The Case of Youth in Kibra Constituency, Nairobi County

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE KENYAN YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN VOLUNTEERING: THE CASE OF YOUTH IN KIBRA CONSTITUENCY, NAIROBI COUNTY

OCHIENG JACOB OCHOLA

UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY – AFRICA

SUMMER 2020

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE KENYAN YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN FORMAL VOLUNTEERING: THE CASE OF YOUTH IN KIBRA CONSTITUENCY, NAIROBI COUNTY

OCHIENG JACOB OCHOLA

A Research Project Report Submitted to the Chandaria School of Business in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Science in Organizational Development (MOD)

UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY – AFRICA

SUMMER 2020

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to any other college, institution or university other than the United States International University – Africa for academic credit

Signed: ______Date: ______

Ochieng Jacob Ochola (ID 624362)

This project has been presented for examination with my approval as the appointed supervisor:

Signed: ______Date: ______

Dr. Eric Kibet (PhD)

Signed: ______Date: ______

Dean, Chandaria School of Business

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence Kenyan youth’s participation in volunteering. The specific objectives that guided this research were to identify the socio-cultural factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering, to explore the economic factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering and to identify the political factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering.

The study adopted the use of a cross-sectional descriptive research design. The target population for this research study was 36,078 youth spread across the five wards (Makina, Kianda, Katwikira, Laini Saba, Lindi) that constitute Kibra Constituency. The age demographic of interest was 18 – 24 and a sample size of 151 youth was arrived at using the cluster sampling technique. The researcher clustered the population into five groups that reflected the five wards that comprised the constituency. Systematic sampling was applied in each cluster in order to select respondents in each group. The type of data that was used for this study was primary data and was collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics which included standard deviation, mean, percentages and frequency tables. Inferential statistical tools such as regression analysis, analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation test were employed by the researcher. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and was presented using tables and figures.

With the aid of Pearson’s correlation analysis, the study found that there was a moderate relationship, and positive linear correlation between socio-cultural factors and youth’s decision to get involved in volunteering. The study revealed that that young people are more attracted to volunteering activities organized by their church/mosque. This research found that religious organizations play a leading role in stimulating youth participation in volunteering.

As pertains to economic factors, Pearson’s correlation analysis determined that there was a moderate relationship, and positive linear corelation between youth participation in volunteering and economic factors. The study revealed that young people look at iv

volunteering as a stepping stone to employment. This research showed that career progression is a significant motivator in getting young people involved in volunteering.

This study established that there was a weak, but positive correlation between political factors and youth participation in volunteering using Pearson’s correlation analysis. The study found that youth will actively volunteer their time in activities organized by their political party. This research revealed that political party affiliations are influential in swaying youth participation in volunteering.

This research concluded that socio-cultural, economic and political factors do indeed have an impact on influencing youth to get involved in volunteering. It was noteworthy that political factors registered the highest impact on volunteering decisions among the youth in this study with socio-cultural and economic factors ranking second and third respectively. Strong political party persuasions and a robust commitment to party causes were found to be reasons that elevated political factors above the other two. Nevertheless, Socio-cultural and economic factors were still found to have a statistically significant impact on youth’s decision to volunteer and therefore volunteer involving organizations would do well to take heed to them as there exisits a demographic of youth for whom these two factors are seminal.

The study recommended further investigation into the moderating factors that influence youth participation in volunteering with regard to socio-cultural, economic and political factors. Moreover, longitudinal research was further recommended in order to gauge the impact of these factors over an extended period of time. The youth that were represented in this study reside in low income communities and it is therefore recommended that similar studies be conducted among youth from a different socio-economic background.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to the Almighty God for the endurance and resilience He has given me to pursue this research project. I acknowledge my supervisor, Dr. Eric Kibet, for his availability and studious support in preparing this report.

May God Bless you.

DEDICATION

I dedicate this research project report to my family and friends

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STUDENT’S DECLARATION ...... ii

ABSTRACT ...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vi

DEDICATION ...... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii

LIST OF TABLES ...... xi

LIST OF FIGURES ...... xii

CHAPTER ONE ...... 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ...... 5

1.3 General Objective ...... 6

1.4 Specific Objectives ...... 7

1.5 Significance of Study ...... 7

1.6 Scope of Study ...... 8

1.7 Definition of Terms ...... 8

1.8 Chapter summary ...... 10

CHAPTER TWO ...... 11

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 11

2.1 Introduction ...... 11

2.2 Socio-Cultural Factors that Influence Youth Participation in Volunteering ...... 11

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2.3 Economic Factors that Influence Youth Participation in Volunteering ...... 16

2.4 Political Factors that Influence Youth Participation in Volunteering ...... 21

2.5 Chapter Summary ...... 24

CHAPTER THREE ...... 26

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 26

3.1 Introduction ...... 26

3.2 Research Design ...... 26

3.3 Population and Sampling Design ...... 26

3.4 Data Collection Methods ...... 29

3.5 Research Procedure ...... 30

3.6 Data Analysis Methods ...... 32

3.7 Chapter Summary ...... 33

CHAPTER FOUR ...... 34

4.0 RESULTS AND FINDINGS ...... 34

4.1 Introduction ...... 34

4.2 Response & Background Information ...... 34

4.3 Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Youth volunteering Decisions ...... 42

4.4 Impact of Economic Factors on Youth Volunteering Decisions ...... 46

4.5 Impact of Political Factors on Youth Volunteering Decisions ...... 50

4.6 Chapter Summary ...... 54

CHAPTER FIVE ...... 55

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 55

5.1 Introduction ...... 55

5.2 Summary ...... 55

5.3 Discussion ...... 56

5.4 Conclusions ...... 62

5.5 Recommendations ...... 62

REFERENCES ...... 65

APPENDICES ...... 78

Appendix I: Introductory Letter ...... 78

Appendix II: Research Questionnaire ...... 79

Appendix III: Introduction letter ...... 84

Appendix IV: Research Permit ...... 85

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Population Distribution………………………………………………………………... 27

Table 3.2: Sample Size Distribution……………………………………………………………….29

Table 3.3: Cronbach Reliability Analysis……………………………………………………….....31

Table 4.1: Response Rate per Ward……………………………………………………………..... 35

Table 4.2: Rating of Socio-Cultural Factors………….…...……………………………………… 43

Table 4.3: Correlation between Socio-Cultural Factors & Youth Volunteering……………….…..44

Table 4.4: Regression between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering………………....44

Table 4.5: ANOVA between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering……….…..……….45

Table 4.6: Coefficients (Socio-Cultural Factors & Youth Volunteering)………...... ……….……. 45

Table 4.7: Rating of Economic Factors …...... 47

Table 4.8: Correlation Matrix Between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering…...….…….. 48

Table 4.9: Regression between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering….…………....…….. 48

Table 4.10: ANOVA between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering……...... …….…….. .49

Table 4.11: Coefficients (Economic Factors & Youth Volunteering)……………….....………… 49

Table 4.12: Rating of Political Factors…………………………………………………...……….. 51

Table 4.13: Correlation Matrix between Political Factors and Youth Volunteering……………... 52

Table 4.14: Regression between Political Factors and Youth Volunteering…...... ……….…….. 52

Table 4.15: ANOVA between Political Factors and Youth Volunteering ………………………...53

Table 4.16: Coefficients (Political Factors and Youth Volunteering) …………...……………..... 53

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1: Age of Respondent………………………………………………………………….....36

Figure 4.2: Gender of Respondent………………………………...……………………………….37

Figure 4.3: Ward of Residence….………………………………………………………………….38

Figure 4.4: Length of Stay in Kibra Constituency………………………………………………... 39

Figure 4.5: Highest Level of Education……………………...…………………………………… 40

Figure 4.6: Occupation of Respondent……………………………………………………………. 41

Figure 4.7 Volunteering History of Respondent…...... 42

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Volunteering is defined as any act of service conducted by an individual without coercion and expectation of payment for the benefit of others (Leigh, 2011). The Centre for Social Development in Africa goes on to classify volunteering into two categories where formal volunteering is any act of service that takes place within the structures of an organization while informal volunteering takes place outside the formal confines of an institution (Lauren, 2013). Notably, the term “volunteering” was hitherto not always found in all cultures according to Lesley, Ram, & Femida (2010). The afforementioned researchers intimated that Russia, for example did not always have an exact word to refer to the act of volunteering as provided above.

Over time, definitions have evolved but there is broad consensus that the two categories provided above are sufficiently inclusive. Informal volunteering requires no supervision by an organization whereas formal volunteering comes hand in hand with stipulated terms, conditions and deliverables that govern the volunteer relationship between the volunteer and the host organization as spelt out in studies by Einolf, Prouteau, Nehzina & Ibrayeva (2016). The European Union asserts this defintion by acknowledging that volunteering can indeed legitimately take place both within and without formal structures of an organization (European Commission, 2011).

Societies around the world have used volunteering as a powerful tool for development (Fry & Aaron, 2013). It has been used to promote social cohesion in societies that struggle with cross-cultural conflict by sending volunteers to live in and experience cultures other than ones own (Caprara, 2012). In the area of health, community health volunteers have been deployed to deliver health interventions in hard to reach areas (Mirkuzie, 2018). On matters pertaining to sports, volunteers have played pivotal roles in delivering landmark sporting events like the London 2012 Olympic games (Shushu, 2018). The examples listed

above illustrate that societies that have been quick to harness the power inherent in volunteering have reaped economic, social and political dividends.

Youth participation in volunteering has registered a sharp increase globally over the past 10 years (Grandi, 2018). The United States of America, for instance, registered record numbers of Americans participating in volunteer activities in the year 2018 (Corporation for National and Community Service, 2018). Volunteering was institutionalized in the United States of America in 1961 when the government launched the American Peace Corps to provide volunteering opportunities for Americans (Congressional Research Service, 2019). For over 58 years, the volunteering industry in the United States of America has continued to develop and that may explain why one sees a large number of Americans involved in volunteering presently. The report further outlines the breadth of sectors where volunteers are placed through the peace corps, ranging from Agriculture and Education to Health and the enviornment among others. With regard to volunteer stations, we are informed that American volunteers have the choice of volunteering within the United States of America as well as outside the country. Opportunities abound for those who want to volunteer. The economic contribution of volunteers to the U.S economy, according to the stood at a staggering 167 billion dollars, delivered by 77.4 million Americans (Corporation for National and Community Service, 2018). Such astronomical figures may be attributable to how long volunteering has been institutionalized in America.

The United Kingdom has benefited from a long standing history of formal volunteering. For over 60 years, indegnious British Organizations such as the Voluntary Service Oversees that was started in 1958 have played a pioneering role in stimulating interest in formal volunteering among U.K citizens (Voluntary Service Overseas, 2018). The office for national statistics in the United Kingdom noted a growing appreciation in volunteering among the age demograghic ranging between 16 – 24 (Office for National Statistics, 2017). We are further informed by the author that the availability of more free time among this group was a key contributor behind this spike. This certainly provides very valuable information to a researcher as one begins to see that the youth in this country consider volunteering as a veritable option to occupy ones self during their free time.

The economic value of volunteers to the British economy stood at 23 billion pounds in the year 2014 (Office for National Statistics, 2017). When one traces back to when volunteering began being streamlined into the psyche of British nationals, one finds It is for this reason perhaps, that we can see such a robust GDP contribution by volunteers to the economy of the United Kingdom.

In Asia, countries like China are seeing the emergence of stronger volunteering infrastrucutre and formal volunteering opportunities but this comes attached with a lot of state influence (Grandi, 2018). Moreover, the youth league of the Chinese Communist Party has been deliberate in recruiting young people into its volunteer program (Xu, 2011). India on the other hand has a unique history with informal volunteering as charitable acts were always part and parcel of their religion as was found by Elias, Sudhir & Mehrotra (2016). However, the article continues to advise that formal volunteering only began to take root post independence especially in the 1980’s. The Indian Government has then gone on to lend support to building national infrastructure to support volunteers like the India Online Volunteering Service (United Nations, 2017).

In Africa, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies laments at a scarcity of information on volunteering activity among the youth in Africa (Smith & Hazeldine, 2015). This is largely attributable to the fact that 86% of volunteering in Africa takes place informally and is consequently difficult to monitor (Lough, 2018). The sheer breadth and volume of informal volunteer activities that take place within the traditional African community makes it difficult to monitor these activities. The introduction of a cash stipend to volunteers in Africa has played a pivotal role in encouraging data collection and accurate monitoring of volunteer activity within the continent as was reported by Sandy, Daniel, Andrew & Yasemin (2012). The report demonstrated that a partnership between formal volunteers deployed by an organization and informal volunteers that operate at the local level was vital to the success of community programs.

Historically, informal volunteering has always been part and parcel of how African communities have been organized (Caprara, 2012). The South African philosophy of Ubuntu, for example, or “boithaopo” from Botswana that advocate for interdependence and community service illustrates how informal volunteering was embedded in the 3

formation of communities in Africa as was argued by Graham, Patel, Marianne, Jacqueline and Eddy (2013). Whereas to the common eye it may appear as random acts of charity whose impact may be difficult to aggregate, undergirding this informal system is a concrete set of principles and guidelines that inform volunteer behaviour. Nevertheless, because these activities are scarcely recorded, one may be inclined to believe that Africans do not volunteer.

A study in Senegal brings this to sharp focus indicating that 81.2% of senegalese indicated that they were involved in volunteering but only 15.7% did so formally through civil society organizations (CIVICUS, 2011). This can be attributd to the high level of trust that traditional African society placed in communities rather than organizations. The report further stresses that informal volunteering would normally take place between families or members within the same community. Studies posit that volunteering in Africa was hisorically driven by the inter-dependent dynamics that constitute African communities as was reported by Leila, Helene, Salah & Rene (2007). The fragility of life in low income communities made informal volunteering necessary for survival.

The African Union Youth Volunteer Corps has attempted to institutionalize formal volunteering across the African continent. Member states consented to the formation of national volunteering programs that would play the role of incentivizing and main streaming formal volunteering opportunities (African Union, 2012). In addition to this the Economic Community of West African States have proactively continued to provide formal volunteering opportunities for African youth within their region (ECOWAS, 2016). Nevertheless, the African Union in the aformentioned report highlights lethargy among member states in developing formal volunteering opportunities for the youth in their countries.

In South Africa, a report developed by the South African Government reported that 2.2 million South Africans were involved in volunteer work in the year 2014 (Republic of South Africa, 2015). The report records that this reflects an increase from 1.3 million in the year 2010. Findings from the report showed that 65.4% volunteered informally while the rest volunteered pursued formal volunteering options through organizations. This reflected a 10% decrease among those that volunteered formally when compared to the year 2010. 4

Whereas the national youth service in South Africa has made great strides in changing perceptions around formal volunteering more work remains yet to be done (David, 2012).

The Kenyan Government has made notable attempts at institutionalizing volunteering by the formation of a national volunteering program (Government of Kenya, 2015). Over a span of four years since inception in 2014, this national effort has recruited a total of 2,000 volunteers that were deployed in various communities around the country. Unfortunately however, only 26% of volunteers in Kenya are between the ages of 18 – 24 (Gichuki, 2017). Consequently, this research endeavored to investigate what are the factors that influence Kenyan youth’s participation in volunteering.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The problem that this research sought to address is the knowledge gap around volunteering patterns among the youth in Kenya. The Kenyan Government, through its volunteerism policy document laments that the scarcity of data around volunteering in Kenya has made it difficult to provide the industry with the requisite support it needs to grow (Government of Kenya, 2015). Youth unemployment figures of 22% in Kenya press home the urgent need to invest in research that would guide the development of a volunteering industry that is attractive to the youth and responsive to the factors that influence their participation in volunteering (Nicole, 2017). A report published by the State Department for Social Protection in Kenya went on to emphasize that volunteer activity within the country has largely remained undocumented (Gichuki, 2018). As a consequence, the government lacks a substantive body of research to use in the formation of legislation that would incentivize youth participation. Regulation on volunteer stipends for example are some of the laws that have made volunteering attractive in Europe (European Commission, 2011).

Community health volunteers form an integral component of the health ecosystem in rural Kenya (Kisia, 2012). Organizations lament at the lack of adequate research in this area citing complaints from “hidden”volunteers that are found at the village level that act as proxies to registered community health workers as was reported by Natalie, David, Wim, Donela, & Emmanuelle (2015). Moreover, studies posit that young people in rural Kenya are emerging as key resource people in nursing ailing parents (Ruth, Steven, Flavia &

Janet, 2018). They often fall in the category of “hidden volunteers” as a lot of the nursing care they provide at the homestead level goes unrecorded. The absence of sufficient research about the characteristics of this young “hidden”volunteer makes it difficult for public health officials to design support structures that can support and mainstream the efforts of these youth. Furthermore, without custom built incentives for these young people, organizations are unable to co-opt the youth in other families with sick parents to form a robust volunteer network to support the health system in rural Kenya.

As a component of Kenya’s Vision 2030, sport has been leveraged as a tool to provide youth with a source for employment (Ezekiel, 2014). Unfortunately however, this strategic document fails to appreciate the unique importance of sports in driving forward the agenda of volunteering among the youth. Comparative studies in South Africa highlight the pivotal role that Government led sports volunteering opportunities can play in supporting the development of youth and sports (Human & Graam, 2013). Whereas the energies of young people find refuge in sports, local research is yet to unearth what factors would be key in keeping young people within the structure of a sports volunteering program.

This research sought to investigate the factors that influence youth participation in volunteering. The rate of unemployment among the youth in Kenya exceeds those of any other age demographic (Onsomu, 2014). Volunteering has the unique potential and capacity of re-directing the energies of young people from the clutches of unemployment to community development efforts (Beckert & Harris, 2019). The need for research on youth volunteering remains pressing as it is through such data that organizations can design volunteering programs that are attractive to the youth. Whereas preliminary efforts have been made by the Kenyan Government in growing the volunteering industry, the scarcity of scientific data around volunteering in Kenya has stunted this growth (Smith, 2015).

1.3 General Objective

The general objective of this study was to determine the factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering within Kibra Constituency, Nairobi County.

1.4 Specific Objectives

1.4.1 To identify the socio-cultural factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering 1.4.2 To explore the economic factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering 1.4.3 To identify the political factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering

1.5 Significance of Study 1.5.1 The Kenyan Government

The results from this study will provide the Government of Kenya with findings that can be used in the development of youth friendly legislature that incentivizes young people to get involved in volunteering. By understanding the considerations that young people make when deciding whether or not to volunteer, the Government of Kenya will be able to develop laws and policies that are responsive to the needs of its youth. These laws will consequently lift the profile of volunteering in Kenya and introduce standards in volunteer management that will attract the attention of the youth. The responsibility of managing a country’s youth is an important duty of Government. The findings of this study will help government develop youth engagement strategies that will co-opt the energies of young people in nation building.

1.5.2 Donors

This study will provide the donor community with insight on how to curate their monitoring and evaluation strategies to suit the African volunteering landscape. The vast difference that this study highlights between formal and informal volunteering is a game changer for the donor community in recalibrating the metrics it uses to measure volunteering activity in Africa. The cross-cultural differences in approach to volunteering that are highlighted in this study paves the way for a collaborative approach in volunteer management between donors and community partners. This collaborative approach will ensure that the goals that are set by donors are realistic and sensitive to local realities.

1.5.3 Volunteer Involving Organizations

The results of this study will be useful in furnishing volunteer involving organizations with information that they can use in designing their programs. The ability to attract young people and retain them in volunteer programs is dependent on the extent to which organizations understand the concerns of young people. The investigations conducted by this study on these concerns will go a long way towards informing decisions that will prevent high volunteer attrition rates and low volunteer recruitment numbers in Volunteer Involving Organizations.

1.5.4 Public Policy Think Tanks

The findings from this study will provide useful statistical data to public policy think tanks to use as a basis for further exploratory research. The development of theoretical frameworks is an endeavor that is data intensive. The detailed investigation pursued by this research will provide public policy think tanks with requisite quality data upon which they can anchor theoretical frameworks around the topic of youth and volunteering. These frameworks will provide policy makers with a structured lens through which they can understand volunteering patterns among youth in Kenya.

1.6 Scope of Study

This research focused on Kibra Constituency in Nairobi County and the target population was the 18 – 24 age demographic. Data for this study was collected over the span of a five week period commencing 19th March 2020. One of the limitations that the researcher anticipated was that respondents would expect to be paid to fill in the questionnaire. Towards that end, the researcher recruited research assistants that were popular and respected enough to prevent such questions. The second limitation that was anticipated was skepticism and fatigue among the youth for researchers. The researcher consequently organized a one day training for the research assistants on how to respond to such perceptions that proved instrumental in building rapport and trust among respondents.

1.7 Definition of Terms 1.7.1 Factor

The term factor speaks to an item or situation that has an influence on a variable (Simpson, 2019). It can also be referred to as the variable that explains a change in a specific study of interest (Wolfe, 2019). Scholars further add that the term factor can be used to refer to the independent variables that are manipulated by a researcher to influence the dependent variable as was argued by Hair, William, Barry & Rolph (2010).

1.7.2 Youth

The Government of Kenya defines youth as referring to the age bracket of 18 – 34 years (Government of Kenya, 2018). Any persons within this age demographic is acknowledged as a youth by the Government of Kenya.

1.7.3 Volunteering

The act of giving ones time in service to community without compulsion or the expectation of financial compensation (United Nations, 2011). This defintion is inclusive of whether this act of service takes place within the formal structures of an organization (Taniguchi, 2012) or without service outside the confines of an institution (Lauren, 2013).

1.7.4 Socio-Cultural Factor

This refers to the category of items limited to a specific culture and society that influence behaviour (Apsalone, 2015). Scholars add that these refer to the behavioural patterns of people within a community based on their social class and cultural beliefs and practices (Walter, 2005).

1.7.5 Economic Factor

These speak to the variables that determine the flow of money within an economy (Mankiw, 2011). Economists classify economic factors into two categories namely micro- economic that focuses on the economic behaviour of individuals and businesses and macro-economic that explain the behaviour of an entire country’s economy (Greenlaw, 2017).

1.7.6 Political Factor

These refer to a combination of actions by Governments and politicians that influence behaviour (Cuadrado, Isabel & Jose, 2013). They include, but are not limited to, policy, legislation and activity within a country’s political environment.

1.8 Chapter Summary

This chapter has provided an introduction and background to this study. It laid out the objectives that guided the researcher and proceeded to outline the scope of the study as well as the significance of this undertaking. Chapter two focused on reviewing the literature available on each of the objectives that have been identified in this chapter. Chapter three provided a detailed presentation of the research methodology adopted by this researcher for this study. Chapter four presented the results and findings generated from this research. Chapter five provided a detailed discussion on the findings from the research, conclusion and recommendations.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction This chapter focuses on reviewing literature on the political, economic and social factors that influence youth participation in volunteering. It explores arguments that have been presented on each of the aforementioned objectives with the view of gaining in-depth knowledge of barriers and incentives that affect youth participation in volunteering.

2.2 Socio-Cultural Factors that Influence Youth Participation in Volunteering

These refer to the extent that certain beliefs, traditions and practices affect participation in volunteering among different categories of youth (Walter, 2019). The impact of social norms and attitudes on behavior is indeed profound according to Fang, Eric, Ching & Ming (2017). The social roles theory, for example, argues that behaviour across genders is influenced by the cultural norms, beliefs and responsibilites imputed by society to each gender (Rachel & Beth, 2015). Socio-cultural factors ranging from gender and religion to education, age and health represent some of the major socio-cultural influences on youth participation in volunteering. A study in the United Kingdom, for example, revealed that the sick and disabled report some of the lowest volunteering rates (European Union, 2010). The study went on to highlight that 25% of respondents in the research indicated that religion was a key determining factor in deciding whether to get involved in service. As will be evidenced in the following examples, socio-cultural factors do indeed have a massive influence on youth volunteering.

2.2.1 Societal Gender Roles among Youth

The role of the woman, as viewed in traditional African societies is seen as being restricted to the home and this has acted as a barrier to their involvement in volunteer activities outside their home (United Nations, 2019). The report went on to argue that the sheer volume of responsibility that women have in the home takes up so much of their time that they have little opportunity to engage in anything else, let alone volunteering. By contrast, 11

women in developed economies like the United Kingdom experience fewer restrictions and consequently recorded more volunteering hours than their male counterparts in the year 2014 (Office for National Statistics, 2017). A similar report in the United States of America echoed these same views where women recorded higher volunteer numbers in comparison to men (Buereau of labour statistics, 2016). The researcher is quick to add that the male to female ratios may vary depending on the type of volunteer activity being pursued. Other factors that may influence the male to female ratio are the race of the individual, the age and academic background.

Further studies in the area of gender influences on volunteering added new dimension to this topic indicating that females tend to make their decision on whether to volunteer based on their affinity with the people within the organizations and whether there is a sense of community (Wymer, 2011). Men by contrast, are more attracted by organizations that are efficient, effective and with structures that are purposeful. To corroborate this argument, another piece of research suggested that men are more likely to pursue volunteer opportunites that utilize their proffessional competencies while women would gravitate towards social causes or issues that touch at the heart of the social fabric of a society (McKenzie & Sarah, 2014). Consequently, one begins to see that gender not only impacts ones decision to volunteer, but it also influences which organizations one pursues these opportunities.

This school of throught is anchored on the social role theory that suggests each gender is assigned a pre-determined set of roles, responsibilities and expectations by society (Rachel, 2015). Some of the examples that are given in support of this argument are that because men are expected to be more aggressive and competitive, they will most likely look for volunteering opportunities that allow them to satisfy those needs. Females, by contrast are expected to be more nurturing and compassionate and as a result would be drawn to volunteering opportunities that they feel most empathetic towards. Looking at the African context, the United Nations has taken a very deliberate role in reducing restrictions on women to volunteer in West Africa (United Nations, 2019).

2.2.2 Religious Persuasions among Youth

Historically, acts of charity and service in Asian communities were predominantly informed by their Religious beliefs (Kirmani & Zaidi, 2010). The aforementioned report continues to explain that religious beliefs advocated that service and charity were appropriate responses to challenges facing people in the community. The inclination to give back to society, another report echoed is great among the religious community (Yao, 2015). Among the Christian fraternity, service to community forms an integral component of its doctrine (Johnston, 2013). Furthermore, whereas the desire to serve may be influenced by the tenets of doctrine, the study argues that preference is given to causes that are in line with ones religious beliefs. For example, a charity that seeks to help pregnant women procure abortions may not be widely popular among the Christian community in a particular area and as a result may not attract as many volunteers.

Other studies bring new perspectives to this debate arguing that in some instances, it is not ones religious convictions that pushes one to volunteer, but rather the number of people within the religious network that actually volunteer (MacGregor, 2012). If one finds themselves in a congregation or a church ministry that has a great propensity to volunteer, the study argues that one will consequently be driven to volunteer even in areas that are not necessarily of strong conviction to the individual. This point of view is further reiterated by perspectives that emphasize that Church congregations or religious networks have a stronger ability to convert its members from empathetic thinkers to action oriented volunteers (Merino, 2013). Furthermore, this research extends this argument by adding that if a non-religious person is in a network of religious people that volunteer, the peer pressure within the network would push them to offer themselves for volunteering opportunities (MacGregor, 2012). Therefore, the point that is being pointed out pretty strongly from this study is that the strength of the religious network more of an impact on volunteering than the strength of convictions.

Outside the Western Judeo-Christian religions, Asian religious beliefs have also been found to have an impact on volunteering (Shigenori, 2019). Belief in Karma, for example, where good deeds yield good deeds to the doer in the future and bad deeds yield bad deeds to the doer in the future has a positive corelation with volunteering. The study went on to further emphaise that religious activities such as praying tended to develop an empathetic relationship between the person conducting the prayers and community/issue that they are 13

praying about. Therefore, the more one prays for something or someone, the more likely they will be to offer themselves in service to that specific end.

2.2.3 Age Demographic Bias Towards Volunteering

A study conducted by the Office for National Statistics in the United Kingdom noted an increase in volunteer numbers within the age demographic ranging from 16 to 24 (Office for National Statistics, 2017). The rationale presented by the report for the increase was the fact that young people had a greater amount of free time than their older counterparts and the desire to build their resumes were factors behind that spike. By contrast, research findings within this area argued that older folk had a more fully developed sense of civic responsibility and would consequently have a stronger inclination to register themselves as volunteers and record longer volunteer hours (Mitani, 2014). Looking at examples from the East about the spike in youth volunteering, studies report that in excess of 74.6% of Malaysian youth had been involved in volunteering activities as was presented by Jasmin, Turiman, Siti & Ismi (2015).

This upward trend has been observed since the turn of the century where youth volunteer numbers in Canada, for example had almost doubled from 18% - 33% (Jones, 2000). Some of the reasons that have been suggested for the upsurge in volunteering among the youth is the desire to build relationships and the belief that they have the ability to bring change to their society (Yuen, Jin & Helene, 2012). Looking at the state of volunteerism volunteering activities require a greater level of creativity and innovation and one could argue that this could be a contributing factor in making making volunteering more attractive to the youth today (United Nations, 2015). Further down the age spectrum and looking at minors below the age of 12, one will find growing numbers of children who volunteer among those who come from families where the parents have volunteered (Bekkers, 2007).

With regard to the elderly and retirees, some researchers argue that this demograghic registers higher number of volunteer hours in comparison to their younger counterparts (Haski, 2009). Moreover, the researcher went on to indicate that this demograghic tend to gravitate towards religious based volunteering where they volunteer their time in their local 14

church and other church related activities. With regard to what drives them to volunteer, the author suggests that the sense of community and the efficacy that is dervied from community service are major motivators. As one proceeds beyond the age of sixty, the likelihood and frequency of volunteering activity incrementally reduces due to health related factors (Matthews, 2012). The fact that many are retired or widowed are also decisive factors that influence the elderly to volunteer (Edith & Khoo, 2012). Some Eurpoean countries have noted an increase in the number of volunteers above the age of 50 and this has largely been driven by the mental & physical health benefits associated with community involvement (Andrea, 2016). The findings from this study go on to predict the probability of more elderly women than men joining the volunteer fraternity due to longer life spans among the women than men, and consequently, volunteering would be used as a coping mechanism for the widowed.

2.2.4 Perception to Volunteering

Perceptions that youth have on volunteering vary depending on the type of exposure that they have received on matters pertaining to service. A family’s history in volunteering plays a major role in shaping an individual’s perception regarding volunteering (O'Çonnor, 2011). This study reported a positive correlation between a family member’s history in a volunteering activity and the decision by another family member to engage in volunteering. This is further echoed by research findings that argue that children tend to model the behaviour of their parents and therefore, parents who have volunteered are more likely to positively influence their children’s perception regarding volunteering (Bekkers, 2007).

Education has also been found to shape perceptions around volunteering as was argued by Kristine, Toni & Noah (2016). The results of this report went on to highlight that there was a positive relationship between the number of completed years of education and perceptions regarding volunteering. The more educated one is, the report argued, the more inclined they would be to volunteer. This view was corroborated by investigations from the United Kingdom reiterating that ones level of education was a key influencer behind their views around volunteering (McGarvey, 2019). The perception that volunteering provides an avenue for the development of human capital is one that continues to gain traction among the youth (Paine, Mckay & Moro, 2013). The desire to acquire knoweldge, develop

skills and meet new experiences, the author argues are some of the benefits young people perceive can be obtained through volunteering.

Building on this research, findings from another researcher add that young people perceive volunteering activities as opportunities to meet new people and develop friendships (Amanda, 2012). Such a perception could arguably be presented as a compeling reason behind the upsurge of youth particiaption in volunteering activities (Office for National Statistics, 2017). The perception that volunteering helps young people develop social capital continues to grow (Leventhal, 2009). Among the elderly, the perception that volunteering is good for their mental and physical health has gained traction in the western world. The feeling of usefulness that is generated by elderly people as they volunteer has gone a long way towards shfiting perceptions about volunteering among retirees.

2.3 Economic Factors that Influence Youth Participation in Volunteering

Economic factors refer to the impact of finances on youth volunteering (Smith, 2015). The economic factors that will be discussed range from the state of the economy and employment status to disposable income and corruption. The aforementioned report goes on to show that in developing countries, the need for economic survival has seen the introduction of stipends to buttress the financial challenges that youth volunteers face. With regard to the employment, statistics from a study conducted in Canada revealed that employed Canadians reported higher volunteering rates than the unemployed (Crompton, 2012). The contrast however, was that the number of hours recorded by those that were employed were significantly lower than those of the unemployed due to time constrains. One therefore immediately begins to see the impact that one’s employment status can have on volunteering. Financial embezzlement and corruption have an impact on the economic stability of volunteer programs (Hope, 2014). The report asserts that the economic cost that corruption has on development programs are vast ranging from delayed payments to the procurement of inadequate program essentials among others. Economic factors touch at the heart of finances, which is a uniquely sensitive commodity for young people.

2.3.1 State of the Economy

The National Youth Council of Ireland in trying to understand factors that lead youth to volunteer cited that tough economic times in their country precipitated a greater social conscious for those worst hit by the economy (O'Çonnor, 2011). As a result, the study noted an increase in the number of young people enrolled as volunteers as they sought to play a proactive role in helping those worst hit by the economy. By contrast, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies produced a report that one of the primary factors that drive African youth away from volunteering is economic hardship (Smith, 2015). The report further went on to infer that the youth in these societies would rather take on salaried work opportunities rather than unpaid volunteering opportunities.

In the year 2018, 77.4 million Americans took part in volunteer work and were spread across different sectors within the economy (Corporation for National and Community Service, 2018). We are informed that volunteer opportunities were available in sectors ranging from the environment and education to IT, Politics and sport among others. Similarly, the Peace Corps continues to register record number of volunteers, dispatching them into disperate sectors in the economy and one can therefore infer that the more diversified an economy a country has, the greater chance the youth have to find a volunteering opportunity that meets their interest (Peace Corps, 2019). In 2015, a positive corelation was found between economic prosperity and volunteer numbers (Sani, 2015). Arguments presented in the study suggest that because individuals are able to satisfy both their daily needs and wants, they are then left with surpluss resources that they give towards charity. The need for an “8 to 5” job is diminished by the presence of rich parents and trust funds that shield youth from the “burden” of employment, and as a result, the youth are driven by the need for impact to volunteer.

In Japan a researcher went on to reiterate that one of the contributing factors behind the growth of volunteerism in Japan was an individuals’s wealth (AVENELL, 2010). A thriving economy spreads wealth among its citizens and as a result, they are freed from the debilitating burden of making ends meet and can have time to think about and engage in charitable causes. To support this argument, another study reported that individuals who had obtained their wealth through inheritance had a higher proclivity to volunteer (South, 2016). The observation one makes from the aforementioned reports is that when one is relieved from the pressures of having to earn a living, then they have the time and mental

resources to dedicate towards volunteering. Homeownership is largely viewed as a status symbol and a demonstration of financial ability (Thomas, John & Mary, 2010). The aforementioned researcher studied the impact of homeownership on volunteering and found that individuals that owned homes had a greater likelihood of volunteering in the communities in which their homes were located. The research attributed this pattern to the fact that the home owners had a vested interest in the welfare of the community in which they lived and would as a result be more inclined to investing time and skills in making it a better place.

2.3.2 Employment Status

The United Nations Development Program made an observation through a on the Asia Pacific Region that reported unemployment figures at 11% in 2017 and volunteer participation in countries like Nepal and Sri Lanka at over 50% report (Assa, 2019). One finds this information particularly interesting, as one would expect that high employment rates would keep youth away from service. By contrast, a study conducted by the United Kingdom Department for International Development on youth unemployment in Kenya cited volunteering as an attractive option to unemployed youth looking to build work experience (Nicole, 2017). One researcher observed that good volunteering programs provide young people with practial opportunities to develop job specific skills that are be required for industry and the soft skills needed handle proffessional relationships (Paine et al, 2013). Therefore, for unemployed youth in these communities, volunteering becomes an attractive option.

This school of thought is also seen in another study conducted in France where unemployment among the elderly and the youth drove these demograghics into volunteer work (Principi, Jensen & Giovanni, 2014). With regard to under-employment, research suggests that the under-employed are more likely to to volunteer their skills (Long & Brian, 2015). Skill based volunteering is a concept that is beginning to gain traction in the developed economies (Hagen, 2018). Therefore, for the under-employed, volunteering would give them an opportunity to build & refine their skills as an investment for job opportunities in the future. Amongst the employed, differences can be seen in the number of volunteers across various industries and sectors (Wilson & Rotolo, 2006). The research suggests those employed in the public sector are more likely to get involved in volunteer

work in comparison to those in private sector. The reason that is presented for this is the pro-social nature of public work. When looking at self-employed, the study reveals that they are more likely to get involved in volunteer work in comparison to the employed due to the greater control that they have on their schedules.

When studying the entreprenuers, research indicates that those that pursue social entrepreneurship have a higher proclivity to volunteer when compared with those that do not outrightly subscribe to any social justice mission (Cal & Chen, 2017). The desire to create social change has seen social entrepreneurs generously give of their time through volunteering to social causes that they care deeply for. Moreover, further research on the self-employed posits a greater likelihood to volunteer among this demographic due to the fact that they have greater control over their time when compared to their employed counter-parts (Willems, 2017). There is greater latitude to organize their work around volunteer commitments.

2.3.3 Corruption

Youth tolerance for corruption is decreasing (Tengs, 2015). In the volunteer sector bribery and extortionism has creeped into the industry and its impact is felt in procurement, for example where NGO’s falsify receipts and fail to deliver goods intended for vulnerable communities (Transparency International, 2016). According to the report indicated above, youth would rather disengage from serving in such institutions. To echo the above sentiments, another report on corruption and volunteerism argued that the demand for volunteer trips through international volunteering programs was indeed on the increase in the West (Arnulf, 2017). According to the findings in this study, youth looking to volunteer in foreign destinations would often suffer at the hands of extortionist companies that would misrepresent costs for selfish gain and mismange programs and as a result negatively affect the quality of the experience.

In Kampala, Uganda; a world bank report indicated that corruption and embezzlement of funds was one of the key reasons behind the shift in donor attitudes towards NGO’s in the city (Owens & Marcel, 2009). The study argued that donors were growing weary of misapproproiation of relief funds by the governemnt and were exploring alternitave routes to getting their resources to the people in need. This has had a negative impact on the capacity of programs to engage and accommodate volunteers or the community in

constructuve volunteer work. Similarly in Tanzania, one of the issues that emerged in a HIV/AIDS program that engaged community based workers as volunteers was the prevalence of corruption in the distribution of food to people living with HIV/AIDS (Jelke, Anna & Frances, 2011). The study highlighted that disbursement of food would be done contrary to pre-determined procedures that guide selection of beneficiaries. Volunteers would collude with select members of the community thereby jeopardizing the achievement of donor objectives. Collusion in resource allocation is one of the major areas of corruption seen in the area of development (Berrios, 2010).

Experiences from teaching assistant volunteers in Kenya paint an unfortunate picture about the impact of corruption on the volunteering industry in Kenya (Farndale, 2009). The account highlights cautionery tales of the theft and misappropriation of resources sent by well wishers to support volunteers in the Kenyan education sector. This account corrborates reports of an excess of 100 million shillings that were stolen under the guise of paying stipends to volunteers in the Kenyan Governemet’s volunteering scheme (Ollinga, 2015). In the year 2010, the United States Government put on hold its funding to Kenya for free primary education due to reports of widespread embezzlement of funds (Hope, 2014). The United Kingdom similarly put a temporary freeze on its funding to Kenya due to the disappearance of funds in excess of 700,000 pounds (Burgis, 2010). Such cases tarnish a country’s reputation within the donor community.

The economic impact of this is a diminished, cautious and restricted access to donor funds for development projects such as volunteer programs. Constant reports of corruption and the growing need for donors to expend inordinate ammounts of their time and resources to guard against embezzlement have been found to lead to donor fatigue according to Monika, Nicholas & Naghmeh (2013). Under-financed volunteer programs struggle to attract competent staff and incentivize youth to get involved in volunteering. Corruption indicators intimate that corruption levels in Kenya are on the increase (Transparency International, 2019). Nevertheless, whereas such reports may paint a hopeless picture about corruption in the country, it asserts that there is an emerging group of young Kenyans who are keen on pursuing a proactive fight against this vice. Consequently, volunteer programs, especially those run by the national government would be approached with a heightened level of vigilance.

2.4 Political Factors that Influence Youth Participation in Volunteering

The impact of politics on volunteering has grown to become a matter of great importance today (Lewis & Picken, 2015). The political factors that will be discussed in this section range from legislation and political stability to global conventions and regional political unions. A research conducted in Southern Africa revealed that the lack of policy in the area of volunteering has had incredible impact on volunteering in the region (Leila, 2007). Until the year 2015 (Guchiki, 2018), did the politics around volunteering change in Kenya. The role that politics plays in defining what volunteering is, and guidelines on how to handle volunteers plays a fundamental role in protecting the rights of youth that decide to volunteer. A space without legislation and government protection is easily susceptible to abuse.

2.4.1 Legislation

The impact of legislation in providing a legal framework through which volunteers can be engaged is indeed vital (Volunteurope, 2018). In Europe, for example, the report informs us that one of the major ways that legislation has advanced volunteering is by providing a legal definition of what volunteering is; and guidance on how to support volunteers at their respective volunteer stations. Youth, therefore benefit from legal protection from exploitation as volunteers. Furthermore, across the Eurpoean Union, the harmonization of laws & policies among the European Union member states has gone a long way towards facilitating the growth of volunteering across Europe. European volunteers are consequently able to pursue volunteer opportunities across the entire body of European Union member states without travel and visa restrictions.

Similarly, countries in West Africa under the auspices of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have harmonized their policies to encourage youth among their 15 member states to volunteer their time and skills in the rebuilding of the countries that have been ravaged by war (United Nations Volunteer Program, 2013). Such policies have seen record numbers of volunteers enroll and deployed across member states. The violence and harassment convention of 2019 (International Labour Organization, 2019) provides international legal protection for volunteers that work in countries that are party to this treaty. Therefore, for states that do not enforce the laws as enshrined in the

convention, citizens have the opportunity to seek international legal redress. Such type of protection goes a long way towards smoothening the volunteer experience in hostile countries.

A study in Japan proceeded to highlight that the government has been very proactive in shaping policy around volunteering in high priority areas for the government (AVENELL, 2010). These policies went a long way towards facilitating financial and material support for volunteer groups whose area of focus supported the government’s agenda. By contrast, France’s experience has been different as despite the proactivity by government in creating laws aimed at stimulating interest in volunteering among the elderly, the public perception of elderly does not recognize the usefulness and utility of this demograghic (Principi, 2014). Therefore in this instance, the availability of legislation has not had a positive effect on stimulating volunteering among this demograghic.

With further regard to policy, the United Kingdom government’s policy to increase public spending was found to have a positive corelation with volunteer enrollment (Bartels, 2013). Therefore in this instance, the more the government spends, the higher the number of people that will volunteer. The rationale behind this argument is that government spending goes a long way towards funding volunteer infrastrucutre, providing stipends etc. which in turn makes volunteering easy to engage in. Unfortunately, the scene in Africa is indeed different as one report laments that the lack of legal infrastrucutre has hindered the growth of volunteerism in Kenya (Guchiki, 2018). He cites that whereas the spirit of service and charity has always been part and parcel of the fabric of Kenyan society, the lack of laws to help formalize volunteering has been uniquely absent.

2.4.2 Citizen and State Relationship

One of the more unique arguments that have been put forth as driving factors for youth to get involved in service is the citizen and state relationship (McArthur, 2011). This study proceeds to argue that youth in countries where the government favours high citizen involvement in decision making are more likely to support government innitiatives around healthcare and education by volunteering. Another study revelaed that countries with a poor Citizen and state relationship, where ethicity is high, volunteering organizations are seen as extentions of the state and as a result, volunteering opportunities are distributed according to tribe (Lewis & Picken, 2015). Consequently, the desire to volunteer among

the youth and by extention those from marginalized communities is greatly diminished. Further research in this area observed that in African countries where poverty is rife and people feel ignored by the state, citizens would consequently develop an apathetic view towards helping government meet its social obligations through volunteering (Obadare, 2011).

By contrast, in countries where the government is seen as being constructively proactive in helping the society, goodwill will consequently be generated among its citizens and they would support government through volunteering. A study that looked into volunteering in China went on to find a concerted effort by government to direct youth volunteering activity around political projects (Spires, 2018). One may argue that for youth that are pro- government, this would be a great incentive to serve, but for youth that are against the government’s policies, this would be a great disincentive to volunteer. A researcher on volunteering trends in Africa noted that independent civil society organizations and volunteer programs that developed a warm relationship with government and were proactively aligned with government projects were viewed with scepticism in countries where the citizenry did not trust its government (Graham, 2013). Volunteer enrollment and community participation would reduce either due to rebellion against the government’s agenda or percieved government interference in the organization’s programs. National programs that seek to promote values such as volunteerism and service in countries like Zimbabwe are viewed with scepticism by the citizenry as the relationship between the government and a section of its people has been fractured (David, 2012).

2.4.5 Political Stability

The 2017 elections that were held in Kenya took place amid heightened tension and adverserial political showmanship (Independent Electoral and boundaries commission, 2018). The report further emphasizes that the political environment was supremely polarized and the fear of electoral violence after the election was high. Such conditions present security challenges and as a result act as a deterrent for people looking to volunteer. By contrast, the Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights in a analyzing the German elections in 2017 reported that those elections were largely peaceful report (Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 2017). Such political environments give the impression of security and as a result, the security challenges that

parents of youth looking to volunteer would be confronted with are brought to a minimum. A study on volunteering in Africa argued that countries that had a stable political enviornment like Ghana, for example saw greater collaboration between government and civil society groups that sought to leverage the power of the citizens for social good (Graham, 2013). By contrast, the researcher adds that countries like Zimbabwe that had a more cynical view of the intentions of civil society organizations saw a fractious relationship between government and civil society. As a result, even though citizens may want to engage in volunteer work, the scepticism with which government would view their intentions would be enough to deter youth from engaging in service.

Development volunteerism has seen a growth in the number of Americans pursuing volunteer opportunities in developing countries, some of which have political instability driven by their desire in playing a proactive role in development efforts around the world (Fry, 2013). Such examples illustrate that countries that suffer from political instability may actually be attractive volunteer destinations for a particular group of people. In war torn countries like Siera Leone and Guinea for example, whereas their political environment may be volatile, the sense of community and duty by neighbouring countries within the Economic Community of West African States to help rebuild those countries has seen the growth of volunteer numbers in those countries (United Nations Volunteer Program, 2013).

International organizations such as the Department For International Development set in motion a series of coping mechanisms in the year 2008 that anticipated regime change, electoral violence and political instability in the countries where their programs were run (Department For International Development, 2008). Such measures went a long way towards building into their programs redundancy measures that allowed them maintain their engagement with communities in the countries that they operate. Security allowances, for example are some of the mechanisms that organizations put in place to encourage volunteers to engage in war torn countries.

2.5 Chapter Summary

This chapter focused on examining the various factors that influence youth participation in volunteering. The litereature reviewed narrowed down on socio-cultural, economic and 24

political factors that hold sway with youth when deciding whether or not to volunteer. The next chapter focused on research methodologies that were employed to conduct this study.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on outlining the research methodology adopted for this study. It starts with research design, population and sampling design, then proceeds to data collection, research procedures, and concludes with data analysis methods and a chapter summary.

3.2 Research Design

A research design involves coming up with a structured and systematic plan of collecting and analyzing data that would enable the researcher make considered conclusions from the study that they are carrying out (Akhtar, 2016). This study adopted a descriptive research design because of its effectiveness in using tables, charts, graphs and other numerical measurements to analyse data (Woldendorp, 2016). One of the benefits that the researcher enjoyed by using a descriptive research design is its ability to analyse voluminous swathes of data in a short period of time (Ethridge, 2004). A descriptive research design also allowed the researcher the opportunity to deploy the use of both quantitative & qualitative modes of data collection. A cross-sectional survey design was employed because of its ability to provide the researcher with data from diverse groups that constitute the sample under investigation at a specific point in time (Sedgwick, 2014). Independent variables in research describe the variables that a researcher controls to examine its impact on a specific outcome (Laura, 2014). This outcome is refered to as the dependent variable. For this study, the independent variables under investigation were the socio-cultural, economic and political factors while the dependent variable was youth participation in volunteering.

3.3 Population and Sampling Design 3.3.1 Population

This refers to a collection of all the units/elements of interest under study (Larget, 2011). For this study, the target population was the 36,078 youth residents of Kibra Constituency between the ages of 18 – 24 (Government of Kenya, 2019). This was because the youth in this constituency were routinely involved in vigilante groups in post-election violence and the researcher was interested in finding out to what extent these youth engage in volunteering (Khaoya, 2018). They were spread across the 5 wards of the constituency namely, Makina, Kianda, Katwikira, Laini Saba and Lindi. The population distribution is presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Population Distribution

Ward Number of Youth between Percentage 18 – 24 Years

Makina 7,685 21%

Kianda 8,478 23%

Katwikira 9,596 27%

Laini Saba 5,412 15%

Lindi 4,907 14%

Total 36,078 100%

(Source:, KNBS (2019)

3.3.2 Sampling Design

A sampling design refers to the methods that one adopts in selecting elements from the target population into the sample (Kabir, 2016). The sampling design that was adopted for this study served the purpose of providing the researcher with a structured approach of how to generate their sample. Statisticians assert that a coherent sampling design is crucial in guaranteeing accurate research results (Clark, 2013).

3.3.2.1 Sampling Frame

A sampling frame is defined as a list or database from which a sample can be drawn (Taherdoost, 2016). It represents the source document from which a researcher obtains their sample. The sampling frame for this study was obtained from Census data and consisted of 36,078 Kenyan youth between the ages of 18 – 24 (Kenya National Bureu of Statistics, 2019). They were drawn from the 5 wards that constitute Kibra constituency namely Makina, Kianda, Katwikira, Laini Saba and Lindi (Khaoya, 2018).

3.3.2.2 Sampling Techinque

A sampling technique is described as the procedure that is used to select which members of the population make it into the sample (Parveen, 2017). The sampling technique that was used in this study was cluster sampling due to its ability to provide the researcher with information pertaining to youth in different geographical locations (Galway, 2020). The researcher grouped the population into 5 clusters that reflected the 5 wards that constitute Kibra Constituency and applied systematic sampling to select respondents within each cluster. This was useful in eliminating the prospect of bias in the selection of respondents. A sampling interval was arrived at by dividing the population in each cluster by the respective desired sample size (Ahmad, 2016). The sampling interval refers to the distance or interval between which respondents are selected (Adamu, Michael & Sajal, 2019).

3.3.2.3 Sample Size

This refers to the number of elements that comprise a sample (Singh & Masuku, 2014). The selection of an appropriate sample size is crucial in ensuring that the research results are an accurate reflection of the wider population (Vasileiou, 2018). The Cochran formula was used to calculate the sample size for this study because of its usefulness when dealing with large populations (Singh, 2014). Furthermore, a confidence level in research refers to the degree of certainty a researcher has in getting the same results on a specific area of study if it was conducted more than once (Hazelrigg, 2009). Researchers advice that in the field of social sciences, a confidence level range of 90% - 99% is considered acceptable. For this study, the researcher used a confidence level of 94% and this yielded a margin of error of 0.06 (Hair, 2009). The Cochran formula is provided below:

Where:

E = The Margin of error, P= Proportion of the population, Q = 1-P

Deduced from the formula, the margin of error is (0.06), The proportion of the population under investigation is 19%, Q is 0.81 and the Z value is 1.88.

Therefore ((1.88)2 (0.19) (0.81)) / (0.06)2 = 151

Provided below in Table 3.2 is the sample size distribution and sampling interval in each cluster. The sampling interval was calculated by dividing the population of each cluster by its desired sample size.

Table 3.2: Sample Size Distribution

Population Number of Sample Size Sampling interval Distribution Youth between 18 – 24 Years

Makina 7,685 32 240

Kianda 8,468 35 242

Katwikira 9,596 40 240

Laini Saba 5,412 23 235

Lindi 4,907 21 234

Total 36,078 151

3.4 Data Collection Methods

Data, within the context of research refers to the pieces of information obtained from a specific population of interest for the purposes of decision making, analysis or

investigation (Walter, 2019). Consequently data collection refers to the systematic process of gathering information from one’s variable of interest (Kabir, 2016). Data can be classified into two categories. Primary data describes firsthand information that is gathered directly from source while secondary data is gathered from already researched sources (Shawn & Terrence, 2008). This study adopted the use of primary data. Data collection tools speak to the instruments that a researcher uses to collect data (Simister, 2017). The research tools that were used for this study were structured questionaires that were developed by the researcher in accordance with the research objectives. They contained both closed and open ended questions. Open ended questions provide respondents the opportunity to provide more information on a specific issue while closed ended questions are easier to code and analyze statistically (Farrell, 2016). The questionnaire was split into four sections pursuant to the research objectives. The first section contained questions seeking for bio-data of the respondents. The second, third and fourth sections respectively contained questions on socio-cultural, economic and political factors that influence youth participation in volunteering. The researcher adopted the use of a four-point likert scale to measure the degree to which respondents agree or disagree with the questions presented in the questionaire. The scales ranged as follows: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Agree and 4 = Strongly Agree.

3.5 Research Procedure

This refers to a step by step account of the processes that a researcher goes through in collecting information pertaining to the study (Cherry, 2019). The researcher obtained a research authorization letter from the deans office of the Chandaria School of Business in the United States International University – Africa and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation in Kenya. The questionaire that was prepared for this study was then subjected to Cronbach’s Alpha test to assess for reliability and consistency (Taber, 2017). Researchers advise that an alpha value of 0.67 to 0.87 is considered as an acceptable level of reliability (Ursachi, 2015). The test results presented in Table 3.3 demonstrated that the questionaire employed for this study had an acceptable level of reliability. Moreover, none of the item statistics were found to subdue the alpha level and therefore the instrument presented a reliable tool to measure the impact of socio-cultural, economic and political factors on youth volunteering. 30

Table 3.3: Cronbach Reliability Analysis

Dimensions Number of Items Cronbach’s Alpha

Socio-Cultural Factors 8 0.67 Economic Factors 8 0.73 Political Factors 8 0.68

The researcher then proceeded to test the questionaire for validity. Validity tests provide researchers with a measure to gauge the extent to which a questionaire captures the full scope of the variable under investigation (Taherdoost, 2016). A content vailidity test was adopted due to its proficiency in testing whether or not a research tool sufficiently covers the sudy’s content domain (Janice, 2018). The researcher exposed the questionaire to subject matter experts in academia and insustry players in the volunteering sector for criticism and analysis. The feedback that was generated from that exercise suggested that whereas the questions contained in the questionaire covered the breadth of the content domain, additional questions needed to be integrated to allow for greater depth in investigation. Towards this end, the researcher incorporated the questions that were recommended by the subject matter experts and assimilated them into the questionaire. A second circulation of the research tool to industry experts and academicians suggested that the questions in the revised questionaire were adequate in scope and depth with regard to the content domain.

It is recommended that researchers circulate pilot questionaires to at least 10% of their sample population in order to assess whether the questions therein are easy to understand (Connelly, 2008). For this pilot, the researcher self-administered a total of 30 pilot questionaires that were distributed in proportion to the sample size in each ward. These questionaires were piloted to 20% of the sample population which was well above the recommended percentage. The Drop-off and pick-up method was used for this study due to the high questionaire completion rate attached to it (Allred et al, 2011). The results from the pilot study revealed that female respondents were shy to reveal their ages while the gentlemen were coy on their level of education.

In order to address those two challenges that emerged during the pilot, the researcher drafted a range of tactful responses that were used whenever those two issues emerged. Furthermore, the researcher hired 5 research assistants after the pilot exercise and organized a one day on-boarding session. This was useful in communicating the purpose of this study, role playing different scenarios that the research assistants would face when they begin data collection. In order to ensure quality control in the field, communication and presentation skills were included in the on-boarding training session. Status meetings were organized twice a week between the researcher and the research assistants with the aim of monitoring questionnaire distribution targets and addressing emerging challenges during field work. The decision to proactively communicate the academic purpose of this study and stressing the confidential nature with which the respondents data would be treated was key in generating good will and improving response rates. Using the drop-off and pick up strategy, questionnaires were distributed to the target sample and consequently collected.

3.6 Data Analysis Methods

Data analysis focuses on the process and techniques that a researcher uses to derive meaning from data (Walter, 2019). The first step that the researcher took upon receiving the questionaires was to embark on a process of manually inspecting them for errors. This was a pre-emptive attempt at preventing inappropriately filled questionaires from corrupting the quality of inputed data. Thereafter the data was coded and fed into a computer. Coding plays a fundamental role in transforming large swathes of data into forms that are easy to analyze (Blair, 2015). The software that was used by the researcher is The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for its profeciency in generating statistical analysis (Fadilah, 2017). This study adopted the use of frequency tables, bar graphs and percentages to conduct a descriptive analysis of the data. Descriptive analysis is particularly useful in providing an easy to understand description of data (Susanna, 2017).

Moreover, inferential analysis was also employed in order to enable the researcher make accurate generalizations about the popuation (Adeyemi, 2009). The statistical tools that were used to conduct inferential analysis were Pearson’s Correlation test particularly because of its ability to measure the strength of associations or relationships between

variables (Schober, 2018). Regression analysis was deployed by the researcher for its ability to predict the impact of independent variables on a dependent variable (Gibbs, Certo & Launcelot, 2006). In order to verify whether the regression model derived from the regression analysis could be trusted as an accurate predictor of the dependent variable, the researcher employed the use of Analysis of Variance (Sawyer, 2009). This data was presented with the aid of figures and tables.

3.7 Chapter Summary This chapter focused on outlining the research methodology that will be used for this study. It proceeded to focus on the researcg design, highlighting the target population, the sampling design and technique then concluded with data collection research procedures and data analysis. The next chapter will present the results from the study.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter provides an intricate detail around the results generated from the research exercise conducted by the researcher. The primary objective of this study was to contribute to the body of knowledge around youth volunteering patterns in Africa with a specific focus on the socio-cultural, economic and political factors that influence youth participation in volunteering in Kenya. Towards this end, data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire where respondents were able to indicate the impact of each of the three variables under investigation on volunteer participation among the youth in Kenya. The chapter will present the results of the descriptive analysis that was conducted on the results through the use of standard deviation, coefficient of variation, frequency tables and means.

4.2 Response & Background Information

The researcher adopted a descriptive research design for this study. With the aid of research assistants familiar with Kibra Constituceny, a structured questionaire was distributed to the sample population. The researcher considered all the five wards that constitute Kibra Constitency and trained research assistants resident in each of the wards on how to administer the questionaire. The drop off and pick up method was adopted for the distribution and collection of the questionaire.

4.2.1 Response Rate

A total of 151 questionaires were administered to respondents in proportion to the sample size in each ward. The researcher received a total of 127 questionaires from the respondents which represented a response rate of 84%. This was found to be acceptable as researchers posit that a response rate of above 60% is suitable to generate accurate findings (Fincham, 2008). Presented in Table 4.1 are the response rates per ward.

Table 4.1: Response Rate Per Ward

Ward Questionaires Frequency Percentage Total

Makina Responded 27 84% 100%

Not Responded 5 16%

Kianda Responded 30 85% 100%

Not Responded 5 15%

Katwikira Responded 36 90% 100%

Not Responded 4 10%

Laini Saba Responded 18 80% 100%

Not Responded 5 20%

Lindi Responded 16 75% 100%

Not Responded 5 25%

Total 151

4.2.2 Demograghic Profile

The respondents that were involved in the study had different backgrounds. The bio data that was collected by the researcher included age, gender, Ward, length of stay in Kibra constituency, level of education occupation and volunteering history. This biodata provided the researcher with a background against which they can interpret the impact of the variables under investigation on individuals from different backgrounds.

4.2.2.1 Age of Respondent

The researcher sought to find out the age distribution of the respondents. As presented in Figure 4.1the 20 years old age demographic represented a majority of 20% of the sample population followed closely by the ages 22 year olds at 16%. A joint 15% represented the

ages 23 and 21 while at the bottom of the scale was the 18, 19 and 24 year old demographic which represented 8% , 12% and 14% respectively. This demonstrated that the researcher appropriately captured the intended age bracket of interest. The statistics on age of respondents are provided in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1: Age of Respondent

4.2.2.3 Gender of Respondent

With reference to Figure 4.2, respondents were required to indicate their gender. The findings revealed that 50% of the respondents were male, 46% of the respondents were female, while 4% categorized themselves as other. The male majority evident in the analysis indicated a higher number of men in social venues in Kibra Constituency when compared to other genders. The statistics on gender are seen in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2: Gender of Respondent

4.2.2.4 Ward of Residence

The study sought to determine the sample population distribution according to the various wards that consitiitue Kibra Constituency. Katwikira and Lindi Wards registered the highest tallies of 25.8% and 23.8% respectively followed by Makina at 21.8%. At the bottom of the scale was Laini Saba and Kianda Wards with 12.5% and 15.9% respectively. Statistics on the ward representation is found in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3: Ward of Residence

4.2.2.5 Length of Stay in Kibra

Respondents were required to indicate the length of their stay in Kibra Constituency. 53.5% of the respondents had stayed in Kibra for more than 8 years while 13.3% had been resident in Kibra for less than one year. In the middle of the scale, 19% indicated that they had stayed in Kibra for 2- 4 years while 14% indicated that they had stayed in Kibra for 5 – 7 years. This indicated that a majority of the respondents would reflect the views of those that had grown up in Kibra Constituency. The statistics on length of stay in Kibra are available in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4: Length of Stay in Kibra

4.2.2.6 Highest Level of Education

This study sought to determine the level of education across the sample population. Secondary School was the highest level of education for the majority of respondents at 39.8% followed by 32.4% who indicated Diploma. A minority of 2% indicated that they had not gone through any level of schooling, while in the middle of the scale, primary school and degree level was reflective of 10% and 15.5% of the sample population. This intimated that the level of education of the respondents was not as advanced and was consistent with the age bracket under investigation. The statistics on level of education is presented in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5: Highest Level of Education

4.2.2.7 Occupation of Respondent

The respondents were requested to indicate their present occupation. A minority of 32% recorded that they were enrolled students at school, while a majority of 36% and 31.5% indicated that they were employed and unemployed respectively. The high number of employed youth within this age demographic speak to economic pressures that guide decision making among the youth in this low income community. The statistics on occupation are presented in Figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6: Occupation of Respondent

4.2.2.8 Volunteering History

The study sought to determine whether or not the respondents had prior volunteer history. A majority of 69.8% of the respondents indicated that they had previous experience of volunteering while 30% recorded no prior volunteering experience. This indicated that the concept of volunteering had made in-roads among the youth in Kibra Constituency. The statistics on volunteering history are provided in figure 4.7.

Figure 4.7: Volunteering History

4.3 Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Youth volunteering Decisions

This research sought to determine the strongest socio-cultural variables that influence youth participation in volunteering. The researcher accomplished this by comparing the means across the variables of interest. Respondents were presented with a series of descriptive statements to rate the extent to which they reflect their views. A likert-type scale was provided where 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = agree and 4 = strongly agree. According to the findings in Table 4.2, the statement that young people are more attracted to volunteering activities organized by their church/mosque emerged as the strongest socio-cultural variable with a mean of 2.99 and standard deviation of 1.02. By contrast, the statement that young people volunteer due to the fact that they have a lot of free time on their hands recorded the lowest support with a mean of 2.39 and standard deviation of 1.07.

Table 4.2: Ratings of Socio-Cultural Factors

Statement Level of Agreement Mean Standard Deviation

1 2 3 4 It is my faith that introduced me to 19% 18% 29% 34% 2.77 1.11 volunteering I regularly volunteer at my place of 19% 20% 33% 28% 2.70 1.073 worship My place of worship offers many 17% 19% 38% 26% 2.74 1.024 opportunities for youth to volunteer

I feel more attracted to volunteering 13% 14% 34% 39% 2.99 1.023 activities organized by my church/mosque Women find it more difficult than 30% 22% 21% 27% 2.47 1.18 men to participate in volunteering activities due to traditional responsibilities at home such as house chores etc. Volunteering is not a masculine 19% 21% 24% 36% 2.76 1.13 activity in my culture Parents in my community find it 17% 15% 37% 31% 2.81 1.06 more difficult to release girls than boys to volunteer because of safety & security concerns Men make their decision on where to 12% 22% 35% 31% 2.84 0.99 volunteer based more on whether the activity allows them to utilize their skills, rather than the social cause being championed.

Most of the young people I know do 22% 19% 31% 28% 2.66 1.11 not volunteer because of school obligations. Most young people I know volunteer 24% 34% 21% 21% 2.39 1.07 because they have a lot of free time on their hands Most young people I know decide to 15% 21% 26% 38% 2.88 1.08 volunteer in order to boost their CV Most young people I know find 21% 27% 22% 29% 2.59 1.12 volunteer work boring

4.3.1 Correlation Analysis between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

Pearson Correlation was adopted by the researcher to determine whether there was a significant statistical relationship between socio-cultural factors and the decision to volunteer among Kenyan youth. The variables under investigaion demonstrated a moderate relationship, and positive linear corelation because r=0.490, p<0.05 as presented in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Correlation between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering Socio Cultural Youth Factors Youth Volunteering Pearson Correlation 1 .490** Decisions Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 151 151 Socio Cultural Factors Pearson Correlation .490** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 151 151 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

4.3.2 Regression between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

With the use of a regression analysis, the researcher sought to determine if indeed there was a linear relationship between Socio-cultural factors and decision to volunteer among the youth. As evidenced in Table 4.4, the Co-efficient of determination (R Square) which indicates the extent to which the variation in the dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variable is 24%. This suggests that 24% of variation in volunteer decisions can be attributed to socio-cultural factors while the remaining 76% can be attributed to factors outside the model. This is displayed in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Model Summary for Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Std. Error of the Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Estimate 1 .490a .241 .235 .49814 a. Predictors: (Constant), Socio Cultural Factors 44

4.3.3 ANOVA between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) seeks to establish the extent to which the regression model can be used as an accurate predictor of the dependant variable. Evidenced from Table 4.5, the F-Value of 47.204 and P-Value of 0.00 was used. Since the P-Value < 0.05, the model is significant and a good predictor of the dependent vairable. This is displayed in table 4.5.

Table 4.5: ANOVA between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Sum of Model Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 11.713 1 11.713 47.204 .000b Residual 36.974 149 .248 Total 48.687 150 a. Dependent Variable: Youth Volunteering Decisions b. Predictors: (Constant), Socio Cultural Factors

4.3.4 Coefficients Between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

As presented in table 4.6, the equation for regression is 1.356 + 0.531 Socio-Cultural factors. This means that for every unit change in socio-cultural factors, volunteer decisions are impacted by 0.531. Using the T-Test where t=6.394 and P-Value is 0.000, Socio- Cultural Factors have a statistically significant influence on youth’s decision to engage in volunteering. This is displayed in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6: Coefficients between Socio-Cultural Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Standardi zed Unstandardized Coefficie 95.0% Confidence Coefficients nts Interval for B Std. Lower Upper Model B Error Beta T Sig. Bound Bound 1 (Constant) 1.356 .212 6.394 .000 .937 1.775 Socio Cultural .531 .077 .490 6.871 .000 .378 .684 Factors a. Dependent Variable: Youth Volunteering Decisions

4.4 Impact of Economic Factors on Youth Volunteering Decisions

The researcher endeavoured to determine the strongest economic variable that influences youth participation in volunteering. By way of comparing the means of these variables, the researcher was able to identify the economic variables with the strongest and weakest impact on youth volunteering. Data on this specific objective was collected via the use of statements in a questionaire. Respondents rated the extent to which these statements reflected their views using a likert-type scale where 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Agree and 4 = Strongly Agree. Presented below are the results and findings from that section. According to Table 4.7, the statement that young people look at volunteering as a stepping stone to employment recorded the highest support with a mean of 3.14 and standard deviation of 0.95. Conversely, the statement that youth from well off families have more time to volunteer than those from lower income families emerged with the least support registering a mean of 2.61 and a standard deviation of 1.07. The rating of Economic Factors are presented in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7: Rating of Economic Factors

Statement Percentage Level of Mean Std. Agreement Deviation

1 2 3 4

Most young people I know resort to 23% 15% 32% 30% 2.68 1.14 volunteering because they cannot get paid employment

Most young people I know look at 9% 13% 34% 44% 3.14 0.952 volunteering as a stepping stone to employment

Self-employed youth find it easier to 10% 20% 36% 34% 2.94 0.968 volunteer due to flexible working hours

Employed youth find it easier to 18% 27% 27% 28% 2.65 1.07 volunteer because they can take care of their travel expenses

Youth from low income families will 22% 22% 21% 35% 2.69 1.17 not volunteer without financial compensation

Youth from well off families do not 21% 17% 37% 25% 2.66 1.07 need financial compensation to volunteer

Youth from low income families 11% 17% 27% 45% 3.05 1.04 prioritize employment opportunities over volunteering opportunities

Youth from well off families have 19% 29% 26% 26% 2.61 1.07 more time to volunteer than those from lower income families

4.4.1 Correlation Analysis between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

The researcher used Pearson Corelation to determine whether there was a significant statistical relationship between economic factors and the decision to volunteer among the youth. The variables under investigaion demonstrated a moderate relationship, and positive linear corelation because r=0.397, p<0.05 as presented in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8: Correlation Matrix Between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Youth Volunteering Economic Factors Decisions Economic Factors Pearson Correlation 1 .397** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 151 151 Youth Volunteering Pearson Correlation .397** 1 Decisions Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 151 151 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

4.4.2 Regression between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering

With the use of a regression analysis, the researcher sought to determine if indeed there was a linear relationship between economic factors and youth decision to volunteer. As evidenced in Table 4.9, the Co-efficient of determination (R Square) which indicates the extent to which the variation in the dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variable is 15.8%. This suggests that 15.8% of variation in volunteer decisions can be attributed to economic factors while the remaining 84.2% can be attributed to factors outside the model.

Table 4.9: Model Summary for Regression between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Std. Error of the Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Estimate 1 .397a .158 .152 .60450 a. Predictors: (Constant), Youth Volunteering Decisions

4.4.3 ANOVA between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions 48

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) seeks to establish the extent to which the regression model can be used as an accurate predictor of the dependant variable. Evidenced from Table 4.10, the F-Value of 27.950 and P-Value of 0.000 was used. Since the P-Value < 0.05, the model is significant and a good predictor of the dependent vairable.

Table 4.10: ANOVA between Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Sum of Mean Model Squares Df Square F Sig. 1 Regressio 10.213 1 10.213 27.950 .000b n Residual 54.447 149 .365 Total 64.660 150 a. Dependent Variable: Economic Factors b. Predictors: (Constant), Youth Volunteering Decisions

4.4.4 Coefficients for Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering

As presented in Table 4.11, the equation for regression is 1.478 + 0.458 Economic factors. This means that for every unit change in economic factors, volunteer decisions are impacted by 0.458. Using the T-Test where t=5.287 and P-Value is 0.000, Economic Factors have a statistically significant influence on youth’s decision to engage in volunteering. This is displayed in Table 4.11.

Table 4.11: Coefficients for Economic Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Standardiz ed Unstandardized Coefficient 95.0% Confidence Coefficients s Interval for B Std. Lower Upper Model B Error Beta t Sig. Bound Bound 1 (Constant) 1.478 .246 6.00 .000 .991 1.965

0 Youth .458 .087 .397 5.28 .000 .287 .629 Volunteering 7 Decisions a. Dependent Variable: Economic Factors

4.5 Impact of Political Factors on Youth Volunteering Decisions

This study sought to ascertain the political variables with the strongest and weakest impact on youth volunteering. By comparing the means of the variables of interest, the researcher was able to isolate the ones with the strongest and weakest impact on youth volunteering. Data on this specific objective was collected through descriptive statements that respondents were asked to rate the extent to which they reflect their views. A likert-point type scale was provided where 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Agree and 4 = Strongly Agree. The statement that recorded the highest support was that youth will actively volunteer their time in activities organized by their political party with a mean of 2.99 and standard deviation of 0.91. By contrast, the statement with the least support was that youth will quit their job to volunteer with their political party with a mean of 2.09 and standard deviation of 1.09. This is presented in Table 4.12

Table 4.12: Rating of Political Factors

Statement Percentage Level of Mean Standard Agreement Deviation 1 2 3 4

Most Youth I know will not 28% 30% 20% 22% 2.36 1.11 volunteer in programs funded by a government they did not vote for Most youth I know will not 25% 30% 26% 19% 2.39 1.05 volunteer in a program funded by a government perceived to be corrupt Most youth I know will not 15% 19% 35% 31% 2.82 1.04 volunteer in community work if they feel that the government is not proactive in community development Most youth I know will not 17% 18% 30% 35% 2.82 1.09 volunteer during times of political instability Most youth I know will actively 6% 23% 37% 34% 2.99 0.91 volunteer their time in activities organized by their political party Most youth I know will take 18% 30% 28% 24% 2.57 1.04 time off paid work to volunteer in activities organized by their political party Most youth I know will quit 40% 25% 20% 15% 2.09 1.09 their job to volunteer in political campaigns organized by their preferred political parties Most youth I know would 28% 29% 16% 27% 2.42 1.16 volunteer without expectation of financial compensation for their preferred political party

4.5.1 Corelation analysis between Political factors and Youth Volunteering

The researcher used Pearson Corelation to determine whether there was a significant statistical relationship between political factors and the decision to volunteer among the youth. The variables under investigaion demonstrated a weak, but positive linear corelation because r=0.31, p<0.05 as presented in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13: Correlation Matrix between Political Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

Political Youth Volunteering Factors (Political) Political Factors Pearson Correlation 1 .308** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 151 151 Youth Volunteering Pearson Correlation .308** 1 Decisions (Political) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 151 151 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

4.5.2 Regression between Political Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

With the use of a regression analysis, the researcher sought to determine if indeed there was a linear relationship between Political factors and youth Volunteering Decisions. As evidenced in Table 4.14, the Co-efficient of determination (R Square) which indicates the extent to which the variation in the dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variable is 95%. This suggests that 95% of variation in volunteer decisions can be attributed to political factors while the remaining 5% can be attributed to factors outside the model.

Table 4.14: Model Summary for Regression between Political Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Std. Error of the Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Estimate 1 .308a .095 .089 .54384 a. Predictors: (Constant), Political Factors

4.5.3 ANOVA between Political factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) seeks to establish the extent to which the regression model can be used as an accurate predictor of the dependant variable. Evidenced from table 4.15, the F-Value of 15.618 and P-Value of 0.000 was used. Since P < 0.05, the model is significant and a good predictor of the dependent vairable.

Table 4.15: ANOVA between Political Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions Sum of Mean Model Squares Df Square F Sig. 1 Regression 4.619 1 4.619 15.618 .000b Residual 44.068 149 .296 Total 48.687 150 a. Dependent Variable: Youth Volunteering Decisions (Political) b. Predictors: (Constant), Political Factors

4.5.4 Coefficients for policitcal Factors and Youth Volunteering Decisions

As presented in table 4.16, the equation for regression is 2.043 + 0.288 Political factors. This means that for every unit change in political factors, volunteer decisions are impacted by 0.288. Using the T-Test where t=3.952 and P-Value is 0.000, Political Factors have a significant influence on youth’s decision to engage in volunteering. This is presented in Table 4.16.

Table 4.16: Coefficients of Political Factors and Youth Volunteering Standardi zed Unstandardized Coefficie 95.0% Confidence Coefficients nts Interval for B Std. Lower Upper Model B Error Beta T Sig. Bound Bound 1 (Constant) 2.043 .193 10.574 .000 1.661 2.424 Political .288 .073 .308 3.952 .000 .144 .432 Factors a. Dependent Variable: Youth Volunteering Decisions (Political)

4.6 Chapter Summary

Chapter four presented findings and results obtained from the research exercise that sought to identify the impact of socio-cultural factors, economic factors and political factors on volunteer participation among the youth in Kenya. This chapter brought out the anaylsis carried out on the variables under investigation by presenting the results in the form of standard deviation, means and percentages. Inferential statistical tests such as corelation analysis, regression analysis and analysis of Variance were also presented in this chapter. Chapter five presents discussions, conclusions and recommendations generated from these results.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction The chapter presents discussions, conclusions and recommendations derived from the research as per the objectives of this study. The specific objectives that inspired this study was to identify the socio-cultural factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in formal volunteering, to explore the economic factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in formal volunteering and to identify the political factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering.

5.2 Summary This study sought to examine the factors that influence Kenyan youth’s participation in volunteering. The specific objectives that guided this investigation were to identify the socio-cultural factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering, to explore the economic factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in formal volunteering and to identify the political factors that influence the participation of Kenyan youth in volunteering.

This research adopted the use of a descriptive research design because of its suitability to establish correlations and trends between variables. The target population for this study was youth between the ages of 18 – 24 that were resident in Kibra Constituency. The cluster sampling technique was employed for this study in order to guarantee responses that were representative of the youth across different geographies in Kibra Constituency. The researcher clustered the population into 5 groups that reflected the 5 wards that constitute the constituency. A sample size of 151 youth was calculated using the Cochran formula and systematic sampling was used to select respondents in each cluster. The type of data that was used for this study was primary data and a structured questionnaire was the data collection tool that was deployed. A total of 151 questionnaires were distributed using the drop & pick method and 127 were returned accurately filled. This represented a response rate of 84% which the researcher deemed to be acceptable to draw accurate conclusions about the target population. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

was used for data analysis. Standard deviation, means and percentages were the descriptive analytical tools that were used while Pearson’s Correlation analysis, regression analysis and analysis of Variance were used for inferential analysis.

The findings generated from the first specific objective determined that young people are more attracted to volunteering activities organized by their church/mosque. This statement recorded the highest support with a mean of 2.99 and standard deviation of 1.02. Results from the Correlation analysis revealed that there was a moderate relationship, and positive linear corelation between socio-cultural factors and youth volunteering decisions because r=0.490, p<0.05. Regression analysis demonstrated that 24% of variation in volunteer decisions can be attributed to socio-cultural factors and this was found to be statistically significant because t=6.394 and P-Value is 0.000.

The results from the analysis conducted on the second specific objective determined that young people look at volunteering as a stepping stone to employment. This statement registered the highest support among respondents with a mean of 3.14 and standard deviation of 0.95. Using Pearson Correlation analysis, this study established that there was a moderate relationship, and positive linear corelation between economic factors and youth volunteering decisions because r=0.397, p<0.05. Regression analysis suggested that 15.8% of variation in volunteer decisions can be attributed to economic factors and this was established to be statistically significant because (t=5.287 and P-Value is 0.000).

The analysis conducted on the third specific objective indicated that youth will actively volunteer their time in activities organized by their political party. The statement registered the highest support with a mean of 2.99 and standard deviation of 0.91. Using Pearson’s Correlationa analysis this study established a weak, but positive linear corelation between political factors and youth volunteering decisions because r=0.31, p<0.05. Regression analysis determined that 95% of variation in volunteer decisions can be attributed to political factors and this was found to be statistically significant because (t=3.952 and P- Value is 0.000).

5.3 Discussion 5.3.1 Socio-Cultural Factors that Influence Youth Volunteering

This study determined that there was a statistically significant positive and moderate linear relationship between socio-cultural factors and youth volunteering. Previous research around socio-cultural factors such as religious beliefs among the youth been highlighted as key motivators behind youth volunteering (Richard & James, 2013). In the United States of America, research has shown a notable increase in youth participation among the in religious activities (Madyun & Moosung, 2010). This is attibuted to the fact that religious organizations are focal points within many societies and they bring people together. Consequently, invitations to participate as volunteers in Church activities give young people a reason to meet and this is particularly attractive to this demographic. This is consistent with the findings in this research that determined that young people are more inclined to volunteering activities that are organized by their Church/Mosque. Other studies postulate that religious organizations benefit from an inordinate amount of trust within a community (Ignatius, 2010). Therefore, invitations extended to young people by the Church to participate in volunteer would attract wide support. Contrary views to this position indicate that a quiet, yet growing number of young people in their late teens and early twenties take a dim view of religious activities and would scarcely be attracted to participate as volunteers (Vaughn, 2016). The report asserts that many of these young people harbour emotional wounds inflicted to them by their Church/Mosque and have proactively determined to reject any invitations for participation in religious activities including volunteering.

Societal gender roles have also been posited to influence youth participation in volunteering (United Nations, 2019). The aforementioned report argues that the roles that women have been given in African traditional society have acted as a barrier to them getting involved in volunteering. Different conclusions are presented in other studies that affirm significant gains have been made in removing those barriers and getting women in Africa involved in volunteering (Theresa & Rogers, 2019). This is consistent with the findings of this study that validate that young people do not believe that women find it more difficult than men to participate in volunteering activities due to traditional responsibilites. Nevertheless, the social roles theory should not be disparaged as societal biases that pigeon hole young women into volunteer positions where care giving is necessary and assign young men volunteer positions where graft is required do indeed exist (McKenzie & Sara, 2014).

Researchers hypothesize that age demographics are influential determinants among the youth when deciding whether or not to volunteer (Mitani, 2014) . Studies in Australia show that volunteering with religious organizations is highest in the 18 – 24 age demographic (Edith & Khoo, 2012). This is attributed to the large volume of activities organized by religious organizations for this demographic. By contrast, studies on youth in Canada indicate a strong preference for volunteering in sporting activities among the 18 – 24 age demographic (Lemyre, 2016). The pressures to join competitive university programs has been identified as a motivating factor that drives the 18 – 20 age demographic into volunteering (Clare & Quinn, 2020). This is consistent with the findings of this research study that determined that the opportunity to boost ones Curriculum Vitae ranks highly among the youth. The pursuit of opportunities for personal development is a prime motivator for young people (Suandi, 2018). Pundits report that governments and development organizations have taken advantage of this and dangled opportunities for skill development as incentives to lure young people into development efforts (Ewertson, 2014).

Regression analysis determined that 24% of variation in volunteer decisions among the youth can be attributed to socio-cultural factors while the remaining 76% can be attributed to factors outside the model. This coheres with prior research on youth volunteering that stress that socio-cultural factors are not exclusive determinants of youth volunteering (René, 2016). Scholars have opined that factors such as environmental and economic factors have been known to hold sway as key considerations among youth when deciding whether or not to volunteer (Geun, 2017).

5.3.2 Impact of economic factors on youth volunteering

This study determined that economic factors had a statistically significant moderate relationship, and positive linear corelation with youth’volunteering decisions. Studies (Kirsty & Eleanor, 2013) in South Africa concur with this finding as high unemployment rates have driven young people to pursue volunteering opportunities with the hope of securing a stipend. In Zambia, a similar narrative reported by researchers asserted that the economic hardships and high unemployment rates that pervade the country has made volunteering an opportunity to secure livelihoods for young people (Kabonga, 2020). This approach to volunteering continues to gain traction especially in low income communities

in urban areas (Jodi & Allison, 2015). Studies in France posit that there is a positive relationship between unemployment (Principi, 2014).

This is consistent with the findings of this research study where respondents held the view that many young people look at volunteering as a stepping stone to employment. Counter perspectives argue that in communities where informal volunteering is practiced, volunteering is pursed without the expectation of financial compensation or opportunity for employment (Mati, 2011). This is further echoed by studies that posit that collectivist cultures consider it anathema to pursue a noble act of volunteering with the ulterior motive of financial gain (Graham, 2013).

Family income and wealth have also been argued to hold sway over youth participation in volunteering (Smith, 2015). Previous reports in the Netherlands indicate that youth from well off families are more inclined to volunteer due to the lattitude that they have to take time off paid work and dedicate it to volunteer work (Paul, Ashley, Rene & Michael, 2019). In the United Kingdom, statistics show that the demographic of youth that take a gap year to volunteer often come from well-off families (Barhat, 2016). The report argues that the opportunity cost to volunteer is often too high and prohibitive for youth from less priviledged backgrounds.

Contrasting perspectives emerge in rural Africa where volunteering has historically taken place between and among low income communities (Mirkuzie & Woldie, 2018). This revelation contradicts the arguments presented above as the report asserts that youth from low income communities have a cultural inclination to rally around their communities through informal volunteering to consistently deliver health services, care and support to other members of their community. Community health volunteers, for example, in many African communities may constitute youth of low economic status, but despite financial challenges they unrelenting volunteer their time to attend to the needs of the community (Anthony, 2018). These perspectives fundamentally disagree with the view that family income and wealth are universal determinants of youth participation in volunteering.

Regression analysis conducted by this study found that 15.8% of variation in volunteer decisions can be attributed to economic factors while the remaining 84.2% can be attributed to factors outside the model. Previous research validates these findings arguing that whereas economic factors may influence youth participation in volunteering, the

degree is not as high in all contexts (Leon, 2015). Studies in Western Kenya however assert that the weak variation evidenced in the regression analysis should not be under- estimated as there are certain youth for whom economic considerations are vital (Kelly, 2020). Studies further posit that the economic cost of some volunteering opportunities can sometimes be beyond the reach of young volunteers as was argued by Rose et al, 2018). Therefore, the 15% reported by the regression analysis must not be disparaged for its weak influence. The small percentage is indeed significant as there is a demographic of young people for whom the economic cost of some volunteering opportunities may indeed be beyond their financial reach (Ramukumba, 2019).

5.3.3 Impact of Political Factors on Youth volunteering

This findings of this research determined that there was indeed a positive and statistically significant relationship between political factors and youth volunteering. Regression analysis conducted on evaluating this relationship suggested that an overwhelming 95% of variation in volunteer decisions can be attributed to political factors while the remaining 5% can be attributed to factors outside the model. Studies in Japan echo these findings arguing that a positive relationship between the Japanese people and their Government has had a positive influence on youth volunteering (Georgeou, 2010). Contrary perspectives in Syria demonstrate an inverse relationship between these two factors as Syria recorded high youth volunteering rates despite an accrimonious citizen and state relationship (United Nations, 2017). The negative relationship between government and its citizens appeared to attract young people to volunteer for political change. A smilar narrative is evident in Egypt where record number of young people offered to volunteer their time in pursuit of political change as was reported by Barbara, Betsy and Leah (2015). This narrative disagrees with the determination of the youth in this research study that argue that young people will not volunteer during times of political instability.

Literature abounds in Tunisia where young people volunteered in organizations during the Arab Spring because of a strained citizen and state relationship (Marzo, 2020). In Sudan, young people were recorded to have led the charge in volunteering as community organizers because of frustration with the ruling government (Gada & Hale, 2015). The age demographic of 18 – 29 were found to constitute the majority of volunteers that participated in the Arab Spring (Pool, 2012). The report further argues that youth

frustration with ruling governments was the single biggest motivator behind their decision to organize themselves for political change. In this instance the relationship between citizen and state was fractured. Similarly in Morocco reports posit that the tougher the political climate got during the Arab Spring, the greater the number of young people that volunteered for the cause (Radi, 2017). Protests in Casablanca, for example were described as a revolt led by youth who through guerrila style protests covertly enlisted the community as volunteers in this endeavor (Sater, 2011). The arguments presented above not only contradict the views of this study, but also demonstrate that the Citizen and State relationship can indeed have an inverse effect on youth volunteering.

Political party affiliations have been recorded to have a seminal impact in driving up the numbers of youth volunteering (Gary & Edward, 2017). This is consistent with the findings in this study that posit that young people will actively volunteer their time in activities organized by their political parties. Research in South Africa concur with this argument by demonstrating that volunteer opportunities provided through the youth leagues in the African National Congress Party provided a structure to co-opt young people in party activities (Twala, 2004). In China, a contrary perspective posits that whereas party affiliations may motivate young people to volunteer, this does not represent the views of the growing number of apolitical youth in China (Spires, 2018). A deliberate disassociation with political parties keep this demographic away from volunteering opportunities sponsored by political parties. In Pakistan researchers have found a growing proactivity among the youth in political party activities as was presented by Muhammad, Rachman and Musta (2020). The age demographic between the ages of 18 – 29 years old have demonstrated a hitherto unseen proactivity in volunteering to participate in political activities organized by their political party of choice.

Strong ideological views have also been noted to attract young people to volunteer as surrogates for different political parties (Pollock, 2015). Immigration, for example was a key ideological position in the United Kingdom referenum on whether to leave the European Union and it polarized opinion among the youth (Robin, Anoop & Matthew, 2020). Consequently, young people proactively pursued opportunities to volunteer in campaigns that reflected their position. In a similar vein, in countries across Europe and the United States of America, populist regimes have been able to secure power on the backs of youth volunteers (Sylvers, 2018). This is premised on the beliefs that these parties will

provide more job opportunities for young people. Topical issues such as abortion and tax have seen young people troupe to political parties that reflect their position and volunteer proactively to get these parties to power.

5.4 Conclusions 5.4.1 Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Youth Volunteering

This study set out to examine the impact of socio-cultural factors on youth participation in volunteering. The findings of this research established a positive and moderate linear correlation between socio-cultural factors and youth participation. The study determined that youth are most attracted to volunteering activities organized by their Church/Mosque. This study concludes that religious organizations have a pivotal role to play in encouraging youth volunteering.

5.4.2 Impact of Economic Factors on Youth Volunteering

This research sought to investigate the impact of economic factors on youth participation in volunteering. The results established a moderate and positive linear correlation between economic factors youth volunteering. This study determined that most young people look at volunteering as a stepping stone to employment. This research concludes that career aspirations are inextricably linked to youth volunteering.

5.4.3 Political Factors

This study sought to examine the impact of political factors on youth participation in volunteering. The research revealed a positive linear correlation between political factors and youth volunteering. Findings from this established that most youth will actively volunteer their time in activities organized by their political party. This research concludes that political party persuasions are significant motivators for youth to volunteer.

5.5 Recommendations 5.5.1 Recommendations for Improvement

5.5.1.1 Socio-Cultural Factors that Influence on Youth Volunteering

The study demonstrated a positive and moderate linear correlation between socio-cultural influences such as religion and gender, for example, on youth volunteering. For organizations looking to improve their volunteer programs, this study recommends that management map out which socio-cultural factors have the greatest impact on the youth they intend to engage. Due to the fact that these findings were statistically significant, these results can be extended to reflect the views of youth within the wider population that the sample was derived.

5.5.1.2 Economic Factors that Influence Volunteering

This research demonstrated a moderate, but positive linear corelation between economic factors and youth participation in volunteering. In light of the fact that this model was statistically significant and deemed suitable for prediction, organizations need to take time and analyze the economic background from which the volunteers are coming from as they design volunteer engagement startegies. The study demonstrated that the opportunity for proffessional development does indeed have a bearing on youth behaviour and consequently informs their decision on a wide range of issues including volunteering. Therefore, integrating opportunities for career development into volunteer programs would go a long way towards improving the success of the volunteering program.

5.5.1.3 Political Factors that Influence Volunteering

This study established that political factors such as party affiliation rank highly as a category of factors that influence youth participation in volunteering. For volunteer involving organizations looking to improve their programming, these findings suggest that the development of political volunteering that brings youth into contact with issues of governance and politics at both local and international level can go a long way towards improving the reputation of a volunteer program. For programs that are affiliated to political parties, the findings of this study demonstrate a great willingness among the youth to plug in. It is therefore wise for political parties to set up robust volunteering programs in order to tap into this potential.

5.5.2 Recommendations for Further Studies

This study sought to identify the extent to which socio-cultural, economic and political factors influence youth participation in volunteering. The sample population consisted of

youth from low income communities and therefore further research should be conducted on youth from other economic backgrounds in order to compare and contrast the results in order to come up with a more comprehensive conclusion on the impact of the aforementioned factors on youth. Premised on the fact that the researcher adopted a cross- sectional approach, further longitudinal research could be considered for further study on the same topic in order to gauge the extent to which the results would vary over an extended period of time. With regard to the independent variables that were investigated in this study, it would be recommended that further research could be conducted on a broader range of independent variables and sub-variables in order to gauge the impact of as diverse a range of factors that influence volunteering patterns among African youth as possible.

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APPENDICES

Appendix I: Introductory Letter

UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY – AFRICA,

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS,

P.O BOX 14634 – 00800,

NAIROBI.

Dear Respondent,

REF: INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE IN RESEARCH EXERCISE

With this letter, I wish to extend this invitation to you to participate my research project. I am a student at the United States International University – Africa presently pursuing a Master of Science in Management and Organization Development. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that influence youth participation in volunteering.

Your support to this end is greatly appreciated.

Yours Sincerely,

Signature: ………………………………………………….

Ochieng, Jacob Ochola

Appendix II: Research Questionnaire Dear Respondent,

This questionnaire here below has been designed to collect data on the factors that influence participation in volunteering among the youth in Kibra Constituency. The data that will be collected will be used for academic research and analysed to produce policy recommendations stakeholders in the volunteering sector. Your cooperation in this exercise is highly appreciated.

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1. Kindly indicate your present age? ______

2. Gender? I) Male ( ) ii) Female iii) Other ( )

3. Kindly indicate which ward, in Kibra constituency that you currently reside in?

i) Makina ( ) ii) Kianda ( ) iii) Katwikira ( ) iv) Laini Saba ( ) v) Lindi ( )

4. How long have you resided in Kibra constituency?

i) Less than 1 year ( ) ii) 2 – 4 years ( ) iii) 5 – 7 years ( ) iv) 8 and above years ( )

5. Highest Level of school education?

i) Primary school ( ) ii) Secondary School ( ) iii) Diploma ( ) iv) Degree ( )

v) None ( )

6. Present Occupation? ______

7. Have you been engaged in any volunteering activity in the year 2019?

i) Yes ( ) ii) No ( )

PART B: SOCIO-CULTURAL INFLUENCES TO VOLUNTEERING

Using a scale of 1 – 4, where 1 = strongly disagree and 4= strongly agree, kindly circle which category reflects your view of the statements mentioned.

SOCIO-CULTURAL Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly INFLUENCES TO disagree Agree VOLUNTEERING

A. Religion

I. It is my faith that 1 2 3 4 introduced me to volunteering

ii. I regularly volunteer at my 1 2 3 4 place of worship

iii. My place of worship offers 1 2 3 4 many opportunities for youth to volunteer

iv. I feel more attracted to 1 2 3 4 volunteering activities organized by my church/mosque

B. Gender

I. Women find it more 1 2 3 4 difficult than men to participate in volunteering activities due to traditional responsibilities at home such as house chores etc.

ii. Volunteering is not a 1 2 3 4 masculine activity in my culture

iii. Parents in my community 1 2 3 4 find it more difficult to release girls than boys to volunteer because of safety & security concerns

iv. Men make their decision on 1 2 3 4 where to volunteer based more on whether the activity allows them to utilize their skills, rather than the social cause being championed.

C. Age

Most of the young people I 1 2 3 4 I. know do not volunteer because of school obligations.

Most young people I know 1 2 3 4 ii. volunteer because they have a lot of free time on their hands

Most young people I know 1 2 3 4 iii. decide to volunteer in order to boost their CV

iv. Most young people I know 1 2 3 4 find volunteer work boring

PART C: ECONOMIC INFLUENCES TO VOLUNTEERING

Using a scale of 1 – 4, where 1 = strongly disagree and 4= strongly agree, kindly circle which category reflects your view of the statements mentioned.

ECONOMIC INFLUENCES Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly TO VOLUNTEERING disagree Agree

A. Employment

I. Most young people I know resort 1 2 3 4 to volunteering because they cannot get paid employment ii. Most young people I know look at 1 2 3 4 volunteering as a stepping stone to employment iii. Self-employed youth find it easier 1 2 3 4 to volunteer due to flexible working hours iv. Employed youth find it easier to 1 2 3 4 volunteer because they can take

care of their travel expenses

B. Family income

I. Youth from low income families 1 2 3 4 will not volunteer without financial compensation ii. Youth from well off families do 1 2 3 4 not need financial compensation to volunteer

Youth from low income families 1 2 3 4 iii. prioritize employment opportunities over volunteering opportunities iv. Youth from well off families have 1 2 3 4 more time to volunteer than those from lower income families

PART D: POLITICAL INFLUENCES TO VOLUNTEERING

Using a scale of 1 – 4, where 1 = strongly disagree and 4= strongly agree, kindly circle which category reflects your view of the statements mentioned.

POLITICAL INFLUENCES TO Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly VOLUNTEERING disagree Agree

A. Citizen and state relationship

I. Most Youth I know will not 1 2 3 4 volunteer in programs funded by a government they did not vote for ii. Most youth I know will not 1 2 3 4 volunteer in a program funded by a government perceived to be corrupt iii. Most youth I know will not 1 2 3 4 volunteer in community work if 82

they feel that the government is not proactive in community development iv. Most youth I know will not 1 2 3 4 volunteer during times of political instability

B. Political party affiliation

I. Most youth I know will actively 1 2 3 4 volunteer their time in activities organized by their political party ii. Most youth I know will take time 1 2 3 4 off paid work to volunteer in activities organized by their political party iii. Most youth I know will quit their 1 2 3 4 job to volunteer in political campaigns organized by their preferred political parties iv. Most youth I know would 1 2 3 4 volunteer without expectation of financial compensation for their preferred political party

THANK YOU FOR YOUR SUPPORT AND CO-OPERATION

Appendix III: Introduction letter

Appendix IV: Research Permit