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STARV24N1-2A12.Pdf SocialTbougbt& Research p:.'> Rosenberg, Morris. 1979. Conceiving theSelf. New York: BasicBooks. Sarton, George. 1952.A History ofScience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ANTI-JEWISH PREJUDICE IN Scheff, ThomasJ. 1995. "Self-Defense against VerbalAssault: Shame,Anger, and the Social Bond."Family Process 34 (3):271-86. CONTEMPORARY HUNGARY: A SOCIO­ Seale, Clive. 1995. "Heroic Death." Sociology 29 (4): 597-613. PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSAL MODEL Skinner, B.F. 1953. So·enceandHumanBehavior. New York:MacMillan. Sokefeld,Martin. 2001."Reconsidering Identity." ANTHROPOS96 (2): 527-544. Somers, Margaret. 1994. "The Narrative Construction of Identity: A BOlAN TODOSIJEVIC AND ZSOLT EN)'EDI Relational andNetwork Approach."Theory andSociety 23 (5): 605-649. CentralEuropean University Somers, MargaretandGloriaGibson.1994. "Reclaiming theEpistemological "Other': Narrative and the Social Construction ofIdentity." Pp. 37-99 Social Thought &Research, 2002, Vol.24,1&2 inSociai Theory andthePoliticsofIdentity, edited byCraigJ. Calhoun. Oxford: Blackwell. Abstract Srole, Leo.1978. Mental Health intheMetropolis: TheMidtown Manhattan Study. New York:HarperandRow. Predictionsfromthreegeneralapproaches toprejudice-personality, social Stapleton, Karyn. 2000. "In Search of the Self: Feminism, learningandgroup-eonjlict-have been examine~ onasample ofHun­ PostmodernismandIdentity."Feminism andPsychology 10(4): 463-469. garian youthandtheirparents. The sample conszsted of4C?O r~n:lomly Steinberg, MarcW. 1999. "The Talk andBackTalk of CollectiveAction:A selectedcollegestudentsandtbeirparentsfrom tuoHungar:-an ~{uxal Dialogic Analysis of Repertoires of Discourse among Nineteenth­ N=800}. Tbequetumnaire included, amongotbers.anaruisemuism scale~ CenturyEnglishCotton Spinners."AmericanJournal o/Sociology 105 authoritarianism scale, andsocio-demograpoicoariade: Socio-psychologz­ (3):736-80. calcausalmodd'W1Sconsruaedusmg uniwriaterecursi7;engresOOngraph antisem~ism.is dil~-tly Stonequist, E. V. 1937. 7heMarginaIMan. New York: Russell andRussell. methodology: 'Ibe results indicatedthatstudents' relatedonly toprnonality(authoritarianism)andtoJkm?11~ an.tzse:nztrsm. Stryker, Sheldon. 1989. "Further Developments in Identity Theory: . Students'authoritarianismisrelated toparents'authoritarianism and Singularityversus MultiplicityofSelf." Pp. 35-57 in Sociological Theories family sodoeconomicstatus (as indicated byparents'inco.me ~nd educa­ inProgress: NewFormulations; editedbyJoseph Berger, MorrisZelditch, tion) Parents'antisemitism isrelated totheirownauthontanan tenden­ Jr., and BoAnderson.Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. ciesandincome, whileparents'authoritarianism isprimarily re(ated.to Sykes, GreshamM. andDavidMatza.1957. "TechniquesofNeutralization: theireducational background It isconcludedthattheresultsprimarily A TheoryofDelinquency."American Sociological R~i£:LR) 22:664-70. support'personalityapproach toprejudice(,lSrepresented~ Adorno etal. ' Volosinov, V.N. 1973. Marxism andthePhilosophy o/Language. Translated by .. work(1950), andsocialization approach. Group-e?nJ!zct approac!J re­ L.MatejkaandI. R. Titunik. New York: SeminarPress. ceicedambiguous support in thesamewayaspredictionsfromthzs ap­ proadiconcemingindividualdifferencesinprejudicearealnbiguous. Volosinov, V.N. 1987. Freudianism:A CriticalSketch. Translated byLR Titunik. Bloomington: IndianaUniversityPress. Keywords:antisemitism, prejudice, authoritarianism, socialization. I ntroduction The roots of modern antisemitism can be traced to the anti-Judaism of the Hellenistic era (cf.Wistrich 1991) and in the identity of early and medieval Christianity (Fein, 1987). But itspresent form wasshaped 312 ..------- - ~'-"- •.......~: :.'-"" "" . .. ." . r Anti-JewishPrejudice in ContemporaryHungary Socia/Thought &Research \ tough-mindedness as a relevant concept, Rokeach (1954) devel­ by ~he intel!ectual struggles that surrounded the process ofemanci­ t i- oped a concept of dogmatism, Christie and Geis suggested panon and it reflects the special role Jews played in the 19th and 20th f: t Machiavellianism (1970), Sidanius and his co-workers elaborated the ~entury European societies (Katz 1995; Rump 1987). Without know­ t- construct of social dominance orientation (e.g., Sidanius 1993; Pratto Ing the nature of theological anti-Judaism or the crises of nation­ i et al., 1994). However, in the field of prejudice research, the most formation and the difficulties ofthe transformation from a feudal widely known and studiedis the concept of authoritarianism, origi­ society into a capitalistic one, it is impossible to understand the nally elaborated by Adorno et aI. (1950; see also Stone et aI., 1993a; strength and the charac~er o~ anti-Jewish prejudices in acountry like Smith, 1998; Worrell, 1998). ~ungary. ~t the same nrne, I~ ord.e~ to explain individual and group differences In the level ofantisemmsm among citizens ofaparticu- Characteristic for this approach is that it seesprejudices as being lar country at a particular time point, one needs a different set of rooted in deep psychological, oftenunconscious, processes.' Adorno concepts a~d theories. I? this paper, therefore, we attempt to con­ etal.found that authoritarian personalities areparticularlyinclined to struct asocio-psychological causal model ofindividual differences in accept general ethnocentric and specificantisemitic attitudes. Accord­ antisemitic prejudice using data on Hungarian adolescents and their ingto this theory, development of the authoritariancharacter isrooted parents. in family relationships during early childhood. Insistence on strict control of children, on their obedience and respect for rules and Starti~g from asoci?-psychological point ofview, it seems just natu­ regulations, together with the lack of warmth and genuine affection, Interp~et ~nti-Jewish ral to attitudes as sub-species ofprejudice in is seen as instilling authoritarian and anti-democratic tendencies in ~ general: principal.alternative in the field is to explain differences in children. The authors used Freud's psychoanalytic personality theory ~o preJu~ice susceptibility by individual differences in the personality astheirprimarytheoretical [rarnework.! Hence, theylaid emphasis structure. Soc:allearnzng approach, on the other hand, avoids using more on concepts like Oedipus complex and defense mechanisms psy.ch.oa~alytIc.concepts and sees prejudice primarily as learned via than onlearning and conscious motivation.' Socl~lza~lOn. Fma~ly, ~he main assumption of thegroup conflict per­ spectrve IS that prejudice result from conflicts, real or imagined, be­ Concerningthe empirical link between authoritarianism andpreju­ tween groups. The present paper examines causal models of dice, including antisemitism, there is an impressive supportive evi­ antisemitic prejud~ces ba~ed on the above mentioned three ap­ dence (e.g., for an extensive review see Stone et al., 1993a, proaches-personality, SOCIal learning and group-conflict. In the first particularly Meloen, 1993; see also Kindervater, 1997; part ~f the ~a~er, we briefly discuss these approaches and derive Todosijevise, 1999b; Scheepers et al., 1990; Billig and Cramer, certam pre.dI:tl0ns from them. The second part consists of testing 1990; Van Ijzendoorn, 1989; Altemeyer, 1988; Rot and Havelka, these predictions on a sample ofHungarian adolescents and their 1973, Enyedi, 1999). Kindervater (1997), for example, found that parents. different measures of authoritarianism are significantly related to her seven-item antisemitism scale. Antisemitism correlated with Personality Approach 'general authoritarianism' (r= .52), with 'core authoritarianism' (r= .44), with 'respect for state authority scale' (r= .57), but some­ Lite~ature on personality psychology contains a number ofconcepts what less with 'authoritarian family structure scale' (r= .18) (all applicable for the explanation ofindividual differences in prejudice. coefficients p < .05). For example, Eysenck (1954; Eysenck and Wilson 1978) proposed 315 314 Social Thought &Research AntiJewishPrejudice inContemporaryHungary Hence, the main general hypothesis derived from this sub-area Most of the socio-cultural approaches to prejudices, like Katz' of the personality approach to prejudice is that authoritarianism and Braly's famous studies (1933, 1935), also imply social-learn­ significantly predicts antisemitic attitudes. There are many ques­ ing processes. It is assumed that individuals simply accept preju­ tion-rnarks attached in the literature to the construct validity of diced attitudes because they are widespread in a society, thus the F-scale and the related scales, particularly whether they are disregarding the problem of individualdifferen.ces within exam­ measures of personality construct at all (e.g., Rot and Havelka, ined grollps or society in general. 1973, Ray, 1990). However, the fact that the F scale stays as a significant predictor of prejudice even after controlling for po­ Explanations of prejudice which stressthe role of tradition and so­ litical, economic and attitude factors, and that it significantly ~ cial circumstances also imply social learning. It has been argued that correlates with a number of 'pure' personality scales (e.g., ag­ where prejudices are more legitimate part of value system they are gressiveness, Todosijevic and Enyedi, 1999), justifies its psycho­ transmitted through social conditioning and authoritarian personal­ logical interpretation. ity plays smaller role (socalled'normative pressure' hypothesis, d. Heaven, 1984,
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