Form 7 History Revision – Autumn Term Key dates and events to learn Key words and definitions (you don’t need to have exact definitions to get the marks). • The Battle of Bosworth Field – August 1485 • Retaining – the action of keeping a private army. Henry Tudor defeated King Richard III and • Recognisance– a written contract by which nobles paid a sum of money to became King Henry VII the King to guarantee their good behaviour. • The Battle of East Stoke – June 1487 Where • Court of the Star Chamber– dealt with any rebellions by the nobles. They were heavily fined so Henry VII could raise money. Yorkist rebels supporting Perkin Warbeck, led • Pretender – a commoner pretending to be the rightful heir to the throne, by the Earl of Lincoln fought the King. causing trouble for Henry VII. • The Treaty of Medina Del Campo – 1489 King • Amicable Grant– A tax devised by Thomas Wolsey to raise money for war Henry VII and King Ferdinand of Spain agreed that didn’t need parliament’s approval. their children, Prince Arthur and Catherine of • Benevolences – compulsory gifts that the nobles were forced to give to the Aragon should marry. crown: a way of raising money for King Henry VIII. • Enclosure – the act of fencing off and dividing common land that had What you will be tested on in the exam: previously been open to all. • The key dates of some of the main events we have • Alter Rex – Means ‘Other King’. The name people used for Thomas Wolsey. studied. • The key words and definitions of some of the key things Key people and events we have studied. • Lambert Simnel– the first pretender, a young boy of 10 claiming to be • You will need to analyse some sources about The Kings Richard III’s nephew, Edward Earl of Warwick. Great Matter. No revision needed. • Perkin Warbeck– the second pretender claiming to be Prince Richard, the Write a short essay on ONE of the following; younger of the Princes in the Tower. • The career of Thomas Wolsey and his greatest successes. • Earl of Lincoln – Supported Perkin Warbecks’ claim to the throne and raised • Was Henry VII a successful king? • What happened at The Field of the Cloth of Gold and was and army to fight the King at the battle of East Stoke. it a success? • Catherine of Aragon – The Spanish wife of Prince Arthur and later the first wife of his brother King Henry VIII. We have completed all these history topics in class. Everything • Prince Arthur – King Henry VII’s first son who died when he was 16 you need to know is included here. You may use other • Thomas Wolsey – Lord Chancellor and Archbishop of York (Henry VIII’s chief sources of information but there is no requirement to. Good advisor who ran the church and government for 15 years). The Alter Rex. luck, try your best and don’t worry!!! Was Henry VII a successful King? Henry was unprepared to become the King. He has no experience of government and had been in exile in France for many years. In 1485 he beat Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. King Richard was killed and Henry Tudor became the new King of England. His problem now was how to remain king. He had to act quickly if he was to feel safe. What measures did Henry VII take to secure his throne? Uniting the houses of York and Lancaster Controlling the Nobles Henry married his cousin Elizabeth of York to try to bring an end Henry needed a nobility that was to the Wars of the Roses which had being going on for 30 years. strong enough to support him, but He created the House of Tudor and a new emblem, the Tudor not strong enough to turn against Rose. him. 1. Retaining – is the keeping of a private army. Henry made a law (the Law of Livery) which restricted the amount of soldiers the nobles were allowed to keep. 2. Recognisance – Henry made the nobles sign a recognisance (contract), where they agreed to pay heavy fines if they acted disloyally. The Council 3. Court of the Star Chamber – Henry took away the nobles right to Any baron who did not obey attend his council and allowed only Henry was taken to this court people he invited to attend. He and if found guilty they were appointed Justices of the Peace to heavily fined. keep law and order. Was Henry VII a successful King? (cont’d) What problems did Henry VII have to deal with during his reign? The Two Pretenders The Tax Rebellions Some of the Yorkists went on plotting against Henry as he was very unpopular with them The Yorkshire Rebellion 1489 The Cornish Rebellion 1497 and he faced several uprisings that This was a protest about paying This was a protest against taxation threatened his crown. taxes for wars against France or 1. Lambert Simnel – Edward, the Earl of Scotland Warwick was a strong claimant to the People in Yorkshire refused to pay The forces marched to London with throne so Henry had him locked up in the taxes for wars against France a force of 15,000 men supported by Tower of London. !n 1486, an Oxford priest Lord Audley. claimed one of his pupils was the Earl of The Earl of Northumberland tried to About 1000 rebels were killed, the Warwick. They gained support from collect the taxes and he was killed rest fled and Perkin Warbeck ran Yorkists such as the Earl of Lincoln, and by a mob of protesters. away. gathered an army, but were defeated at The rebels were soon defeated and Perkin Warbeck was caught and the Battle of East Stoke in June 1487. Drawing of Perkin Warbeck the ringleaders were hanged in York. taken to London. 2. Perkin Warbeck – claimed to be Richard of York, one of the Princes in the Tower. Henry’s Foreign Policy He was acclaimed king in Ireland in 1481. To feel more secure, Henry had to be on good terms with foreign countries. He made alliances In 1492-93 he travelled around Europe (treaties) gaining support for his claim to the • Medina del Campo 1489 – King Ferdinand of Spain’s daughter Catherine of Aragon to marry throne. In 1497 he joined the Cornish Prince Arthur. rebellion but he was arrested and put in • Etaples 1492 – a treaty with France who had been supporting Perkin Warbeck so France the Tower. He was suspected of plotting handed the pretender over to England. an escape and he was executed in 1499. • Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1502 – with Scotland. Henry and James IV of Scotland agreed to The death of Perkin Warbeck in 1499 marked the stop fighting each other. end of Yorkist threats to Henry, but he never felt secure. Between 1500-1502, two of his sons, Edmund and Arthur died, and in 1503 his wife Few people seemed to mourn Henry. One hearing the news of his death, Sir Thomas More said: Elizabeth died too. ‘This day is the end of our slavery, the fount of our liberty, the end of sadness, the beginning of joy’. Was Henry VII a successful King? (summary) Henry defeated Richard Henry was not prepared to become King meaning III at the Battle of He reorganised the Court that people might rebel against him. Bosworth Field. of Star Chamber and fined lots of people to make He was not He was a very fearful money. popular with his man. people at all. He controlled the nobles by Henry was greedy and suspicious and he limiting spent lots of money. retaining and He signed the Treaty of Henry VII making then Medina del Campo sign a 1457 – 1509 (agreement with Spain), recognisance the Treaty of Etaples Henry raised the (contract). r. 1485 - 1509 (Peace with France) tax for the war and the Treaty of with France Perpetual Peace causing a tax (peace between He married his daughter rebellion. Scotland and England Margaret to James IV of through marriage). Scotland. Henry defeated the He married his eldest son Tax Rebellions Prince Arthur to Henry created the Tudor and caught Catherine of Aragon, monarchy meaning that the two helping peace with there was now a more Pretenders. Spain. stable rule over England. The Field of the Cloth of Gold (7th June, 1520) At this time in Europe, the 3 What was it about? main powers were France, • Wolsey arranged a meeting Spain and the Holy Roman between Henry VIII and King Francis Empire. Both Henry VIII and King near Calais on 7th June 1520. Francis I of France (r.1515–1547) • It became known as The Field of the both had hoped to control the Cloth of Gold. Holy Roman Empire. When • They met to decide what they Charles I of Spain was elected, should do about the election of becoming Charles V, Both Henry Charles V as the new Holy Roman and Francis were disappointed. Emperor. This meant Charles I controlled • It was designed to be a most of Eastern Europe, as well magnificent celebration of peace as own country of Spain. between England and France. What happened at the meeting? Outcome of the Meeting • For nearly 3 weeks the two young Kings • It was a fantastic spectacle tried to out-do each other. and led to the signing of a • Henry send hundreds of craftsmen to build Treaty of Friendship. a wooden palace which was then gilded • Although it seemed the two (covered in gold). Kings were friends, onlookers • Inside the palace, golden tapestries and still believed they were not embroideries decorated the walls.