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Legacies of the Crimean War 1854

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Legacies of the Crimean War 1854 Legacies of the Crimean War 1854 Joy Copland SA Medical Heritage Society May 2014 J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Where on earth? J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimea J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean war - cause Ottoman Empire – (Turkey) included the Holy Land (Israel); France & Russia vied for authority of the Holy Land, and Ottomans occupying the territory; Disagreement escalated; peaceful negotiations failed… Britain & France sided with Turkish Ottomans - war against Russia. J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean war 1853: Turkey declares war on Russia; 1854: Britain & France declare war on Russia; Troops from Britain, France, Kingdom of Sardinia, Duchy of Nassau & Turkey fight Imperial Russian troops in the Crimea; Colossal loss of life (all nations): of 1 650 000 soldiers, 900 000 died; Those who perished – many died from disease rather than wounds. Kingdom of Sardinia 1815 J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Lead-up to 1854 1815 Napoleonic wars end - France vs Britain; 1837 Somerset House – central UK General Registry for Births, Deaths & Marriages; 1847: Florence & Parthenope Nightingale attend British Association for Advancement of Science meeting; Actuary (Neison) - counties with better educated people - lower crime rates; higher taxes to finance public education. J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean War – medical support Military doctors - surgeons Nurses Florence Nightingale ~ 34 nurses, trained in Germany; religious orders Hospital at Scutari in Turkey J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean theatre of war To reach the hospital, wounded troops - sailed across the Black Sea in overcrowded transport ships J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Scutari Coldstream Guards in front of a wall, with a landing-stage behind. Across the Bosphorus, is the Topkapi Palace in the distance. Camp of 3rd Grenadier Guards with the barracks (later Barrack Hospital) in the background 1854 Photographs of soldiers at Scutari by James Robertson, by courtesy of Keith Smith http://www.florence-nightingale-avenging-angel.co.uk/scutari.htm J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Scutari Barrack Hospital Victoria Barracks Military Hospital at Scutari. Florence Nightingale Museum http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/the-collection/biography.html General Hospital Sketch by F Nightingale J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean War The Battle of the Alma (20 September 1854) British & French fought Russian forces - Russians defeated. Siege of Sevastopol (September 1854 –September 1855) Sevastopol - Russian fleet. British, French, & Turkish troops besieged – year: captured. The Siege of Sevastopol. Franz Roubaud (1904) J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Siege of Sevastopol Crimean War The Battle of Balaklava (25 October 1854) . British, French, Turkish, & Russian armies: inconclusive. Russians suffered heavier losses. Remembered for - . Thin Red Line – battle formation; . Charge of the Heavy Brigade . Charge of the Light Brigade: futile advance under muddled and misinformed orders; . Poem (by Tennyson) - describes bravery of cavalry under incompetent command; J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Balaclava Looking towards Balaclava, Turkish camp in the distance to the right. Roger Fenton http://www.allworldwars.com/Crimean-War-Photographs-by-Roger-Fenton-1855.html J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Balaclava Encampment of the 71st Regiment at Balaclava commissariat camp, tents and huts of British camps on hillside and valley at Balaklava. Roger Fenton http://www.allworldwars.com/Crimean-War-Photographs-by-Roger-Fenton-1855.html J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean War The Battle of Eupatoria (17 February 1855) • Eupatoria, occupied by Turks: Russian forces attacked and repelled. Sea of Azov naval campaign (25 May 1855 - 22 Nov 1855) • British & French war ships attacked Russian ports - six months; • Ports bombarded: allies unable to land; J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War A little guerrilla warfare… Sea of Azov naval campaign • In July 1855, an allied squadron - through Mius River to River Don; • H.M.S. Jasper grounded - canny local fisherman repositioned buoys into shallow waters; • The Cossacks captured the gunboat - blew it up. J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean War In military terms, the Crimean war - recognised in Britain by introduction of the highest decoration for gallantry; Unlike other medals, the Victoria Cross was awarded to officers and men without distinction; Victoria Crosses – made from a captured Russian bronze gun, seized at Sevastopol; The cannon was probably Chinese. J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Balaklava Battle of Balaklava (25 October 1854) standing defence - 93rd Highlanders two cavalry charges . Heavy Brigade . Light brigade J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Battle of Balaclava 1854 The Thin Red Line: The 93rd Highlanders http://www.britishbattles.com/crimean-war/balaclava.htm J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Thin lines… J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War The Charge of the Light Brigade J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Battle of Balaklava 1854 th 17 Lancers: Charge of the Light Brigade http://www.britishbattles.com/crimean-war/balaclava.htm View of the Charge of the Light Brigade from Russian positions on the Fedioukine Hills. http://www.britishbattles.com/crimean-war/balaclava.htm J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death, Rode the six hundred. "Forward the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns!" he said. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Ravine on Balaklava Plain with spent cannonballs "Valley of the Shadow of Death" photograph, Roger Fenton 1855 http://www.britishbattles.com/crimean-war/balaclava.htm J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Casualties Charge of the Light Brigade • 110 killed, • 130 wounded, • 58 captured, loss 40% Casualty return 22-26 Oct 54 (including Battle of Balaklava) • 142 killed • 199 wounded • 381 horses killed J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Post - Battle of Balaklava British army camp at Balaklava Albumen silver print by "Robertson & Beato", 1855 Conditions of the sick and injured in Balaklava tinted lithograph by William Simpson J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Hospital at Scutari Florence Nightingale Museum http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/the-collection/biography.html J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War The hospital at Scutari On cesspool - contaminated the water & hospital building; Throughout hallways, patients lay on stretchers - own excrement; Rodents & bugs; Basic supplies (bandages & soap) - increasingly scarce as ill & wounded increased; Water – rationed; More soldiers - dying from infectious diseases – (typhoid & cholera) than battle injuries. J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean War - mortality Allied army – British, French, Turks British troops: mortality 2,755 killed in action 2,019 died of wounds 16,323 died of disease J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Disease – pre Pasteur William Farr coined the term Zymotic in 1842 for - • epidemic, • endemic, and • contagious diseases 1. Air or water-borne 2. Contact/inoculation 3. Diet 4. Parasitic Farr, Annual Reports 1842, 1856 J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Florence Nightingale J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Florence Nightingale Born 1820 – to William and Frances Nightingale; Grandfather: Member of Parliament (46 years); Father (Cambridge) supervised education - Latin, Greek, history, philosophy, mathematics, modern languages & music; surrounded by social change, liberal & reforming ideas; Natural academic – travelled, wrote prolifically. J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Florence Nightingale 1836: Germany, deaconess motherhouse, Kaiserswerth 1850: Florence Nightingale - student Published booklet, anonymously; critique of women’s education; 1851 and 1854, visited hospitals - United Kingdom & Europe; collected information. 1853 Lady Superintendent - Institution for Sick Gentlewomen, Upper Harley Street in West End; J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Florence Nightingale At outbreak of Crimean War, (unprecedented) appointment to superintend a group of nurses; Sisters of Mercy - aseptic nursing techniques First, placed nurses under doctors orders, and established a hospital laundry; Improvements - upkeep of wards, new bedding, & clothing for soldiers, hospital diets; Scutari - supervised nursing, . wrote letters, instituted remittance money to families, provided reading rooms & games for convalescents. J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Florence Nightingale Kept records - number of deaths, causes of death; Britain, campaigned - full commission of enquiry & better living conditions for army; prepared an report for the “Royal Commission on the Health of the Army”, military medical education; created graphs - demonstrate causes of deaths; advocated statistics for decision making. J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Plot of deaths over time J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War ‘Flower’/ Wedges chart Preventible or Mitigable Zymotic Diseases Deaths from wounds Deaths from all other causes J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Florence Nightingale’s chart F. Nightingale (830 pages): “Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army”, 1858 J Copland: Legacies of the Crimean War Crimean War mortality
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