 238, 240, 242–43, 247– caution (eulabeia) 201–203, 208, 471, 48, 254–55, 259, 262–68, 270, 272– 501 73, 275, 278, 281–82, 284, 295, 298– character (diathesis, hexis, disposition, 99, 301, 303, 325, 330, 340–42, 359– stable state) 4, 13, 15, 26, 39–43, 45, 61, 364, 376–78, 382–83, 385, 389– 60, 70, 73–79, 81–83, 85–86, 95, 93, 398, 404, 416–17, 420, 423–25, 114–15, 118, 120–21, 124, 128, 134, 428, 441–42, 449–51, 456, 501, 511, 140, 150, 155, 157, 159, 162–63, 520, 545, 551–53, 557, 565 166–69, 171, 201, 211, 220–28, 239– city (polis) / citizen 4–6, 25, 29, 92, 42, 246, 249–50, 253–54, 262–63, 117–18, 120, 148, 150, 163–64, 169, 266–67, 270, 277, 286, 317, 319, 176, 181, 252, 274, 288, 309, 318, 321–23, 326, 330, 332, 335–36, 338, 337, 371–72, 376, 397–98, 410, 414, 342–45, 351, 353, 365–72, 386, 392– 510, 520, 535, 559 94, 403, 409, 417, 425, 430, 442, Cleanthes 177, 180, 183, 205, 242–43, 451, 455, 462–64, 468–70, 473, 475, 271, 276, 303, 321, 324–25, 347, 489, 501, 513–14 365–66, 370, 401–402, 413–15, 426, charioteer 428, 431–32, 438–41, 444, 453, 513– – see animals, horse (Plato’s metaphor) 14, 545–46, 555 choice (hairesis) / choosing (haireisthai) cognitive / cognition 4–6, 56, 60–61, 66– 39, 43, 65, 75, 85, 91–92, 126, 154, 69, 73, 78, 88, 109, 136, 139, 171, 215–16, 220–21, 224–25, 227, 230, 175, 183–84, 188–93, 195, 198–99, 232, 236, 240, 244–46, 248–49, 251, 202, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213–14, 255–57, 259, 262–63, 270, 276–277, 217–21, 240, 245, 271–72, 274, 278, 286–89, 311, 330, 332–33, 335, 337, 280–82, 293–94, 296–98, 302–303, 339–41, 345, 353–54, 358, 360–62, 305–307, 310–11, 313, 315–18, 320, 368, 370–71, 376, 383, 387–91, 393– 323, 325–29, 331–32, 335–36, 342, 95, 399, 411, 422, 425–30, 432–33, 344–45, 358, 362–63, 374, 402, 425, 435–36, 441, 449, 452–53, 455–56, 456, 461, 470–71, 475–77, 487–92, 463, 472–75, 479–81, 492, 506, 509, 504, 510–12, 521–22, 528, 538, 542 565 coherence vii, 11, 14–15, 17, 19–20, 22– Christianity vii–viii, 5, 14–16, 22–23, 23, 28, 30, 52–53, 87–88, 94, 123, 25–26, 37, 153–54, 158, 175, 178, 129, 132–35, 177, 182, 186, 230, 485–86, 499, 517, 519, 525, 528–29 269, 355, 364, 374, 377, 396, 467– Chrysippus 18, 31–32, 34, 36, 41, 60, 68, 470, 487, 497, 505, 525, 527, 64–65, 70, 175, 177–84, 186, 189, 541, 543, 546, 553 191, 195–99, 203–206, 213–18, 222, commanding center / ruling faculty 225, 230, 232–34, 237–39, 242–43, (hēgemonikon) 183, 198–99, 225, 646 Index of Subjects

277, 283–85, 294–95, 302, 389, 394, cowardice (deilia) 72, 77, 83, 226, 231, 407–409, 411, 413, 417, 472, 491 237, 241, 321, 323 common ancient ethical tradition vii, 12, creation / creatures / create 52–53, 55, 90, 18, 20, 23, 27, 121–23, 45, 365, 513– 109, 112, 117, 131, 133–34, 141, 14, 516–17, 523–25, 528 144–45, 151, 153–54, 222, 243, 260– common ethical usage 12, 494, 512, 61, 354, 376, 378–84, 397, 399, 402– 515–16, 525, 528 403, 405–406, 410, 413–14, 416–17, competitive appropriation 12, 448, 494, 435, 440, 442, 449, 450–51, 457, 461, 498–503, 506, 528 463, 473, 492, 498 componential 6, 296–98, 300, 312–18, cultural encyclopedia vii, 11, 483, 493– 323, 325, 328–29, 335–36, 344, 488– 94, 513, 515, 518, 523–25, 528 89, 512, 521–22, 554 cycle / counter-cycle 49, 75–78, 81, 85– concession 12, 193, 218, 321, 489, 494, 88, 171, 461–63, 468–69, 527 506–12, 516, 528 Cynicism / Cynic 6, 9–10, 20, 33, 155, contemplation (theōria) 15, 43, 53, 78, 208, 243, 247, 251, 298, 347, 367, 95, 97–100, 103, 105, 107–109, 111– 517, 545–46, 558–59, 564 13, 115–16, 119–24, 126–28, 135– 39, 141–42, 147–49, 172, 324–25, daemon 36, 51, 100–101, 108–109, 127, 448–49, 456, 462, 464–69, 481–82, 131–34, 146–47 500–501, 527, 534, 558 Demiurge (Craftsman, Creator) 51, 53, contingency 11, 17–20, 28, 252, 257, 109, 112–13, 115–18, 123–24, 129, 432, 487, 527 131–39, 141–49, 151–54, 415–16, cosmos (visible world, universe) / cos- 449, 465–69, 490, 492, 538 mology 4–5, 7, 23, 53, 56, 74, 89, 92, desiderative part / power / faculty 101, 103, 105–13, 115–22, 124–25, (epithumētikon) 42, 56–57, 59–61, 128–29, 130–34, 136, 140, 143–51, 66–71, 89, 97–99, 171, 183, 195, 153, 180–82, 186, 189, 191, 202– 285, 302, 328, 462–63, 469, 471, 203, 219, 258, 274, 294, 307, 313, 495–96 324–25, 355, 369, 371, 375, 378–79, desire (epithumia) 29, 37, 39, 41, 61–62, 386, 388, 394–95, 400–406, 408, 66, 72, 89, 91, 120, 124, 164, 184– 410–11, 413–24, 426–29, 431–33, 85, 200, 203, 292, 294, 339–41, 443, 435, 437–41, 444–53, 456–57, 465– 471 67, 470, 479–82, 487, 492, 502, 534 destiny / fate 33–34, 56, 143, 181, 193, – Greco-Roman / Mediterranean world 272, 411, 417–28, 431–32, 434–35, 4–5, 8, 16, 18, 31, 46, 84, 155, 162, 446, 452 178, 181, 359, 364, 373, 461, 478, determinism and free will 4, 7, 77, 162, 482–83, 485–87, 493–94, 503, 512– 166, 181–82, 277, 325, 376, 413, 13, 515, 520–21, 524, 527, 529, 564 417–33, 431, 433, 435, 480–82, 528 – invisible universe / World-Soul 51– Diaspora Judaism vii, 5–6, 12, 15–16, 53, 105, 107–11, 113, 115–17, 121– 27, 33, 44–45, 63, 275, 461, 467, 22, 124, 128, 130–34, 136, 140–41, 483, 485, 488, 492–93, 499, 517–19, 143–51, 153, 155, 322, 464–69, 501 521–23, 525, 528–29, 543 courage (andreia, bravery) 55, 57, 68, 72, Diogenes Laertius 14, 183–84, 187–89, 83, 93, 119–21, 124, 128, 134, 163– 191, 201–202, 207, 222, 225, 227, 64, 210, 222–26, 228–30, 232–33, 232, 234, 236, 243, 248, 250, 252, 235, 237, 247, 249, 262, 267, 276–77, 254–55, 261–63, 265, 267–68, 273, 294, 308, 311, 321, 323, 332–33, 335, 302–303, 333, 335, 340, 377–78, 348–49, 357–58, 360, 368, 372, 443, 381–84, 386, 394, 411, 413, 415–16, 450, 473, 482, 510, 513 Index of Subjects 647

438, 449–50, 497, 509–10, 520, 534, dualism 7, 59–61, 70, 73, 186, 209, 299, 545–47, 552–53 301–302, 306, 313–14, 401, 408, Diogenes of Babylon 31, 178, 298, 317– 490, 511–12, 527, 553–54 23, 325–29, 331, 336, 476, 505, 553 Diogenes of Oinoanda 21, 422, 521 eclecticism 6, 10–12, 154, 176, 313, Diogenes of Sinope 38, 208, 243, 247 494–97, 516–17, 528, 538, 548, 556, disease (nosos, nosēma) / illness 20, 38, 558–59, 561–62 64, 75, 78, 82, 203, 211–12, 227, education () 4, 13, 15, 34, 87, 248–51, 255, 268, 301, 310, 339–45, 102, 117, 155, 162–69, 181, 316, 351–52, 428, 433, 488, 510 318, 327–28, 350, 352, 363, 433, distress (lupē, grief, pain) 18, 26, 34–35, 451, 455, 469, 470, 473, 487, 489, 41, 61–62, 68, 76, 81, 90–97, 124, 504, 506, 531, 537–39, 554, 557, 563 159, 168–69, 184–85, 198, 200–203, emotions / passions (pathē, pathēmata) 212–13, 216–17, 221, 247–48, 250, 4–5, 9–13, 15, 18, 21, 24, 29–40, 42, 254–55, 264, 268, 303–305, 320, 44–45, 49, 56–81, 85–91, 93–94, 98– 339–40, 357–58, 360, 362, 378, 382, 100, 106, 116–18, 120, 124, 139, 398, 462–63, 471, 476, 478, 498, 147–50, 153, 158, 160–61, 163–64, 501, 504, 541, 557 172, 175, 179–81, 183–88, 190, 193, – avoiding distress (alupēsia) / dis- 195–221, 226, 228–31, 245, 271–73, tresslessness 89–97, 168–69, 498, 277, 280–84, 286–87, 293–98, 300– 540 16, 318–21, 323, 325–31, 335–36, divine cause / divine orchestration 339–40, 351–53, 357–58, 368, 392, – see Providence 402, 407, 417, 456, 462–64, 468–71, divinity / deity (theios) vii, 23, 36, 65– 474–78, 487–88, 490–91, 497, 501, 66, 83, 103, 108, 112–14, 124, 126, 504–505, 507, 511–12, 522, 527, 136–41, 143, 274, 325, 375, 396–97, 536–44, 550–51, 555, 557, 562–63 414, 420, 440–42, 445–50, 456–57, – good emotions (eupatheiai) 136, 465, 492, 500–501, 507 201–203, 208–10, 221, 228–29, 265, doctrines (dogma, decreta) 8–11, 20–22, 286, 330–31, 471, 474–75, 500–501 50–52, 63, 83, 103, 116, 122–25, Epictetus 4, 8–10, 13, 17–18, 21, 31–34, 132, 149, 154, 165, 177, 179–82, 36, 65, 83, 86, 92, 97, 177–78, 182, 184, 186–89, 194–95, 197, 200, 202, 186, 188, 191, 193, 196, 198, 210, 210–11, 219, 221, 244, 248, 269–70, 213, 215, 218–19, 242–43, 246, 271, 271–72, 275–76, 280, 283, 292, 296, 273–75, 278–81, 287–94, 312, 314– 299–300, 320, 323, 330–32, 348, 15, 319–20, 325, 346, 349, 358–63, 352–56, 358–59, 361–62, 366–67, 369, 373–74, 376–77, 395, 398, 400, 376–77, 379, 398, 415, 420, 435–36, 408, 413, 426, 428–37, 441–42, 445– 448, 461, 465, 478, 480, 483–86, 51, 453, 457, 477, 484, 489–91, 502, 489, 494–95, 497–98, 500–503, 506– 522, 540, 556, 558–61, 563–64 509, 511–12, 514, 518, 520, 523, Epicureanism / Epicurean / the Garden 528, 534–35, 537, 539, 541–49, 554, vii–viii, 4–12, 14–16, 18, 20–21, 27– 557, 561–62, 564 29, 32–33, 41–42, 44–45, 53, 71, 88, doxography / doxographer 14, 132, 184, 90–91, 93–94, 107, 155, 162–63, 187, 194, 209, 219, 222, 248, 259– 210, 217, 277, 297–98, 317–18, 363, 60, 262, 265, 273, 276, 291, 302, 365, 378, 422, 456, 461, 469, 483, 330, 332, 334–35, 337, 340, 342, 485–86, 488, 492, 497–98, 517, 519– 346, 348, 351, 377–78, 381, 384, 24, 536, 542, 546, 551–52, 558 392–93, 398, 408, 420, 423, 479, 511, 535, 542, 545, 547–53, 555 648 Index of Subjects

Epicurus 6–7, 19, 21, 29, 32, 39, 41, 44, 205, 214–15, 217–18, 220, 223, 240, 90–91, 365–66, 370, 485, 498, 513, 245, 278–79, 282–83, 286, 288–90, 515, 520, 536, 546 292–93, 295, 297, 304–305, 307, errors (Platonist, non-Stoic) 11, 18, 20, 312–13, 315–16, 323, 326, 336, 340, 75–76, 79, 85–86, 139, 147–49, 153, 345, 368, 372, 430, 436, 453, 456– 156–61, 171–72, 463–64, 468, 513– 57, 471, 476, 482, 494, 504–505, 14, 532–33, 539–40 522, 537 errors (Stoic) fate – see actions / acts (Stoic) – see destiny ethics / ethical theory vii–viii, 3–5, 7, 10, fear () 33, 35, 61–62, 72, 132, 12, 14, 16–24, 26–31, 33, 35, 41, 44– 184–85, 200–201, 203, 213, 225, 46, 51, 55, 82, 86–87, 94, 101, 103, 286, 305, 310–11, 342, 352, 370, 105, 112–116, 118–23, 126–28, 138, 402, 437, 462, 471, 477, 501 141, 147–48, 150, 153, 155–56, 158, flatterer 86, 157–60, 464 160, 163, 169, 172, 177, 179–81, fluttering (ptoia) 198–99, 205, 215, 285– 183, 186–87, 195–96, 207, 209, 221– 86 23, 227, 237, 245–46, 248, 251–52, following (akolouthos, hepesthai) 256, 259, 266, 270–71, 275, 278, – following / follower of God 51, 104, 280, 286, 290, 293–94, 297, 302, 108–109, 114–15, 121, 127, 137, 318, 325, 331, 336, 345–46, 362–63, 139–40, 181, 428, 442, 481–82 365, 374, 377–78, 383–80, 395–96, – following a mentor / person 160, 164, 399–400, 407–408, 412, 432, 435, 368, 371 441, 448–49, 456, 461, 464–65, 473– foolishness (aphrosunē) / fool (phaulos, 74, 479, 490, 492, 494, 496, 501, mōros) / ignorance (agnoia) 83, 165, 504, 510–17, 523–25, 528, 532–33, 226, 231, 237–39, 241, 247, 249, 537, 542–43, 546, 548, 550–53, 555– 264, 266, 269–70, 279, 288, 346–48, 64 350–52, 453, 472–75, 480–82, 505, (flourishing, happiness) 21, 510, 513 39, 44, 91–92, 121, 125–28, 134, Forms (eidē) / Ideas (ideai) 53–56, 107, 182, 225, 237, 239–40, 247–51, 254, 113–15, 118, 122, 124, 129–32, 135– 256, 258, 260, 270, 277, 302, 353, 42, 145, 147–48, 155, 322, 325, 448– 384, 386, 397–98, 400, 410, 413, 50, 464–66, 468–69, 501–502 423, 426, 443, 455, 466, 489–90, Fourth Maccabees 12, 15, 33, 44, 186, 500–501, 509–10, 533, 543 517, 521, 523 Euripides 34, 65, 71, 76, 186, 202–203, frank criticism (parrēsia) 18, 21–22, 43, 205, 216–17, 287, 316, 490, 563 102, 158–60, 172, 464, 468, 470, example / model / pattern (exemplum, 478, 487, 513–14 exemplar, paradeigma) 15, 22, 43, freedom (eleutheria) / free (eleutheros) 53–56, 103, 106–107, 109, 116–18, 7, 10, 27, 33, 49, 70, 79, 87, 90–91, 121, 123–24, 130–32, 138–41, 145, 95, 101, 124, 132, 134, 148–49, 153, 147–49, 153, 155, 158, 160–61, 169, 160–61, 163–64, 169–70, 180–82, 172, 181, 187, 323–24, 364–68, 370– 184, 202, 207, 209–10, 212–13, 219, 71, 373, 411, 417, 426, 439, 447–48, 242, 249, 252, 256, 274, 279, 291, 450, 453, 464–68, 478, 481–82, 501– 294, 331, 342–43, 351–52, 361, 368, 502, 513–14 392, 418, 421–34, 437, 439, 446, 449–50, 457, 475, 477, 482, 498, false belief / false judgment / false opin- 557–59, 562 ion 4, 18, 32, 35, 59, 75, 95, 120, 132, 180, 183–84, 189–94, 201, 203, Index of Subjects 649 fresh (prosphatos) / freshness (of a pas- – 66, 70 sion) 198–200, 203, 205, 215–18, – Athena 114, 413 220, 282, 304 – 70 friendship (philia) / friend (philos) 18, – 114, 132, 413 34, 86, 90–91, 102, 105, 143, 150, – 413–14 155, 157–60, 172, 248–49, 264, 268, – Zeus 90–92, 114, 132, 142, 244, 274, 320, 331, 354, 363, 368–72, 397–99, 288, 290, 411, 413–14, 428, 431, 410, 464, 468–70, 475, 478–79, 481, 438–41, 444, 453, 545 487, 498, 513, 549–50, 554 Good, the (Form) 53, 55, 95, 113, 115– 16, 118, 130–31, 135, 138, 140–42, Galen of Pergamum 8, 18, 22, 31–32, 145, 148, 321, 450, 465–67, 501 34, 36, 42, 50–51, 58–59, 61–67, 69– good (moral) ix, 27, 30, 43, 55, 60, 71, 76, 78–82, 86–97, 103, 148–61, 165– 74, 80, 83, 90–91, 93–94, 105–106, 69, 183–84, 186, 196, 198–200, 203– 118, 123, 125, 127–28, 131, 136, 207, 209, 211–13, 215–18, 220, 230, 138, 142–43, 152, 161, 165–66, 171– 276, 281–87, 297, 301, 303–307, 72, 187, 189, 191, 194, 196, 200– 320, 325–28, 336, 340–41, 363, 366, 203, 213, 219, 221–22, 226, 229–31, 404, 407–408, 455, 469, 488–90, 237, 240, 243, 245–52, 257–60, 266, 492, 495–98, 504–508, 522, 524, 268–70, 278, 283, 286, 288, 291, 535, 537–43, 545, 554–57 295, 304–305, 308, 317, 319, 326, Garden, the 331, 336, 348, 350–51, 357, 359, – see Epicureanism / Epicurean 363, 383, 385, 387, 389–90, 393–95, goal (telos) 7, 15, 24, 32, 41, 44, 51, 53, 400, 408, 411, 419, 420–22, 426, 67, 81, 87, 91, 93, 101, 103–104, 429, 432, 436, 440, 451–53, 455–56, 108, 119, 121, 125, 127, 138–39, 463–64, 467, 470–72, 472, 474–75, 141, 148, 159–61, 169, 171, 183, 481, 498, 500–502, 504, 509–11, 513 186, 207–208, 210, 212, 220, 231, goods (external, material, conventional) 268, 276, 335, 360–63, 368, 387–88, 24, 57, 90, 93, 121, 125, 127, 168, 393, 395, 411, 423, 428, 432, 437– 182, 191, 248–49, 254, 256, 277, 38, 442, 447–48, 456–57, 465, 467, 302, 358, 390, 490, 509–10, 533, 543 477, 479–80, 498, 501–502, 508, grief 528, 551–52, 559 – see distress God (theos) ix, 14–15, 26, 44, 51, 53, gut (stomach, belly, intestines, liver) 58, 56, 65, 99, 101–29, 131–55, 171, 407, 488, 496 180–81, 274, 288, 292, 296, 325, 354–55, 375, 387, 401, 403, 408, habit / habituate / habitude (ethos, 410–23, 426, 428–29, 431, 433, 436– ethizesthai, hexis) 27, 39–41, 43, 45, 53, 456–57, 464–70, 479–82, 490, 66, 74, 77–79, 81–82, 85–88, 95–96, 492, 500, 502, 534 114, 139, 171, 192, 207, 227–28, godlikeness 83, 106, 109, 111, 115, 119, 239, 253–54, 270, 305, 326–27, 332– 123–124, 126–27, 131, 440, 443–44, 48, 353, 357–59, 361–63, 366, 368– 448, 457 69, 374, 389–90, 392–95, 456, 462– gods / goddesses 14–15, 38, 44, 53, 66, 64, 468–70, 475, 478, 481, 527 83, 90, 92, 101, 105–106, 108, 113– harmony / symphony / orchestration 51, 15, 124–25, 131–32, 133–34, 143, 56–58, 67, 72–73, 92, 105, 108–109, 146–47, 149, 223, 288, 371, 413–14, 115–19, 128, 133–34, 143, 146–47, 417, 442, 445–47, 451 180–81, 220, 222, 224–28, 285–86, – 66, 70, 114 292, 316–18, 320, 322, 324–25, 327, – Apollo 114 336–37, 389–96, 411, 413, 418, 420– 650 Index of Subjects

21, 423, 425, 428, 431, 433, 438, incontinence (akrasia) / incontinent 451–52, 457, 463, 480–82 (akratēs) / weakness of the will 26, health (hugieia) 69, 86, 88, 91–94, 121, 39, 40–41, 83, 215, 285–87, 299, 301 125, 127, 134, 164, 190, 196–97, incorporeal (immaterial) 53–54, 73–74, 199–200, 202–203, 205, 211, 220, 107, 109, 114–15, 128, 133, 401– 242, 246, 248, 250–57, 264, 267, 402, 408, 436 269, 276, 286, 300, 302–303, 333, indifferents (adiaphora) 25, 27, 128, 335–36, 338, 342–44, 358, 361, 382, 187, 221, 246–48, 250–60, 263, 269– 390, 433, 456, 509–10, 543 70, 331, 340–41, 343, 345, 361, 383, heart (chest) 8, 58, 60, 283–85, 311, 389–90, 395, 398, 408, 432, 434, 407–408, 495–96, 505 456, 471–72, 474–75, 481, 509–10 Hierocles 4, 178, 180, 376–85, 390–92, – dispreferred (apoproēgmena) 247, 396–99, 479, 556, 560–61 253–58, 260, 432, 456, 472 Homer 9, 37, 52, 115, 316, 518, 548 – neutral (neutrum) 247, 251–52, 254– 55, 258–59, 268, 270, 510 identity viii, 5, 21, 28, 74, 274, 364, 376, – preferred (proēgmena) 246, 252–60, 395, 397–98, 400, 410, 413–14, 479, 331, 383, 432, 456, 472 484, 529 injustice () / unjust 72, 77, 105, illness 115, 226, 231, 237–38, 241, 248–49, – see disease 264, 270, 308–309, 360 imagination 58, 93, 256, 367, 373, 441, instantaneous change (metabolē) 83, 498 221, 228, 236, 238–42, 338, 347, imitation (mimeisthai, mimēsis) / emulat- 349, 351, 371, 378, 392, 472–76, 528 ing (zēloun, zēlōtos) intemperance (akolasia) / intemperate – of God (imitatio Dei) 15, 54, 74, 104, (akolastos) 36, 39–41, 69, 76–77, 81, 110–11, 112–16, 117–19, 121, 124, 115, 219, 226, 231, 237, 241, 264, 128–29, 134, 137, 139–42, 148, 411, 280, 282–83, 463 437–53, 456–57, 464–70, 479, 481, interactions, types of 5, 12, 16, 45, 50, 502 448, 483–87, 493–95, 497–98, 503, – of human beings 27, 43, 85, 155, 506, 511–12, 515–19, 521–22, 524– 160–61, 167, 172, 365–68, 370–73, 25, 528–29, 558 478–82, 513–15, 528 interentailment 232–36, 338, 411–12, – of other things / objects 319–22, 325, 416, 473, 480, 482 360, 453, 499 intertextuality 12, 492–93, 517–18, 525, impression 528–29 – see appearance irenic appropriation 12, 493–94, 503– impulse (hormē) 31, 33–34, 42, 56, 60, 506, 508, 512, 516–17, 528 69, 78, 87–89, 98–99, 116, 171, 182– irrational (alogos) 31, 33–36, 59–60, 64, 84, 186–88, 193–200, 202–205, 213– 66–73, 75–78, 88–89, 97–100, 144, 16, 218–19, 221, 223, 225–26, 229– 146–47, 151, 164, 171, 186, 197–98, 30, 232, 235–36, 243–46, 250–52, 200, 203–205, 207, 209, 213–14, 257, 261, 265, 272–73, 275, 278–87, 217, 221, 228, 250, 261, 263–64, 289–94, 296, 298–307, 309–16, 318, 275, 282–83, 285–87, 296, 300, 302, 320, 323–24, 326, 329, 336, 344, 306–307, 314, 328, 340, 345, 372, 361, 378–79, 381–82, 384–92, 394, 392, 462, 471, 488, 527, 544, 554 396, 398, 400, 403, 408–10, 423–25, 427, 429, 435–37, 445, 455, 457, joy (chara) 25–26, 61, 89, 201–203, 464, 471, 474–77, 480–82, 490–91, 208, 263, 265, 330–31, 360, 471, 501 501, 504–505, 508, 511–12, 522, 528 Index of Subjects 651 judgment (krisis) 31–33, 36, 40, 52, 57, love of humanity (philanthrōpia) 141– 60, 75–76, 84, 87, 91, 157–58, 171, 42, 308, 399 175, 180, 183–84, 190–201, 203– love of self 157, 382, 388 206, 211, 213–15, 217–21, 225, 227, love of various things (philomatheia, 229–30, 245–46, 259, 267, 272–73, philomousia, ktl.) 57, 59, 61, 108– 275–76, 279–82, 287–90, 293, 295, 109, 139, 141, 142, 157, 185, 229– 298, 302, 304, 306–307, 313, 315– 30, 300, 318, 334, 336–37, 339–44, 16, 319–20, 326, 328–29, 341, 353, 348, 372, 398–99, 440, 443, 491, 511 361–63, 367, 369–70, 393–94, 408, love of wisdom (philosophia) / lover of 427, 430–31, 434–37, 443, 445, 451, wisdom (philosophos) 9, 35, 64, 82, 455, 457, 471–72, 473–77, 480–82, 84, 95, 112–13, 126, 138, 150, 158, 490–91, 504–505, 508, 511–12, 528, 164, 171, 238, 289, 293, 300, 324, 562 382, 445–46, 495–96, 511, 548 justice (dikaiosunē) / just (dikaios) 39, Lucretius of Rome 21, 32, 521 55, 72, 105–106, 112–16, 118–21, Lyceum 123–26, 128, 131, 134, 138, 140–43, – see Peripateticism / Peripatetic 145, 147–48, 150, 157, 163, 165, 167, 169, 183, 220, 222–26, 228–33, magic 34–35, 65, 77 235, 237, 247, 249, 260, 262–63, Marcus Aurelius 4–5, 8, 18, 31, 92, 176, 265, 267, 276–77, 292, 332–33, 348– 178, 271, 292–95, 325, 345–46, 349, 49, 354, 361, 391, 417, 422, 431, 359–60, 362–63, 369, 395, 400, 477, 442–43, 450, 457, 465–67, 473, 482, 489, 491, 522, 524, 539–40, 556, 501, 510 561, 563–65 mathematics 29, 109–11, 116, 118, 124, kakodaimonia (unhappiness, misery) 128, 507, 523, 525, 554 127, 198, 248–51, 258 matter / material knowledge (epistēmē, gnōsis) / episte- – see body / bodies mology vii, 3, 11, 20, 22, 27, 35–36, Medea 34, 36, 60, 70, 186, 281, 287–88, 52–53, 85, 90, 107, 114–18, 148–50, 563 154–55, 156–57, 160–61, 180, 192, medicine / therapy 20, 58, 78, 87–88, 90, 214, 219–26, 229–31, 233–36, 239– 94, 96, 168, 211, 218, 277, 329, 337, 41, 245, 286, 298, 321–23, 326, 332– 343, 348–49, 356, 406, 428, 488, 35, 345, 347–49, 353, 357, 359, 362– 495–96, 513, 523, 525, 538–39, 541 63, 381, 427, 437, 446, 457, 473–75, mentor / pedagogue / overseer viii, 13, 478, 482, 494–95, 498, 505, 512–13, 21–22, 27, 43, 45, 85, 102, 155–56, 515, 520–21, 523–25, 527–28, 534, 158–61, 167, 171, 332, 363–74, 446, 542 462, 464, 468–70, 475–79, 481, 491, 513–15, 527–28 law 20, 77, 105, 110, 115–18, 127, 141, metaphor 13–14, 20, 36–38, 41, 63–65, 195, 265, 292, 301, 318, 371, 431, 71, 78, 82, 156, 186, 204, 211, 218, 438–39, 465, 510, 532 230, 238, 243, 273–76, 293, 295, logic 4, 19, 23, 74, 85, 150, 177, 179–80, 301, 303–304, 307, 309, 315, 359, 202, 332, 335, 358–59, 490, 537, 424, 425, 493–94, 515, 517, 521, 524 543–44, 546 metaphysics / metaphysical 3, 7, 51, 53, love (amorous) / lust (philia, erōs) 4, 55–56, 101–103, 106–107, 111, 119, 34–35, 38, 59, 61, 63–66, 70, 72, 75, 121–22, 129–30, 132–37, 140, 143– 76, 86, 114, 157, 185, 203, 205, 211, 44, 147–50, 157, 321–22, 466–67, 215, 217, 256, 286–87, 310, 320, 482, 502, 534 330, 340–41, 343–44, 462, 501, 561 652 Index of Subjects moderation (metriopatheia) 10, 40, 56– 449–51, 456, 480–82, 492, 502, 528, 57, 65–69, 71–72, 75–76, 78, 81, 85– 563 86, 88, 93–94, 115–17, 120, 148, – divine 108, 110, 145–46, 152, 235, 153, 163, 168–69, 171, 180, 183, 391, 411–13, 415–17, 419–20, 443– 207–208, 210–12, 253–54, 295, 298, 45, 450–52, 551 301–302, 308–309, 312, 320, 325, – human 4, 36, 44, 67, 79, 88, 91, 97, 327–28, 330, 335–36, 342–43, 462– 99–102, 105–106, 108, 112, 127–28, 63, 465–69, 471, 476, 498, 504, 528, 139, 143, 155–56, 162–69, 171, 181, 544, 557 186, 196–98, 203–205, 209–10, 222, monism 7, 59, 61, 180–81, 183–84, 186– 243, 245, 250–51, 253–58, 260–68, 87, 195, 209, 221, 275, 283–84, 297, 270, 275, 278–80, 282, 292, 297, 300, 302, 306, 314, 375, 401, 407– 299–302, 304–310, 313, 321–23, 326, 409, 471, 506, 512, 544 330, 339–40, 354–55, 365, 371, 378, moral milieu / moral universe vii, 1, 5, 8, 380–81, 383, 385–401, 403–405, 410, 11, 15, 17–18, 53, 461, 483–85, 487, 425, 427, 430–32, 434, 436–40, 442– 512, 515, 519–21, 525, 557 44, 446, 449–52, 455–56, 467, 470, moral progress (prokopē) / progressor 476, 479–80, 482, 489, 491, 504, 511, (prokoptōn) vii, 4, 12–13, 15, 17, 19, 522 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 41–43, 75, 78, 80, – kind / type / purpose 3, 19, 31–33, 82–88, 94–95, 102–103, 155–56, 60, 65–66, 69, 100, 227, 231, 273, 158, 160–67, 169, 171, 182, 209, 393, 405, 529, 543, 553, 562 228, 237–42, 253–54, 269–70, 318, 49–50, 75, 116, 119–21, 346–47, 349–53, 358–59, 362–70, 130, 132, 175 372, 374, 386, 392, 452, 455, 462– non-cognitive 4–6, 49, 56–57, 60–61, 64, 468–70, 472–81, 489, 492, 509, 66–69, 171, 183, 207, 209, 221, 271– 513–14, 527–28, 536, 543 72, 296–98, 302–307, 310–11, 314– moral purpose (proairesis) 85, 279, 289– 18, 320, 323, 325–29, 331–332, 335– 90, 319–20, 388, 429–34, 436–37, 37, 342–45, 363, 456, 462, 470, 475– 452, 465 77, 481, 487–92, 504–505, 508, 511– Moses 153–54 12, 521–22, 527–528, 538, 542 music / melody / harmony (musical) / non-rational 181, 259–61, 297, 300, 302, rhythms 56, 72, 118, 244, 255, 298, 305–307, 310, 313, 317–18, 320, 315–25, 327, 329, 331, 334–38, 340, 329, 384, 411, 457, 463, 476, 479, 346, 348–49, 476, 478, 504–505 490 Musonius Rufus 4, 31, 86, 90, 91–92, nurture 18, 69, 102–103, 108, 111, 128, 97, 177–78, 182, 196, 198, 219, 256, 156, 165, 168, 470 270, 291–92, 345–46, 348–49, 357– 61, 363, 413, 431, 433, 441–46, 450– Olympian gods 51, 456, 477, 484, 489–91, 502, 522, – see gods 540, 556, 558–60 One and the Many 53, 129–33, 135, 143–45, 147, 151 nature (phusis) / natural opinion (doxa) 31–32, 34, 60, 75, 84, – animal / plants 55, 195, 243, 261, 120, 149–50, 186, 192–93, 198–200, 300, 378, 380–86, 391, 403 203, 205, 213, 216–18, 227, 240, – cosmos / universe 38, 51, 55, 67, 92, 244, 297, 304–305, 307, 312, 320, 108, 110, 145–46, 149, 151–54, 180, 323, 326, 336, 339–41, 345, 372, 186, 301, 324–25, 374, 378, 391, 382, 403, 430, 457, 476, 482, 504– 393–96, 400–401, 403, 410, 415–26, 507, 522 421–22, 428, 430, 432, 436–39, 442, Index of Subjects 653 orthodoxy 6, 19, 66–67, 177–83, 188, 511, 523–24, 538–39, 541–44, 546, 202, 207, 219, 222, 228, 233, 238, 548–50, 553, 558, 562, 564 257, 271–72, 283, 293, 296, 298, Philo of Alexandria 12–13, 15, 33, 44– 302, 306, 308, 314–16, 319, 332, 45, 63, 186, 275, 360, 403, 503, 517– 336–37, 348, 350–52, 363, 373–74, 18, 521–23, 542–43 378, 388, 395–96, 398, 470, 474, Philodemus of Gadara 8, 21, 32, 278, 491, 512, 527, 542, 546, 547, 550– 298, 300, 317–21, 323–24, 511, 521 53, 556–58, 560–62 philosophy / philosopher – see love of wisdom / lover of wisdom painlessness (aochlēsia) 41, 90–91, 93, physics 4, 7, 19, 23, 55, 177, 179–80, 254, 498 182, 276, 388, 401–402, 406, 415, Painted Porch 420–21, 435–36, 449, 537–38, 541, – see Stoicism / Stoic / Stoa 546, 553 Panaetius 6, 178, 297–302, 306, 313–14, piety (eusebia) / holiness (hosiotēs) 15, 317, 333, 489–91, 511–12, 522–23, 18, 55, 92, 105–106, 116, 123, 125– 552–54, 556–58 26, 129, 223, 229, 231, 233, 453, 564 participation (metaschein) in God / the Plato 6–10, 14, 21, 31–32, 34–39, 41, divine 55, 104, 108, 110–11, 114–15, 44, 49–74, 76, 78, 88–89, 92–93, 95, 126–27, 137, 139, 141–43, 145, 147– 97–98, 100–133, 135–41, 144–51, 48, 181, 250, 395, 421, 428, 431, 154, 156–57, 162–65, 183, 186, 207, 439, 452, 467, 501 209, 223, 233, 236, 248, 287, 296, patristic 37, 175, 529 300–301, 306, 318, 321–22, 324–25, Paul (apostle) / Pauline vii–viii, 1, 4–5, 327–28, 365–66, 370, 408, 415, 447– 9, 11–12, 16, 19–20, 22–29, 37, 178, 48, 462, 464–66, 468, 484–86, 488– 287, 292, 461, 483–85, 493, 499, 90, 492, 495–96, 502, 504–13, 515, 516–19, 524, 527–29, 535, 540, 557– 522, 527, 531–39, 543–44, 554 58 Platonism (Middle / Imperial) vi–viii, 4– perception 12, 14–15, 18, 20, 22, 27, 29, 31–33, – see sense-perception 36, 39, 42, 44–45, 47, 49–53, 55–58, perfect (teleios) / perfection (teleiōsis) 60–67, 70, 72–75, 77–79, 83, 85–90, 64, 72, 79–80, 83–84, 89, 94, 105– 93–95, 97–104, 107, 112, 116, 118– 106, 114, 117–18, 134, 137, 143, 19, 121–24, 126–30, 133, 135, 137, 148, 160–61, 165–66, 171–72, 175, 139–40, 147–51, 153–56, 162–65, 192, 208, 220–21, 228, 232, 235–36, 169, 171–72, 176, 179–81, 183–87, 239, 242–45, 248–50, 260–70, 274, 195, 203, 207–210, 213, 215, 237, 290, 292, 325–26, 333, 349–53, 356, 241, 248, 275, 277, 283–85, 291, 363–64, 366–68, 370–71, 374, 383, 293, 295–98, 300, 302–303, 306, 386, 391–95, 411, 413, 415, 417, 308, 313–14, 316, 322, 324–25, 337, 423–24, 435, 438–39, 442–44, 447– 363, 365–66, 401, 407, 414, 422, 48, 450–51, 453, 456–57, 470, 472– 433, 442, 444, 447–50, 456, 461–71, 78, 480–82, 492, 513, 552 482–98, 500–503, 506–507, 509–12, Peripateticism / Peripatetic 5–8, 10, 20, 514, 516–17, 519–24, 527, 531, 533– 32–33, 40, 42, 51, 67, 72, 75, 77, 87– 44, 546, 548, 553–58, 561–62, 564 88, 93, 98, 102, 128, 155, 162–63, pleasure (hēdonē) 18, 29, 35, 37–39, 61– 178–79, 181, 200, 207–208, 211– 62, 65, 68, 78, 89, 117, 124, 159, 212, 215, 237, 241, 243, 248, 285– 184–85, 200–201, 203, 213, 221, 243, 86, 296, 300, 302, 308–309, 312, 248, 250, 253, 255, 291, 303–305, 361, 366, 375–76, 378–79, 419, 433, 329, 348, 357–58, 360, 362, 372, 382, 455, 469, 485, 495, 497, 507, 509, 654 Index of Subjects

438, 443, 456, 463, 471, 478, 501, Providence 7, 111, 146, 150–54, 180–81, 504, 522, 551–52 325, 411, 413, 416–23, 426, 428, Plutarch 8, 18, 22, 32, 35–36, 40, 42, 44, 431, 438–39, 444–47, 452, 457, 480– 50–53, 59–67, 69–72, 75–79, 81–89, 82 95–96, 98–101, 103–104, 121–22, psychagogy 14, 43, 352, 363, 514–15 139–48, 153–61, 164–67, 169, 183, Pyrrhonism 186, 188, 191, 193, 195–96, 198, – see Skepticism / Scepticism 206–207, 209–10, 215, 217, 225, 231–35, 237–43, 248, 268–69, 276– reason (divine) 25, 29, 116–17, 138, 77, 282–83, 285, 295–96, 301–303, 144–45, 147, 180–81, 274, 325, 411, 305, 310, 314, 337, 347, 350, 363, 413, 415, 417–18, 419–22, 426, 428– 366–67, 376, 393–94, 398, 404, 415, 29, 437–40, 442, 444–45, 447, 450– 422, 447, 450–51, 467, 469, 486, 52, 457, 470, 480–82, 502 489–90, 495, 503, 510, 513, 515, reason (human) / rational faculty (logos, 522, 535–37, 539, 541–43, 545, 555– logistikon) 3, 15, 25–26, 28, 31–32, 58, 560 34, 36, 39–42, 44, 56–63, 66–76, 78, pneuma (spirit, breath) 26, 74, 189, 284, 82, 87–89, 95–96, 98–101, 105, 107, 378, 403–404, 406–408, 410–11, 109–11, 113, 116–17, 120, 124, 127, 413, 417, 421, 438, 440, 445, 450, 130–31, 136, 150, 164, 168–69, 171, 452, 457, 480–81, 491 180–84, 186–88, 190–92, 194–207, poetry / poet 9, 33, 52, 86, 165–66, 245, 209–10, 214, 217–21, 223–28, 230– 316, 324, 328–29, 335, 337, 441, 31, 240–42, 244–45, 249–50, 254, 476, 478, 491, 504, 536, 548, 555, 257, 259–64, 266, 268, 270–72, 274– 563 317, 319, 323–30, 332–37, 344–45, Posidonius 6, 31, 178, 205, 243, 297–98, 355–56, 358, 362–64, 371–72, 374– 302–307, 309, 314–17, 320, 325–29, 75, 378–79, 383, 385–97, 399, 401, 331, 333, 335–37, 341, 417, 438, 407–11, 415–17, 426–28, 430, 432– 455, 476, 489–91, 504–508, 512, 33, 436–42, 444–45, 447–53, 455– 522–23, 540, 542, 552, 554–58, 561– 57, 462–80, 482, 488, 490–92, 496, 62 498, 500–501, 504–505, 507, 511– prayer ix, 43, 83, 90–93, 274, 431, 453, 12, 522, 527, 537, 544, 554, 563, 565 498 refutation 12, 206, 320, 494, 497–98, pre-passions (propatheiai) 181, 211–12, 508, 516, 528 298, 307, 310–15, 328–29, 335, 456, religion / myth 5, 18, 28, 34, 36, 51, 53, 476–77, 490–91, 504–505, 512 70, 83, 101, 111, 114, 119, 123, 129, pre-rational 305, 327, 381, 384–85, 387– 131–34, 137, 147, 151, 157, 242–43, 88, 391, 395–96, 457, 479, 504–505 414, 444, 464, 466, 486, 492, 499– precepts (praecepta) 41, 86, 348, 352– 500, 503, 518, 523, 528–29, 536 56, 358–60, 362, 364–69, 372, 442, 475, 478, 481, 513, 536 sage (wise person) 4, 9, 12–13, 15, 18, propositions (axiōmata) / predicates 25–26, 33–34, 42–43, 55–56, 80, 83– (lekta) 55, 104, 138, 140, 145, 149, 84, 86–87, 91–95, 101, 105–106, 188–94, 198–99, 201–204, 214–15, 109, 112–22, 131, 134, 137, 141, 217, 219, 223–24, 228, 234, 245, 147–49, 152–53, 155–56, 162, 171, 273, 282, 285–87, 289, 291, 302, 175, 183, 192, 201–202, 206–208, 312–13, 316, 318, 323, 336, 354, 211–13, 220–21, 225, 228, 233, 235– 379, 401, 411–16, 425, 427, 432, 46, 249, 255–56, 259, 262–63, 265– 466, 468, 471, 473, 480 71, 279–80, 290–91, 294–96, 301, 315, 325, 329, 331–34, 336–38, 343– Index of Subjects 655

44, 346–53, 356, 362, 364–66, 368, 198, 207, 210–13, 215, 217–18, 242– 370, 374, 384, 392, 394, 396, 414, 43, 256, 271, 287, 298, 303, 307–17, 423, 427–30, 432, 438, 442, 444, 328–32, 335–37, 340, 342–45, 350– 446, 448, 452, 456–57, 462, 464–67, 56, 358–74, 376–78, 380–81, 390, 472–82, 513, 515, 557–58 392, 397, 399–400, 408, 426, 428, – near-sage 365–66, 390, 392–95, 478 432, 435, 437, 440–42, 444–45, 450– – non-sage / barbarian 4, 18, 83, 163, 52, 476–78, 484, 489–91, 504–505, 237, 286, 290, 317, 347, 353, 356, 512–15, 522, 556–58, 561–63 370, 392–95, 520 senses / sense-perception (aisthēsis) 42, scholarch 5, 175, 177, 184, 243, 271, 54, 87, 107, 109–10, 130–32, 146, 365, 484–85 188–90, 192, 253–55, 264, 267, 284– school (scholē) / sect (hairesis) 3, 5–15, 85, 288, 291, 299–300, 323, 336, 17–23, 25–33, 37–38, 41–45, 51, 53, 379, 384, 407–410, 425, 427, 431, 61, 64, 66, 121, 155, 162–63, 175– 472, 480–81, 490 76, 179–80, 183–84, 186–87, 205– sickness (arrōstēma) / infirmity 211, 206, 208, 210, 217–18, 228, 233, 227, 246, 251, 255–57, 339, 341–42, 271, 291, 363–66, 368–69, 385, 387, 345, 433, 456 401, 409, 414, 422, 448, 455–56, Skeptical (New) Academy 49–52, 176, 461, 484–89, 493–95, 497–500, 502– 193, 343, 485–86, 537, 551–52 503, 506, 508, 510–11, 513–17, 519– Skepticism / Scepticism (Pyrrhonism) 6– 25, 528, 538, 546, 548, 552–54, 558– 7, 11, 17, 32–33, 42, 52–53, 193, 59, 562 214, 555–56 selection / selecting (eklegesthai) 245– Socrates 21, 23, 31, 34–35, 37, 92, 100, 46, 255–57, 259–60, 270, 383, 389– 105–106, 112–13, 122–23, 156, 215, 95, 399, 432, 456, 472, 474–75, 479– 223, 233–34, 243, 247, 321–22, 356, 81, 484 361, 365–66, 368, 370, 372–73, 513, self / selfhood (identity) 21, 28, 41, 56, 515, 524, 531–32, 564 73, 117, 157, 180–81, 187, 305, 312, soul / mind (psuchē, animus) vii, 3–7, 364, 375–79, 385, 388–89, 395–98, 13–18, 22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 40–45, 55– 400, 410, 416, 430, 441, 450, 457, 61, 63, 65–66, 68–71, 73–75, 77–80, 462, 467–68, 472, 475, 479–82, 484, 82–83, 86–91, 93–102, 104–11, 113– 491, 513, 529 18, 120–21, 123–28, 131–32, 134, self-mastery (enkrateia) 6, 10–11, 13, 136, 138–39, 141, 143, 146, 148–50, 15, 21, 30–31, 33, 37–42, 44–45, 56, 153, 161, 164, 168–69, 171–72, 180– 66–67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 80, 89, 98–99, 81, 183–84, 186–91, 193–201, 203, 116, 118, 168, 171–72, 180, 183, 205–207, 209–11, 213–14, 216, 218, 187, 206–207, 211, 213, 218–22, 220–22, 224–28, 233, 242, 246, 248– 229–30, 271–72, 276–78, 291, 293– 49, 253, 271–77, 281–86, 288, 290– 95, 298, 302, 314–18, 323, 326–31, 91, 293–97, 299–303, 305–308, 310– 335–37, 443, 462, 471, 476, 490, 14, 313–14, 316–22, 324, 326–29, 505, 511, 522, 527–28, 536, 538–39, 331–33, 335–37, 340, 342–47, 351– 543–44, 550, 562–63 54, 356–60, 362–64, 367, 370–71, self-perception 376–77, 379–80, 382, 373, 378, 389, 391, 393–94, 397, 387 401–11, 413, 415–17, 423–27, 432, self-sufficiency (autarkēs, autonomy) 435, 439–42, 444–45, 450–53, 456, 25–26, 210, 237, 247, 295–96, 309, 461–65, 467–74, 476–78, 480–82, 423, 426, 433, 509 488–89, 491–92, 496–98, 500–501, Seneca 4, 8, 18–19, 21, 31–32, 34, 86, 507, 511–15, 519, 522, 527, 529, 94, 97, 176–82, 188, 191, 193–94, 536, 538–39, 554, 561–62 656 Index of Subjects

– intellect (nous) / thoughts (dianoiai) 73, 275, 278, 280, 283, 287, 291, 4, 15, 97–101, 105, 107–16, 118–20, 294, 296, 298, 307, 330–32, 336, 122–28, 134–41, 144–45, 147, 149, 344–47, 350, 356, 358, 360, 363–64, 154–55, 171, 183, 188, 191, 197, 369, 373–74, 377, 395–96, 398, 400, 220, 230–31, 236, 253–54, 275, 279, 408, 413, 429, 442, 447–48, 450, 293–94, 332–40, 342, 348, 396–97, 455–56, 461, 470, 475–78, 484, 486, 416–17, 437, 442–43, 448–49, 464– 488–91, 502, 514, 522, 527–28, 545, 67, 491, 500–502, 527, 561, 564 547, 555–57, 560–61, 565 spirited part / power / faculty (thumos, strength (ischus) / strengthen 15, 38, 41, thumoeidēs) 35–36, 56–62, 66, 68– 44, 63, 65–66, 69, 70, 75, 78, 81, 88– 73, 79–80, 95, 97–99, 180, 195, 284, 89, 92–95, 97, 121, 125, 197, 203, 287, 407, 462, 495–96, 507 211, 214–16, 220, 228, 236, 247–48, spiritual / mental exercises 97, 332, 345, 250–51, 254, 276–78, 280–83, 287, 349, 356–60, 362–64, 367, 369, 434, 289, 294–96, 300, 302–303, 306, 475, 477–78, 481, 491–92 315, 326–28, 330, 333–37, 341–44, Stoa 353, 357–58, 361, 380, 430–31, 478, – see Stoicism / Stoic 509–11, 543 Stobaeus 32, 36–37, 42, 62, 183, 185– student / disciple viii, ix, 13, 30, 33, 43, 87, 190–91, 193–194, 196–98, 200, 82, 89, 92, 96, 132, 155–56, 158, 213–14, 219–20, 222–24, 226–27, 160–62, 171–72, 233, 239, 241, 288– 229, 231–32, 239, 247, 249–51, 262, 90, 293, 297, 302, 333, 346, 349, 270, 272, 276, 278, 281, 291, 334– 352, 358–59, 362–64, 366–70, 372– 35, 339, 341, 347, 352, 376–80, 391– 74, 392, 433, 446, 453, 464, 468, 94, 397–400, 403–405, 420–21, 432, 470, 473–74, 478–79, 514–15, 520, 455–56, 542, 545, 548–50, 552, 560 538, 540–41, 546, 559 Stoicism / Stoic / Stoa vii–viii, 4–12, system / model 11–12, 21, 23–31, 42, 14–15, 17–18, 20–33, 36, 39, 41–42, 45, 58–59, 70, 129, 285–86, 306, 44–45, 50–51, 53, 58–62, 64, 66–67, 313, 364, 426, 462, 468–70, 473–75, 72, 83–84, 88, 90–94, 97, 104, 107, 479, 481, 508, 521, 525, 527, 533, 121, 128, 139, 148–149, 154–55, 535 162–63, 171, 173, 175–97, 199–215, 217–25, 227–52, 256–61, 265, 267– temperance (sōphrosunē) / temperate 93, 295–303, 306–307, 309–10, 313– 37–41, 72, 77, 83, 112–13, 115–18, 20, 322, 324–25, 327, 330–34, 336– 120, 124–25, 128, 134, 156, 167, 39, 343–51, 355–56, 358–79, 381– 171, 210, 219–26, 228–30, 232–33, 85, 387–96, 398–423, 426–32, 434– 235, 237, 247, 249, 262–63, 265, 45, 447–53, 455–57, 461, 467, 469– 267, 272, 276–78, 291–92, 294, 300– 95, 497, 500–503, 506–11, 514, 516– 301, 326, 332–33, 348–49, 357–58, 17, 519–24, 527–28, 536, 538–65 362, 431, 435, 443, 450, 456, 465, – Early Stoicism (Old, classical) 39, 467, 473, 482, 510 175–83 tenor / tension / tone (tonos) 196, 199, – Middle Stoicism (Hellenistic) 6, 39, 200, 211, 223, 275–76 178–79, 181, 271, 297–98, 302, 313, – good tension (eutonia) 196–97, 220 315, 317, 331–33, 336, 363, 438, tetrachord (passions) 184–86, 200–203, 476, 484, 488–90, 511, 522–23, 553– 208, 471 54, 556–57, 561–62 theology 8, 14–15, 19, 51, 53, 56, 78, – Neostoicism (Greco-Roman) 5, 7, 8, 101–103, 122, 126–27, 129, 132–37, 11, 31–32, 62, 83, 91–92, 175–84, 143–47, 153–54, 177, 180, 325, 411– 213–14, 222, 242–43, 246, 256, 271– Index of Subjects 657

14, 416–18, 464, 466–67, 480, 490, vice (kakos) / viciousness () 4, 13, 492, 529, 543, 546, 553 18, 21, 24, 39–40, 42–43, 49, 56–57, titration point 240–41, 472–75, 477, 481, 73–79, 81–87, 94, 102, 105–106, 492 139, 147–48, 155–56, 158–61, 163, training (askēsis) 4, 13, 15, 21, 25, 27, 169, 171, 180, 184, 188, 197, 202– 33, 38, 42–43, 63–64, 71, 79–83, 86– 203, 211, 216, 220–24, 226–28, 231, 90, 93–95, 97–98, 101–102, 107, 109, 237–39, 241, 244–50, 252–53, 256– 127–28, 148–49, 155–56, 160–67, 59, 263–64, 268–71, 282–83, 286, 169, 171–72, 180, 192–93, 207, 211, 309–10, 318, 326, 330, 332, 339–40, 228, 272, 274, 288–90, 295, 318, 343–45, 351–52, 358, 366–68, 370– 327–28, 332, 337, 345–52, 354, 356– 73, 386, 392–94, 422, 425, 443, 455– 58, 360, 362, 364–65, 367–69, 373– 56, 462–64, 468–75, 477–78, 480– 74, 380–81, 386, 432, 442, 445–46, 81, 487–88, 509, 515, 536 450–51, 453, 455, 462–64, 468–70, virtue / moral virtue (aretē) 5, 13, 18, 21, 473, 475–78, 481, 487, 491, 498, 24, 26–27, 30, 37–43, 49, 55–57, 65, 504–507, 528–29, 537, 563 67, 71–75, 78–88, 92, 94, 96, 102– tranquility (ataraxia) 29, 44, 86, 91, 210, 274, 279, 344, 431, 456, 498 103, 105–106, 112–29, 139–43, 146– truth (alētheia) / true knowledge / true 50, 153, 155–56, 160–63, 165–67, appearances (kataleptic) 11, 52, 59, 169, 171, 180, 182–83, 188, 191, 79, 84, 92, 95–96, 101, 107–109, 113, 196–97, 202–203, 210–11, 219–50, 116, 118, 120, 132, 140–42, 149–50, 252–60, 262–63, 265–70, 276–78, 157, 165, 180, 182–83, 188–94, 202– 280, 283, 286, 289–92, 296, 302, 204, 214–15, 219, 223, 228, 245, 308–309, 317, 319–20, 325, 328, 273–74, 276, 278, 289–90, 292–93, 330–40, 344–51, 353–54, 358–59, 321–22, 324–26, 333, 335, 350, 355, 361–62, 364–72, 374, 385–90, 392– 368, 385, 388–90, 421, 430, 436, 457, 96, 400–11, 417, 422–23, 425, 428– 464, 471, 473, 482, 501, 506–507, 29, 431, 434, 436–44, 446–53, 455– 559 57, 462–82, 487, 489–90, 492, 497, 501–502, 509–10, 514–15, 524, 528, universe 533–34, 537, 543, 551–52 – see cosmos – intellectual 114, 116, 120, 126, 220, unnatural / against nature (kata phusin) 230, 231, 332–40, 348 154, 198, 203, 205, 243, 250, 260– – non-intellectual 332–40, 344, 478 61, 263–64, 267–68, 339–40, 390 – purifying (Plotinus) 120–22 ‘up to us’ (eph’ hēmin) / ‘within our volition (boulēsis) 73–74, 182, 201–203, power’ (in nostra potestate) 64–65, 208, 311–13, 430–34, 436–37, 452, 143, 182, 246, 271–73, 290, 292, 295, 471, 501 309, 312, 330, 358, 360–62, 364, 374, 423–24, 429, 431, 433–36, 447, 452 weakness (astheneia) 89, 196–97, 211, 248, 250, 255, 326, 339, 341, 380 value (axia) / valuation 16, 24, 58, 106, – weak opinion / weak assent / weak 115, 120–21, 131, 150, 162, 168–89, judgment 89, 183, 192, 213–14, 304, 194, 203, 213, 222, 224, 226, 232, 306, 326–27, 345, 364, 367, 372–73, 235, 239, 241, 245, 251–55, 257–59, 504 264, 266, 268–69, 276–78, 289, 312, – weaken (a passion / irrational facul- 316, 318, 369, 372–73, 390–91, 410, ty) 78, 82, 89, 95, 315, 326–29, 336, 447, 456, 472, 479, 491, 499, 510, 463, 468, 476, 490, 505 525, 529, 563 wisdom (sophia, phronēsis) 4, 15, 78, 84, 92, 95, 100, 105–106, 108–109, 658 Index of Subjects

114, 119–20, 125–26, 128, 134, 136, 215, 222, 225, 233, 243, 251, 257, 151–52, 154, 163, 171–72, 220, 222– 271, 273, 277, 282–83, 296, 298, 23, 226, 229–33, 235, 237, 244–49, 300–303, 346, 364–66, 370, 383, 263, 265–67, 332–33, 347–48, 353, 409, 415, 426, 438, 485, 489–90, 356, 366–67, 371, 414, 442–43, 450, 506, 511, 513–14, 522, 545–46, 555, 457, 473, 482, 500–501, 510, 558 562 Zeus Zeno (of Citium) 6–7, 14, 21, 31–32, 83, – see gods / goddesses 175, 177, 179–80, 184–85, 205–206,