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Course Code : Pcr 271 Course Title: Understanding Conflict And NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA COURSE CODE : PCR 271 COURSE TITLE: UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND WAR PCR 271 COURSE GUIDE COURSE GUIDE PCR 271 UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND WAR Course Team Oyedolapo Babatunde Durojaye (Developer/Writer) - NOUN Prof. Remi Anifowose (Editor) - UNILAG Prof. Abdul R. Yesufu, (Programme Leader) - NOUN Oyedolapo Babatunde Durojaye (Coordinator) - NOUN NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ii PCR 271 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by: National Open University of Nigeria First Printed 2010 ISBN: iii PCR 271 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………………….………… 1 Course Aims ………………………………………………................ 1 Course Objectives …………………………………………………… 1 Working Through This Course ……………………………………… 2 Course Materials ……………………………………………………. 2 Study Units………………………………………………………….. 2 Assessment ………………………………………………………….. 6 Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMA)………………………………... 6 Final Examination and Grading ………………………….................. 6 Course Marking Scheme …………………………………………….. 7 Presentation Schedule ………………………………………………. 7 Course Overview ……………………………………………………. 7 How to Get the Most from this Course ……………………………. 8 Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorials ……………………………………10 Summary …………………………………………………………….11 iv Introduction Welcome to PCR271 UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND WAR This course is a three-credit unit course for undergraduate students in the School of Arts and Social Sciences. The materials have been developed with the Nigerian context in view. This Course Guide gives you an overview of the course. It also provides you with information on the organization and requirements of the course. Course Aims The aims are to help you to understand the Meaning/Definition of Conflict, Types of Conflict, Causes/Sources of Conflict, Conflict Theories, Conflict Analysis/Mapping, Definition of War, Causes of War, Types of War, Theories of War, Effects of War, Origin of International Law, International Law and War, Criticisms of International Law, War Crime and War Guilt, United Nations and War, International Humanitarian Law, Prisoners of War and War Victims, Human-Rights, Peaceful and Forceful means of settling dispute/conflict and war, Methods of ameliorating, if not preventing violent conflicts. These broad aims will be achieved by: (i) Introducing you to meaning of Conflict, types, causes theories of as well as conflict analysis/mapping, (ii) Broadening your knowledge on the meaning, causes, theories and effect of war. (iii) Explaining the stands of international law on war, peaceful and forceful methods of conflict/war settlement. Course Objectives To achieve the aims set out above, PCR271 has overall objectives. (In addition, each unit also has specific objectives. The unit objectives are at the beginning of each unit. I advise that you read them before you start working through the unit. You may want to refer to them during your study of the unit to check your progress). Here are the wider objectives for the course as a whole. By meeting the objectives, you count yourself as having met the aims of the course. On successful completion of the course, you should be able to: a) Define what conflict is, b) Explain types and causes/sources of Conflict, c) List the attributes conflict theories, d) Explain conflict analysis/mapping, PCR 271 UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND WAR e) Define war, identify causes of war and types of war, f) Differentiate between different types of theories of war, g) Be able to enumerate consequences of war, h) State origin of international law, i) Know what the international law says about war, j) Highlight criticisms of international law, k) Differentiate between various forms of international criminal tribunal, l) Discuss shortcomings of international criminal tribunal, m) Discuss peaceful means of settling dispute/conflict and war; n) Have a broad understanding of forceful means of settling conflict/war. Working through this Course To complete the course, you are required to read the study units and other related materials. You will also need to undertake practical exercises for which you need a pen, a note – book, and other materials that will be listed in this guide. The exercises are to aid you in understanding the concepts being presented. At the end of each unit, you will be required to submit written assignments for assessment purposes. At the end of the course, you will write a final examination. Course Materials The major materials you will need for this course are: (i) Course guide. (ii) Study units. (iii) Assignments file. (iv) Relevant textbooks including the ones listed under each unit (v) As a beginner, you need to read newspapers and interact with other mass media and internet as often as possible. Study Units There are 20 units (of four modules) in this course. They are listed below: Module 1 Understanding Conflict Unit 1 Definition Causes and Types of Conflict Unit 2 Conflict Theories (Sociological Perspective) Unit 3 Conflict Theories (Psychological Perspective) Unit 4 Dynamics of Conflict Unit 5 Conflict Analysis ii PCR 271 UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND WAR Module 2 Understanding War Unit 1 Meaning/Definition of War, Causes of War, War and State of Hostility Unit 2 Theories of War Unit 3 Theories of Just War Unit 4 Wars in Traditional African Society Unit 5 Appraisal of Contemporary and Traditional African War making and Conflict Resolution Module 3 International Law War and Conflict Unit 1 Origin and Nature of Law of Nations Unit 2 Criticisms about Why International Law Should be Regarded as Law Unit 3 International Humanitarian Law and War Crimes Unit 4 The International Criminal Tribunal/Court Unit 5 The Impact of Conflict / War and Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Peacebuilding Module 4 The Settlement of Disputes Unit 1 The Peaceful or Amicable Settlement of Disputes in International Law I Unit 2 The Peaceful or Amicable Settlement of Dispute in International Law II Unit 3 The Coercive or Forcible Means of Dispute Resolution/Settlement in International Law Unit 4 The Coercive or Forcible Means of Dispute Resolution Unit 5 The Coercive or Forcible Means of Dispute Resolution (Intervention) Textbooks and References Certain books have been recommended in the course. You may wish to purchase them for further reading. Burton. John (1990). Conflict: Resolution and Prevention, London: Macmillan. Cohen, Percy S. (1968). Modern Social Theory. London: Heinemann. Coser, Lewis; The Functions of Social Conflict. New York: Free Press. Gurr, Ted R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton University Press. iii PCR 271 UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND WAR Yates, A. (1962). Frustration and Conflict. London: Methuen. Akehurst M. (1982). A Modern Introduction to International Law. (2nd ed.)London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Bowett, D. W. (1958). Self-defence in International Law. Manchester University Press. Casses, A. (1968). International Law in a Divided World. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Glahn, G. V. (1976). Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law. (3rd ed.) New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.Inc. Lloyd, D. (1987). The Idea of Law. London Penguin Books. Abu-Lughod, I. (1970) (ed.) The Arab-Israel Confrontation of June 1967: Arab PerspectiveEvanston, Northwest: University Press. Akehurst, M. (1975). (2nd ed.) A Modern Introduction to International Law. London: Macdonald and Jones. Blic, H. (1970). Sovereignty, Aggression and Neutrality; Almquist and Wksell Stockholm, the Daq Hammarskjold Foundation. Brownlie, I. (1983). International Law and Use of Force by State. (ed) Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press. Churchill, R. R. and Lowe, A. V. (1988). The Law of the Sea; Manchester: University Press. Dixon, Chapter 11: ‘The Use of Force’, pp. 301 – 04. Kaczorowska, Chapter 16: ‘The Use of Force’, pp. 432 – 37. Goevel, Jr. J. (1971). The Struggle for the Falkland Islands: A Study in Legal Diplomatic History. London: Kennikat Press. Henken, L. (1989). Right V. Might: International Law and the Use of Force. London: Council on Foreign Relations Press. Kalshoven, F. (1971). Belligerent Reprisals. London, A. W. Sijthoff. Lloyd, D. (1987). The Idea of Law. London: Penguin Books. iv PCR 271 UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND WAR Denzin, N. (1989 (a) ). Interpretive Interactionism. Newbury Park, C. A. Sage. _________(1989 (b) ). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. Third Edition. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice-Hall. Folger, J. P. (1997). Working Through Conflict: Strategies for Relationships. New York. Burton, John (1990 (a) ). Conflict: Human Needs Theory. London: Macmillan. Burton, John (1990 (b) ). Conflict: Resolution and Prevention. London: Macmillan. Cohen, Percy S. (1968) Modern Social Theory. London Heinemann. Coser, Lewis; The Functions of Social Conflict. New York: Free Copson, Raymond (1994). Africa’s War and Prospects for Peace. London: Sharp. Deng, Francis ., and I. William Zatman, eds. (1991) Conflict Resolution in Africa. Washington: The Brooking Institution. Grundy, Kenneth (1971). Guerrila Struggle in Africa: An Analysis and Preview. New York: Grossman. Hans Morgeuthau, (1960). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York. S. Stadman, “Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Africa: A Conceptual Framework”, in D Deng and I Zartman, Op. Cit p 369. Y. Diallo, (1986), African Traditions and Humanitarian Law: Similarities and Differences,
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