DOCSLIB.ORG

Palaeoecology of Oligo-Miocene Macropodoids Determined from Craniodental and Calcaneal Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Palaeoecology of Oligo-Miocene Macropodoids Determined from Craniodental and Calcaneal Data Janis, C. , Damuth, J., Travouillon, K., Figueirido, B., Archer, M., & Hand, S. (2016). Palaeoecology of Oligo-Miocene macropodoids determined from craniodental and calcaneal data. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 74, 209-232. https://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and- journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/2010-2019/2016-vol- 74-special-issue-in-honour-of-dr-thomas-h-rich/janis-damuth- travouillon-figueirido-hand-and-archer/ Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Museum Victoria at https://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/2010-2019/2016- vol-74-special-issue-in-honour-of-dr-thomas-h-rich/janis-damuth-travouillon-figueirido-hand-and-archer/. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Memoirs of Museum Victoria 74: 209–232 (2016) Published 2016 ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/ Palaeoecology of Oligo-Miocene macropodoids determined from craniodental and calcaneal data CHRISTINE M. JANIS1,2,*, JOHN DAMUTH3, KENNY J. TRAVOUILLON4,5, BORJA FIGUEIRIDO6, SUZANNE J. HAND7, AND MICHAEL ARCHER7 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA (christine_janis@ Brown.edu) 2 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK 3 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA ([email protected]) 4 School of Earth Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia ([email protected]) 5 Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia (Kenny.Travouillon@museum. wa.gov.au) (current address) 6 Departmento Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain (Borja. [email protected]) 7 PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia ([email protected], [email protected]) * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Janis, C.M. , Damuth, J., Travouillon, K.J., Figueirido, B., Hand, S.J., and Archer, M. 2016. Palaeoecology of Oligo- Miocene macropodoids determined from craniodental and calcaneal data. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 74: 209–232. Analyses of craniodental and calcaneal material of extant macropodoids show that both dietary and locomotor types are statistically distinguishable. Application of the craniodental data to fossil macropodoids from the Oligo-Miocene of South Australia (Lake Eyre Basin) and Queensland (Riversleigh World Heritage Area) shows that these taxa were primarily omnivores or browsers. Specialized folivorous browsers were more prevalent in the Queensland deposits than in those of South Australia, suggesting more mesic conditions in the former. The calcaneal data showed that the Oligo- Miocene taxa clustered with extant generalized hoppers, in contrast to prior speculation that balbarids were quadrupedal rather than bipedal. Keywords Macropodoidea, palaeocology, Riversleigh, Lake Eyre Basin, craniodental measurements, dietary behaviour, calcaneal measurements, locomotion. Introduction The Oligo-Miocene macropodoids were small to medium- sized animals, generally ranging in size from forms about the The Macropodoidea (kangaroos and rat-kangaroos) first size of a modern-day bettong (Bettongia spp., mass 0.5–2.5 radiated in the late Oligocene to early Miocene. The Oligo- Miocene record of these marsupials is primarily from the kg) to a pademelon (Thylogale spp., mass 4–12 kg). The largest deposits in Queensland (Riversleigh World Heritage Area) and one considered here, Rhizosthenurus flanneryi from the early- South Australia (Lake Eyre Basin) and the Northern Territory. late Miocene Encore Local Fauna, was about the size of a The total age range of these fossil deposits range from around Red-necked Wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus, mass 11–30 kg). 25 Ma to 7 Ma (Black et al., 2012). The relative abundance of In contrast, the extant large kangaroos, such as the Eastern macropodoids in the late Oligocene localities suggests that Grey and Red Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus and M. rufus), they may have had origins earlier in the Palaeogene, with the weigh between 35 and 80 kilograms. The Oligo-Miocene molecular data suggesting the Eocene (e.g., Meredith et al., macropodoids mainly had thin-enamelled brachydont (low- 2008), but they are absent from the possibly earlier Oligocene crowned) dentitions and no evidence of the molar progression locality, the Pwerte Marnte Marnte local fauna in the Northern seen in many extant kangaroos (primarily species of Territory (Murray and Megirian, 2006), as well as from the Macropus). These taxa have thus been considered to be forest- Eocene Tingamara deposit in south-eastern Queensland dwelling browsers or omnivores, especially in the Riversleigh (Black et al., 2012). deposits, where habitats have been interpreted to include cool 210 C.M. Janis, J. Damuth, K.J. Travouillon, B. Figueirido, S.J. Hand & M. Archer temperate rainforests, at least during the early and middle more faunivorous forms, such as Ekaltadeta ima. The earliest Miocene (Archer et al., 1989, 1997, 2006; Travouillon et al., known hypsiprymnodontid is from the early Miocene 2009). The limited postcranial material available for these (Riversleigh Faunal Zone B) (Bates et al., 2014). The extant macropodoids has led to speculation that some of them (e.g., Musky Rat-kangaroo is omnivorous/frugivorous (Dennis, the balbarid Nambaroo, see Kear et al., 2007) were not 2002, 2003), with relatively long forelimbs and short hoppers, but instead were quadrupedal bounders, like the hindlimbs, and is the only extant macropodoid that is a extant Musky Rat-kangaroo (Hypsiprymnodon moschatus). quadrupedal bounder rather than a hopper (Windsor and This paper attempts to make a more quantitative Dagg, 1971). This form of locomotion is thought to represent determination of the palaeoecology of these extinct the primitive condition for macropodoids. Dental material macropodoids by comparing their morphology with that of (maxillae and dentaries) of extinct hypsiprymnodontids extant macropodoids whose behaviours are known. Specifically suggests a similar diet to that of the living species (Bates et al., we examine craniodental morphology in relation to dietary 2014). We did not include any extinct hypsiprymnodontids in behaviour, and calcaneal morphology in relation to locomotor this study because our interest was in the more herbivorous behaviour (the calcaneum has been shown to be an extremely taxa, and how they reflected Australian habitats. informative bone in assessing marsupial locomotor habits: 2. The Balbaridae, an extinct group of kangaroos, has been Bassarova et al., 2009). We use the craniodental data to sometimes considered to be more primitive than all other investigate two issues in palaeoecology: first we investigate macropodoids, and is either the sister taxon to the whether there were dietary differences in the animals, indicative Hypsiprymnodontidae, or the Macropodidae (see Kear and of environmental differences, between the late Oligocene and Cooke, 2001). The earliest known balbarids are from the late early Miocene macropodoids from South Australia and Oligocene (Etadunna Formation, Zone C [Woodburne et al., Queensland; and secondly we investigate whether, over the 1994]; Riversleigh Faunal Zone A [Cooke, 1997b; Archer et Oligo-Miocene time span in each region, there were changes in al., 2006; Travouillon et al., 2006, 2011]), while the youngest the dietary behaviours that reflect environmental changes. We one is from the late middle or early late Miocene Encore Site, also use the calcaneal data to investigate the issue of the range also from Riversleigh (K. J. T. pers. observ.). Balbarids (e.g., of locomotor behaviours of these macropodoids, specifically to species of Balbaroo and Nambaroo) paralleled macropodines see if there was a prevalence of non-hopping-adapted forms. in their possession of distinctly bilophodont molars (a derived condition), but retained more primitive postcrania (especially Materials And Methods retention of the hallux). The argument has been presented that balbarids, like H. moschatus, did not hop (e.g., Kear et al., Taxa included. For the craniodental data our reference group 2007; Black et al., 2014). Sixteen individuals (representing five of extant macropodoids included 42 individuals (representing genera and up to 13 species) are included in the craniodental 42 species: including Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, five data, and six individuals (representing two genera and up to potoroines, and at least one representative of every extant six species) are included in the calcaneal data. macropodine genus: see appendix table A1). These individuals 3. The Macropodidae (kangaroos and most rat-kangaroos), were drawn from a much larger dataset, but we were limited are represented today by three subfamilies:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Musky Rat-Kangaroos, Hypsiprymnodon Moschatus: Cursorial Frugivores in Australia's Wet-Tropical Rain Forests
    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Dennis, Andrew James (1997) Musky Rat-kangaroos, hypsiprymnodon moschatus: cursorial frugivores in Australia's wet-tropical rain forests. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/17401/ If you believe that this work constitutes a copyright infringement, please contact [email protected] and quote http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/17401/ Chapter 11 MUSKY RAT-KANGAROOS: CURSORIAL FRUGIVORES How do Musky Rat-kangaroos Relate !Q..their Environment ? Musky Rat-kangaroos can be classified as frugivo res because fr ui ts and seeds accounted fo r the bul k of their diet th roughout the year (Chapter 3). In addi tion, they scatterhoarded many fruits and seeds, to the benefit of at least some species of plants (Chapters 8 & 9). They consumed most of the available frui ts which had a fleshy pericarp or ani but also included the seeds of some species that did not. They ate fruits from over half the species producing fruits on my study site, many of those they did not eat were wind dispersed, housed in hard, indehiscent pods or had furry. dehiscent pods. In addition, some fleshy drupes were not consumed. Like many other frugivores, Musky Rat-kangaroos supplemented their diet from other sources, particularly when the seasonal availabil ity of fruits is at its min imum (see Terborgh 1983). During the late wet, co ld an d early dry seasons, when frui t abundance was mini mal, their search effort was random with respect to fr ui t fall s (Figure 3.8; Table 3.2).
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Kangaroo Conservation Program
    Empowered lives. Resilient nations. TREE KANGAROO CONSERVATION PROGRAM Papua New Guinea Equator Initiative Case Studies Local sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that work for people and for nature. Few publications or case studies tell the full story of how such initiatives evolve, the breadth of their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practitioners themselves guiding the narrative. The Equator Initiative aims to fill that gap. The Equator Prize 2014 was awarded to 35 outstanding local community and indigenous peoples initiatives working to meet climate and development challenges through the conservation and sustainable use of nature. Selected from 1,234 nomination from across 121 countries, the winners were recognized for their achievements at a prize ceremony held in conjunction with the UN Secretary General’s Climate Summit and the World Conference on Indigenous Peoples in New York City. Special emphasis was placed on forest and ecosystem restoration, food security and agriculture, and water and ocean management. The following case study is one in a growing series that describes vetted and peer-reviewed best practices intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local success to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models for replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reference to The Power of Local Action: Lessons from 10 Years of the Equator Prize, a compendium of lessons learned and policy guidance that draws from the case material.
    [Show full text]
  • SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for a New Family of Diprotodontian Marsupials from the Latest Oligocene of Australia and the Evolution
    Title A new family of diprotodontian marsupials from the latest Oligocene of Australia and the evolution of wombats, koalas, and their relatives (Vombatiformes) Authors Beck, RMD; Louys, J; Brewer, Philippa; Archer, M; Black, KH; Tedford, RH Date Submitted 2020-10-13 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR A new family of diprotodontian marsupials from the latest Oligocene of Australia and the evolution of wombats, koalas, and their relatives (Vombatiformes) Robin M. D. Beck1,2*, Julien Louys3, Philippa Brewer4, Michael Archer2, Karen H. Black2, Richard H. Tedford5 (deceased) 1Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK 2PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 3Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia 4Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 5Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to R.M.D.B (email: [email protected]) This pdf includes: Supplementary figures Supplementary tables Comparative material Full description Relevance of Marada arcanum List of morphological characters Morphological matrix in NEXUS format Justification for body mass estimates References Figure S1. Rostrum of holotype and only known specimen of Mukupirna nambensis gen. et. sp. nov. (AMNH FM 102646) in ventromedial (a) and anteroventral (b) views. Abbreviations: C1a, upper canine alveolus; I1a, first upper incisor alveolus; I2a, second upper incisor alveolus; I1a, third upper incisor alveolus; P3, third upper premolar. Scale bar = 1 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Macropod Herpesviruses Dec 2013
    Herpesviruses and macropods Fact sheet Introductory statement Despite the widespread distribution of herpesviruses across a large range of macropod species there is a lack of detailed knowledge about these viruses and the effects they have on their hosts. While they have been associated with significant mortality events infections are usually benign, producing no or minimal clinical effects in their adapted hosts. With increasing emphasis being placed on captive breeding, reintroduction and translocation programs there is a greater likelihood that these viruses will be introduced into naïve macropod populations. The effects and implications of this type of viral movement are unclear. Aetiology Herpesviruses are enveloped DNA viruses that range in size from 120 to 250nm. The family Herpesviridae is divided into three subfamilies. Alphaherpesviruses have a moderately wide host range, rapid growth, lyse infected cells and have the capacity to establish latent infections primarily, but not exclusively, in nerve ganglia. Betaherpesviruses have a more restricted host range, a long replicative cycle, the capacity to cause infected cells to enlarge and the ability to form latent infections in secretory glands, lymphoreticular tissue, kidneys and other tissues. Gammaherpesviruses have a narrow host range, replicate in lymphoid cells, may induce neoplasia in infected cells and form latent infections in lymphoid tissue (Lachlan and Dubovi 2011, Roizman and Pellet 2001). There have been five herpesvirus species isolated from macropods, three alphaherpesviruses termed Macropodid Herpesvirus 1 (MaHV1), Macropodid Herpesvirus 2 (MaHV2), and Macropodid Herpesvirus 4 (MaHV4) and two gammaherpesviruses including Macropodid Herpesvirus 3 (MaHV3), and a currently unclassified novel gammaherpesvirus detected in swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) (Callinan and Kefford 1981, Finnie et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Mammals of Indonesia
    CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF INDONESIA Scientific, English, Indonesia Name and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation i ii CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF INDONESIA Scientific, English, Indonesia Name and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation By Ibnu Maryanto Maharadatunkamsi Anang Setiawan Achmadi Sigit Wiantoro Eko Sulistyadi Masaaki Yoneda Agustinus Suyanto Jito Sugardjito RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES (LIPI) iii © 2019 RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY, INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES (LIPI) Cataloging in Publication Data. CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF INDONESIA: Scientific, English, Indonesia Name and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation/ Ibnu Maryanto, Maharadatunkamsi, Anang Setiawan Achmadi, Sigit Wiantoro, Eko Sulistyadi, Masaaki Yoneda, Agustinus Suyanto, & Jito Sugardjito. ix+ 66 pp; 21 x 29,7 cm ISBN: 978-979-579-108-9 1. Checklist of mammals 2. Indonesia Cover Desain : Eko Harsono Photo : I. Maryanto Third Edition : December 2019 Published by: RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY, INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES (LIPI). Jl Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16911 Telp: 021-87907604/87907636; Fax: 021-87907612 Email: [email protected] . iv PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION This book is a third edition of checklist of the Mammals of Indonesia. The new edition provides remarkable information in several ways compare to the first and second editions, the remarks column contain the abbreviation of the specific island distributions, synonym and specific location. Thus, in this edition we are also corrected the distribution of some species including some new additional species in accordance with the discovery of new species in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Platypus Collins, L.R
    AUSTRALIAN MAMMALS BIOLOGY AND CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT Stephen Jackson © CSIRO 2003 All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Australian Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, duplicating or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Contact CSIRO PUBLISHING for all permission requests. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Jackson, Stephen M. Australian mammals: Biology and captive management Bibliography. ISBN 0 643 06635 7. 1. Mammals – Australia. 2. Captive mammals. I. Title. 599.0994 Available from CSIRO PUBLISHING 150 Oxford Street (PO Box 1139) Collingwood VIC 3066 Australia Telephone: +61 3 9662 7666 Local call: 1300 788 000 (Australia only) Fax: +61 3 9662 7555 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.publish.csiro.au Cover photos courtesy Stephen Jackson, Esther Beaton and Nick Alexander Set in Minion and Optima Cover and text design by James Kelly Typeset by Desktop Concepts Pty Ltd Printed in Australia by Ligare REFERENCES reserved. Chapter 1 – Platypus Collins, L.R. (1973) Monotremes and Marsupials: A Reference for Zoological Institutions. Smithsonian Institution Press, rights Austin, M.A. (1997) A Practical Guide to the Successful Washington. All Handrearing of Tasmanian Marsupials. Regal Publications, Collins, G.H., Whittington, R.J. & Canfield, P.J. (1986) Melbourne. Theileria ornithorhynchi Mackerras, 1959 in the platypus, 2003. Beaven, M. (1997) Hand rearing of a juvenile platypus. Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw). Journal of Wildlife Proceedings of the ASZK/ARAZPA Conference. 16–20 March.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dated Phylogeny of Marsupials Using a Molecular Supermatrix and Multiple Fossil Constraints
    Journal of Mammalogy, 89(1):175–189, 2008 A DATED PHYLOGENY OF MARSUPIALS USING A MOLECULAR SUPERMATRIX AND MULTIPLE FOSSIL CONSTRAINTS ROBIN M. D. BECK* School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/89/1/175/1020874 by guest on 25 September 2021 Phylogenetic relationships within marsupials were investigated based on a 20.1-kilobase molecular supermatrix comprising 7 nuclear and 15 mitochondrial genes analyzed using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches and 3 different partitioning strategies. The study revealed that base composition bias in the 3rd codon positions of mitochondrial genes misled even the partitioned maximum-likelihood analyses, whereas Bayesian analyses were less affected. After correcting for base composition bias, monophyly of the currently recognized marsupial orders, of Australidelphia, and of a clade comprising Dasyuromorphia, Notoryctes,and Peramelemorphia, were supported strongly by both Bayesian posterior probabilities and maximum-likelihood bootstrap values. Monophyly of the Australasian marsupials, of Notoryctes þ Dasyuromorphia, and of Caenolestes þ Australidelphia were less well supported. Within Diprotodontia, Burramyidae þ Phalangeridae received relatively strong support. Divergence dates calculated using a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock and multiple age constraints suggested at least 3 independent dispersals of marsupials from North to South America during the Late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. Within the Australasian clade, the macropodine radiation, the divergence of phascogaline and dasyurine dasyurids, and the divergence of perameline and peroryctine peramelemorphians all coincided with periods of significant environmental change during the Miocene. An analysis of ‘‘unrepresented basal branch lengths’’ suggests that the fossil record is particularly poor for didelphids and most groups within the Australasian radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogeny and Timescale for Marsupial Evolution Based on Sequences for Five Nuclear Genes
    J Mammal Evol DOI 10.1007/s10914-007-9062-6 ORIGINAL PAPER A Phylogeny and Timescale for Marsupial Evolution Based on Sequences for Five Nuclear Genes Robert W. Meredith & Michael Westerman & Judd A. Case & Mark S. Springer # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007 Abstract Even though marsupials are taxonomically less diverse than placentals, they exhibit comparable morphological and ecological diversity. However, much of their fossil record is thought to be missing, particularly for the Australasian groups. The more than 330 living species of marsupials are grouped into three American (Didelphimorphia, Microbiotheria, and Paucituberculata) and four Australasian (Dasyuromorphia, Diprotodontia, Notoryctemorphia, and Peramelemorphia) orders. Interordinal relationships have been investigated using a wide range of methods that have often yielded contradictory results. Much of the controversy has focused on the placement of Dromiciops gliroides (Microbiotheria). Studies either support a sister-taxon relationship to a monophyletic Australasian clade or a nested position within the Australasian radiation. Familial relationships within the Diprotodontia have also proved difficult to resolve. Here, we examine higher-level marsupial relationships using a nuclear multigene molecular data set representing all living orders. Protein-coding portions of ApoB, BRCA1, IRBP, Rag1, and vWF were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Two different Bayesian relaxed molecular clock methods were employed to construct a timescale for marsupial evolution and estimate the unrepresented basal branch length (UBBL). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian results suggest that the root of the marsupial tree is between Didelphimorphia and all other marsupials. All methods provide strong support for the monophyly of Australidelphia. Within Australidelphia, Dromiciops is the sister-taxon to a monophyletic Australasian clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Marsupial Species Identification
    G Model FSIGSS-793; No. of Pages 2 Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series xxx (2011) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/FSIGSS Australian marsupial species identification a, b,e c,d d d Linzi Wilson-Wilde *, Janette Norman , James Robertson , Stephen Sarre , Arthur Georges a ANZPAA National Institute of Forensic Science, Victoria, Australia b Museum Victoria, Victoria, Australia c Australian Federal Police, Australian Capital Territory, Australia d University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia e Melbourne University, Victoria, Australia A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Wildlife crime, the illegal trade in animals and animal products, is a growing concern and valued at up to Received 10 October 2011 US$20 billion globally per year. Australia is often targeted for its unique fauna, proximity to South East Accepted 10 October 2011 Asia and porous borders. Marsupials of the order Diprotodontia (including koala, wombats, possums, gliders, kangaroos) are sometimes targeted for their skin, meat and for the pet trade. However, species Keywords: identification for forensic purposes must be underpinned by robust phylogenetic information. A Species identification Diprotodont phylogeny containing a large number of taxa generated from nuclear and mitochondrial Forensic data has not yet been constructed. Here the mitochondrial (COI and ND2) and nuclear markers (APOB, DNA IRBP and GAPD) are combined to create a more robust phylogeny to underpin a species identification COI Barcoding method for the marsupial order Diprotodontia. Mitochondrial markers were combined with nuclear Diprotodontia markers to amplify 27 genera of Diprotodontia.
    [Show full text]
  • A Species-Level Phylogenetic Supertree of Marsupials
    J. Zool., Lond. (2004) 264, 11–31 C 2004 The Zoological Society of London Printed in the United Kingdom DOI:10.1017/S0952836904005539 A species-level phylogenetic supertree of marsupials Marcel Cardillo1,2*, Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds3, Elizabeth Boakes1,2 and Andy Purvis1 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, U.K. 2 Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, U.K. 3 Lehrstuhl fur¨ Tierzucht, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany (Accepted 26 January 2004) Abstract Comparative studies require information on phylogenetic relationships, but complete species-level phylogenetic trees of large clades are difficult to produce. One solution is to combine algorithmically many small trees into a single, larger supertree. Here we present a virtually complete, species-level phylogeny of the marsupials (Mammalia: Metatheria), built by combining 158 phylogenetic estimates published since 1980, using matrix representation with parsimony. The supertree is well resolved overall (73.7%), although resolution varies across the tree, indicating variation both in the amount of phylogenetic information available for different taxa, and the degree of conflict among phylogenetic estimates. In particular, the supertree shows poor resolution within the American marsupial taxa, reflecting a relative lack of systematic effort compared to the Australasian taxa. There are also important differences in supertrees based on source phylogenies published before 1995 and those published more recently. The supertree can be viewed as a meta-analysis of marsupial phylogenetic studies, and should be useful as a framework for phylogenetically explicit comparative studies of marsupial evolution and ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Parasitology in Australia: Past, Present and Future
    CSIRO PUBLISHING Australian Journal of Zoology, 2018, 66, 286–305 Review https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO19017 Wildlife parasitology in Australia: past, present and future David M. Spratt A,C and Ian Beveridge B AAustralian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. BVeterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic. 3030, Australia. CCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Ba3444 MAMMAL BOOKLET FINAL.Indd
    Intot Obliv i The disappearing native mammals of northern Australia Compiled by James Fitzsimons Sarah Legge Barry Traill John Woinarski Into Oblivion? The disappearing native mammals of northern Australia 1 SUMMARY Since European settlement, the deepest loss of Australian biodiversity has been the spate of extinctions of endemic mammals. Historically, these losses occurred mostly in inland and in temperate parts of the country, and largely between 1890 and 1950. A new wave of extinctions is now threatening Australian mammals, this time in northern Australia. Many mammal species are in sharp decline across the north, even in extensive natural areas managed primarily for conservation. The main evidence of this decline comes consistently from two contrasting sources: robust scientifi c monitoring programs and more broad-scale Indigenous knowledge. The main drivers of the mammal decline in northern Australia include inappropriate fi re regimes (too much fi re) and predation by feral cats. Cane Toads are also implicated, particularly to the recent catastrophic decline of the Northern Quoll. Furthermore, some impacts are due to vegetation changes associated with the pastoral industry. Disease could also be a factor, but to date there is little evidence for or against it. Based on current trends, many native mammals will become extinct in northern Australia in the next 10-20 years, and even the largest and most iconic national parks in northern Australia will lose native mammal species. This problem needs to be solved. The fi rst step towards a solution is to recognise the problem, and this publication seeks to alert the Australian community and decision makers to this urgent issue.
    [Show full text]