DOCSLIB.ORG

Structural Transformation and Industrial Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Structural Transformation and Industrial Policy UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT VIRTUAL INSTITUTE TEACHING MATERIAL ON STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY New York and Geneva, 2016 NOTE The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement of the UNCTAD Virtual Institute is requested, together with a reference to the document number. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD Virtual Institute, Division on Globalization and Development Strategies, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. This publication has been edited externally. The UNCTAD Virtual Institute (http://vi.unctad.org) is a capacity-building and networking programme that aims to strengthen teaching and research of international trade and development issues at academic institutions in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and to foster links between research and policymaking. For further information, please contact [email protected]. UNCTAD/GDS/2016/1 Copyright © United Nations, 2016 All rights reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The teaching material on structural transformation and industrial policy was developed by the UNCTAD Virtual Institute, under the overall guidance of Vlasta Macku. The text was researched and written by Francesca Guadagno from the Virtual Institute, with supervision by Piergiuseppe Fortunato of UNCTAD’s Division on Globalization and Development Strategies. Contributions were also provided by Milford Bateman of Saint Mary’s University (Canada), Codrina Rada of the University of Utah (United States) and Kasper Vrolijk of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (United Kingdom). The material benefitted from comments by Richard Kozul- Wright, Director of UNCTAD’s Division on Globalization and Development Strategies. The text was English-edited by David Einhorn, and the design and layout were created by Hadrien Gliozzo. The financial contribution of the Government of Finland is gratefully acknowledged. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS NOTE ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF BOXES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix INTRODUCTION 1 The structural transformation process: trends, theory, and empirical findings 3 1 Introduction 4 2 Conceptual framework and trends of structural transformation 4 2.1 Definitions and key concepts 4 2.2 Measures of structural transformation 10 2.3 Global trends in structural transformation 11 1 2.4 Structural transformation and economic growth 17 3 Review of the literature 20 module 3.1 Structural transformation in development theories 20 3.2 Empirical literature on structural transformation 29 3.3 Premature deindustrialization and the (possible) role of services as the new engine of economic growth 37 4 Structural transformation and development 40 4.1 Structural transformation, employment and poverty 41 4.2 Structural transformation and human development 43 5 Conclusions 47 Exercises and questions for discussion 48 ANNEX An illustration of how to decompose labour productivity growth and discuss empirical results 50 REFERENCES 57 Industrial policy: a theoretical and practical framework to analyse and apply industrial policy 67 1 Introduction 67 2 What is industrial policy? 68 2.1 Defining industrial policy 68 2.2 Industrial policy instruments 71 2 2.3 Implementing industrial policy 73 3 Why adopt an industrial policy? 75 3.1 A historical perspective 75 module 3.2 Arguments in favour of industrial policy 82 3.3 Arguments against industrial policy 86 4 Some cases of industrial policies 88 4.1 The state as regulator and enabler 88 4.2 The state as financier 89 4.3 The state as producer and consumer 95 4.4 The state as innovator 98 5 Current challenges to industrialization and industrial policy in developing countries 105 5.1 Challenges from internal conditions 105 5.2 Challenges from external conditions 108 6 Conclusions 114 Exercises and questions for discussion 115 ANNEX Industrial policy at the local level 117 REFERENCES 120 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Relative labour productivity by sector, 1991–2010 5 Figure 2 Relationship between inter-sectoral productivity gaps and average labour productivity, 2005 6 Figure 3 Share of employment and labour productivity by industry, 14 emerging economies, 2005 7 Figure 4 Industrial concentration and income per capita 8 Figure 5 Sectoral shares of employment and value added – selected developed countries, 1800–2000 12 Figure 6 Sectoral shares of employment – selected developed and developing countries, 1980–2000 14 Figure 7 Sectoral shares of nominal value added – selected developed and developing countries, 1980–2000 15 Figure 8 Manufacturing shares of value added in GDP, 1962–2012 (per cent) 16 Figure 9 Structural changes in the composition of employment in agriculture and annual growth rates of GDP 18 per capita, 1991–2012 (per cent and percentage points) Figure 10 Structural changes in the composition of employment in industry and annual growth rates of GDP 18 per capita, 1991–2012 (per cent and percentage points) Figure 11 Structural changes in the composition of employment in services and annual growth rates of GDP 19 per capita, 1991–2012 (per cent and percentage points) Figure 12 Economic growth and changes in the share of manufacturing value added in GDP, 1991–2012 20 (per cent and percentage points) Figure 13 Convergence in manufacturing labour productivity, sub-Saharan Africa 30 Figure 14 Decomposition of labour productivity growth by country group, 1990–2005 (percentage points) 32 Figure 15 Relationship between EXPY and per capita incomes in 1992 34 Figure 16 The changing relationship between manufacturing employment and income 38 Figure 17 The relationship between the peak of the manufacturing employment share in the past and GDP 39 per capita in 2005-2010 Figure 18 Relationship between manufacturing employment and poverty 43 Figure 19 Decomposition of aggregate labour productivity growth by country groups (percentage points) 44 Figure 20 Structural transformation and progress in poverty reduction, 1991–2012 45 Figure 21 Structural transformation and progress in primary education enrolment, 1991–2012 45 Figure 22 Structural transformation and achievement of Millennium Development Goal targets, 1991–2012 46 Figure 23 Poverty and growth nexus, dynamic and lagging economies, 1991–2012 46 Figure 24 Education and growth nexus, dynamic and lagging economies, 1991–2012 47 Figure A1 Average annual growth rates of real value added per capita, 1991–2012 (per cent) 51 Figure A2 Decomposition of aggregate labour productivity growth by country groups, 1991–2012 53 (percentage points and per cent) Figure A3 Decomposition of aggregate labour productivity growth in least developed countries, 1991–2012 53 (percentage points and per cent) Figure 25 A visual representation of industrial policy categories 71 Figure 26 Development bank lending as a share of GDP, 1960–1990 (per cent) 92 Figure 27 Development bank lending as a share of GDP, 2012 (per cent) 93 Figure 28 Average maturities of BNDES loans compared to maturities of major banks in Brazil, 2012 (per cent) 93 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Value-added shares of agriculture, industry, manufacturing, and services, 1950–2005 (per cent) 16 Table 2 Impact of global value chains on structural transformation in developing economies 26 Table 3 Decomposing value in global value chains: the case of German cars, 1995 and 2008 (per cent) 35 Table 4 Profit margins of main firms contributing to the production of an Ipod, 2005 (per cent) 36 Table A1 Sectoral composition of employment, 1991–2012 (per cent and percentage points) 51 Table A2 Sectoral composition of output, 1991–2012 (per cent and percentage points) 52 Table A3 Sectoral contributions to aggregate labour productivity growth, 1991–2011 (percentage points and per cent) 56 Table A4 Correlation analysis of aggregate labour productivity growth and its components 56 Table 5 Industrial policies in low-income economies 72 Table 6 Industrial policies in middle-income economies 72 Table 7 Key operational principles of industrial policy 73 Table 8 A summary of the historical debate on industrial policy 82 Table 16.1 Defining science, technology, and innovation policy 99 Table 9 Implications of global value chains for industrial policies 110 LIST OF BOXES Box 1 Measures of productivity and the meaning of productivity in the services sector 7 Box 2 The concept of comparative advantage 9 Box 3 Sectoral composition of employment and output 11 Box 4 Types and examples of production linkages 28 Box 5 Shift-share decomposition method 32 Box 6 Structural transformation and demographic and labour market changes 41 Box A1 The Divisia index decomposition of labour productivity and employment growth 54 Box 7 The World Bank report on East Asian economic growth and public policies 78 Box 8 The role of Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry 79 Box 9 Measures of state capacity 87 Box 10 The key role of BNDES in realizing Brazil’s industrial policy objectives 91 Box 11 The role of the China Development Bank in China’s “going out” strategy 92 Box
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Urban Crises and the Informal Economy: Surviving, Managing, Thriving in Post-Conflict Cities
    Urban Crises and the Informal Economy: Surviving, Managing, Thriving in Post-Conflict Cities 1 Urban Crises and the Informal Economy: Surviving , Managing, Thriving in Post-Conflict Cities Urban Economy Branch, UN-Habitat Urban Risk Reduction and Rehabilitation Branch, UN-Habitat Date September 2019 Authors Dan Lewis, Gulelat Kebede, Alison Brown, Peter Mackie Researcher Kate Dickenson Peace Negotiator Joan McGregor Academic Partners Dohuk: Nesreen Barwari, Dohuk University Cali: Lina Martinez Quintero, Universidad Icesi Hargeisa: Eid Ali, Consultant; Saeed Ahmed, Gollis University Karachi: Saeed Ahmed, NED University Kathmandu: Sudha Shrestha, Tribhuvan University Advisors UN-Habitat, Urban Economy Branch, Marco Kamiya UN-Habitat Risk Reduction & Rehabilitation Branch Commonwealth Local Government Forum, Lucy Slack, Gareth Wall Habitat International Coalition NGO Partners Cali: CEDECUR (El Centro de Educación e Investigación para el Desarrollo Comunitario Urbano y Rural) Hargeisa: SONSAF (Somaliland Non-State Actors Forum) Karachi: NOW Communities Karachi: Takhleeq Foundation Kathmandu: CWIN (Child Workers in Nepal) Contact School of Geography & Planning, Cardiff University Funder UK Aid Project Synthesis report from the research project on Economic Recovery in Post-Conflict Cities: The Role of the Urban Informal Economy, under by the DFID-ESRC Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research (Project ES-M008789-1) ii Foreword Global crises are increasingly complex and multi-dimensional, interconnected across geographical and regional boundaries, cyclical, recurrent and increasingly urban. Too easily, urban crises become entrenched, but sustainable and equitable urbanisation is key to addressing some of the root causes of instability and conflict. UN-Habitat’s Strategic Plan 2020-2023 sets out its ambitious mission to promote transformative change in cities and human settlements, and to leave no-one and no place behind.
    [Show full text]
  • World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2020 World Employment and Social Outlook
    ILO Flagship Report World Employment and Social Outlook Outlook and Social Employment World – Trends 2020 Trends X World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2020 World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2020 International Labour Office • Geneva Copyright © International Labour Organization 2020 First published 2020 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020 International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2020 ISBN 978-92-2-031408-1 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-031407-4 (web pdf) employment / unemployment / labour policy / labour market analysis / economic and social development / regional development / Africa / Asia / Caribbean / Europe / EU countries / Latin America / Middle East / North America / Pacific 13.01.3 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Tourism in Sustainable Economic Development
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Creaco, Salvo; Querini, Giulio Conference Paper The role of tourism in sustainable economic development 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe", 27th - 30th August 2003, Jyväskylä, Finland Provided in Cooperation with: European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Suggested Citation: Creaco, Salvo; Querini, Giulio (2003) : The role of tourism in sustainable economic development, 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe", 27th - 30th August 2003, Jyväskylä, Finland, European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Louvain-la-Neuve This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/115956 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
    [Show full text]
  • ISIC) Is the International Reference Classification of Productive Activities
    Economic & Social Affairs @ek\ieXk`feXcJkXe[Xi[@e[ljki`Xc:cXjj`]`ZXk`fef]8cc<Zfefd`Z8Zk`m`k`\j@J@: #I\m%+ @ek\ieXk`feXcJkXe[Xi[@e[ljki`Xc :cXjj`]`ZXk`fef]8cc<Zfefd`Z 8Zk`m`k`\j@J@: #I\m%+ Series M No. 4, Rev.4 Statistical Papers asdf United Nations Published by the United Nations ISBN 978-92-1-161518-0 Sales No. E.08.XVII.25 07-66517—August 2008—2,330 ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/4/Rev.4 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Statistical papers Series M No. 4/Rev.4 International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities Revision 4 asdf United Nations New York, 2008 Department of Economic and Social Affairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environ- mental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Note The designations used and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Employment and Economic Class in the Developing World
    ILO Research Paper No. 6 Employment and economic class in the developing world Steven Kapsos Evangelia Bourmpoula* June 2013 International Labour Office ________________ * Economists in the Employment Trends Unit of the International Labour Office. For further enquiries on this paper please contact the first author ([email protected]). Copyright © International Labour Office 2013 First published 2013 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH - 1211 Geneva 22 (Switzerland) or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organisations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit http:/ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organisation in your country. ISSN 2306-0875 (web pdf) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Sector Resilience Outlook 8–12 March 2021
    Economic Sector Resilience Outlook 8–12 March 2021 Enabling Resilience for All The Critical Decade to Scale-up Action Acknowledgments This outlook was written by Arghya Sinha Roy (ADB) and has benefitted significantly from inputs and review by Preety Bhandari (ADB), Sugar Gonzales (ADB), Mariyam Anaa Hassan (Ministry of Environment, Maldives), Jaiganesh Murugesan (ADB, consultant) Amit Prothi (Global Cities Resilient Network), Mozaharul Alam (UNEP), Sara Libera Zanetti (UNEP), Osamu Mizuno (IGES), Sivapuram Prabhakar (IGES), Yuki Ohashi (IGES), Brian Johnson (IGES), Rajashi Dasgupta (IGES), Pankaj Kumar (IGES), Binaya Raj Shivakoti (IGES). We would like to thank the panelists and participants of the webinar held under this stream for sharing their ideas and examples, which have been included in this outlook. Suggested Citation Sinha Roy A., (2021). Economic Resilience Outlook. Prepared for the 7th Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Forum, 8-12 March 2021. Bangkok: Asia Pacific Adaptation Network February 2021, APAN Secretariat Authors contact: [email protected] Layout: Invisible Ink Co., Ltd. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose. Economic Sector Resilience Outlook | 8-12 March 2 Summary Climate risk is undermining efforts to achieve socioeconomic development in Asia and the Pacific. With rapid increase in climate risk, the costs of dealing with these impacts will potentially derail sustainable economic growth of the countries. Estimates show that without climate action, the gross domestic product (GDP) in the Asia and the Pacific could decrease by as much as 3.3 per cent by 2050 and 10 per cent by 21001.
    [Show full text]
  • Reforms to Save Our Public Transport Rail Manufacturing Sector
    REFORMS TO SAVE OUR PUBLIC TRANSPORT RAIL MANUFACTURING SECTOR August 2016 1 Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Executive summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Context, focus and approach ........................................................................................................................................ 5 The industry and its growth prospects ............................................................................................................ 7 Where do inefficiencies occur? .................................................................................................................................... 9 Benefits of reforming a fragmented economic sector ............................................................... 13 Modelling methodology, results ............................................................................................................................ 15 Recommendations to secure the industry’s jobs future ......................................................... 17 Report authors, disclaimer, AMWU
    [Show full text]
  • Business with Purpose and the Rise of the Fourth
    BUSINESS WITH PURPOSE AND THE RISE OF THE FOURTH SECTOR IN IBERO-AMERICA The world will fail to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals — here’s how purpose-driven companies can fix that. 2 Contents 03 Executive Summary 04 Preface 05 Introduction 08 The Quest for Purpose 12 The Needed Ecosystem 17 A Vision for the Future and a Policy Roadmap 22 Team of Researchers 23 Bibliography 25 Annex I — The Fourth Sector in numbers 27 Annex II — Country Summaries 3 Executive Summary The state of the Fourth Sector in Ibero-America. 7 % % of national GDP Mexico 7 % Portugal 13 % 2 % Spain Colombia Ibero-America is witnessing the rise of a new gener- ation of enterprises driven by purpose beyond profit. These entities come in a wide variety of forms (from cooperatives to B-corps) and fall within numerous 4,6 % movements (social entrepreneurship, circular economy, Brazil human-centered business, fair trade, banking with values, and many others) but all of them share the 1,7 % same goal: to use a market-driven approach to become Chile 4 % self-sustaining and deliver a positive social and envi- Argentina ronmental impact at scale. The business models and principles of these purpose- 170,000 driven enterprises make of them one of the most pow- fourth-sector erful allies that governments, NGOs and societies entities have to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals 10 million by 2030. employees This study analyses the current state of purpose- 6 % of the driven enterprises in 7 countries of Ibero-America, total GDP which together account for 87 % of the total GDP of the region: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, Portugal and Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pandemic As a Stage to the Sustainable Economy
    sustainability Article Transforming the COVID-19 Threat into an Opportunity: The Pandemic as a Stage to the Sustainable Economy 1, 1 1 2 Ionica Oncioiu *, Ioana Duca , Mirela Anca Postole , Georgiana Camelia Georgescu (Cret, an) , Rodica Gherghina 2 and Robert-Adrian Grecu 2 1 Faculty of Finance-Banking, Accountancy and Business Administration, Titu Maiorescu University, 040051 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (I.D.); [email protected] (M.A.P.) 2 The Department of Finance, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania; georgiana.cretan@fin.ase.ro (G.C.G.); rodica.gherghina@fin.ase.ro (R.G.); [email protected] (R.-A.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this research is to assess the impact of the economic shocks of supply and demand generated by the COVID-19 crisis on the climate sphere at the level of the Member States of the European Union. In this respect, a macroeconomic model was used to obtain firstly an estimate of the measure of demand shock and secondly an estimate of the supply of the economy. These milestones were eventually used to estimate the impact of the two economic shocks on the level of greenhouse gas emissions. The obtained results show that both the shock from the aggregate demand area and that from the aggregate supply area had the effect of decreasing the level of greenhouse gases, leading to a positive effect on the environment. From a quantitative point of view, the model estimates show that, as a result of the manifestation of the two cumulative shocks, the level of greenhouse gas emissions could decrease by about 10%.
    [Show full text]
  • The Growth of China's Services Sector and Associated Trade
    © 2008 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) The Growth of China’sPublished Services by the International Sector Institute for Sustainable Development and Associated Trade:The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy Complementarities betweenrecommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural Structural Change andresources Sustainability management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all— sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live Zhang Liping sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable Development Research Center, organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core State Council, China operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian Simon J. Evenett International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Centre University of St. Gallen and (IDRC) and Environment Canada; and from International Trade and Regional the Province of Manitoba. The institute receives project funding from numerous governments Economics Programme, Centre for inside and outside Canada, United Nations Economic
    [Show full text]
  • GHANA Ghana's Socio-Economic Transformation and the Imperative
    Spotlights on countries 4 GHANA Ghana's socio-economic transformation and the imperative for equitable and inclusive development Yao Graham1 Third World Network Africa Current debates in Ghana about sustainable 2063 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable development express a confluence of four important Development, with its advances on the minimalist trends: 1) questioning of the growing inequalities and ambitions of the MDGs, are explicitly cited as exclusion wrought by the dominant neoliberal economic influences on the 40 Year Plan. policies and the quality of growth that has resulted; 2) The revival of interest in a subject which dominated recognition of the advances that the 2030 Agenda for development thinking and policy in the immediate Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Goals postcolonial period is a welcome turn away from the (SDGs) represent on the minimal ambitions of the prevalent intense focus on growth. It is also a Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); 3) African recognition that while growth is vital the nature and recognition of the limits of raw material commodity drivers of growth are important for its sustainability, export dependence and the need for structural economic development value and the equitable distribution of its transformation; and 4) the rediscovery of development outcomes. planning as an important tool and policy framework. 1 According to a 2013 paper from the Economic Ghana’s National Development Planning Commission is Commission for Africa, UNECA: "Four essential and currently leading a process to develop a 40 Year Long interrelated processes define structural Term Development Plan (2018-2057), with its end date transformation: a declining share of agriculture in GDP coinciding with the centenary of Ghana’s independence and employment; a rural-to-urban migration from colonial rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Role and Importance of Primary Sector Share of Primary -Vagdevi H
    Volume-3 Issue-4 October-December-2015 Pages-8 www.uni-mysore.ac.in Inside... Role and Importance of Primary Sector Share of Primary -Vagdevi H. S. & Kiranbabu P. ......Page-2 Bills and Schemes Theodore Schultz in his ...Page-3 Noble (Economics) acceptance Rural Development- speech in 1979 observed, “Most of Review ....Page-4 the people in the world are poor... Difference Most of the world’s poor people earn Between..Page-5 their living from agriculture, so if we §gÀqÀÄ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ°...6 knew the economics of agriculture we would know much of the economics Dairy Sector Page-7 of being poor” (Shultz, 1979). This Data on Dairy throws light on the importance of Sector primary sector in economies of the 15% of the National world. Understanding the structure of GDP the economy is critical for both the 140 Million Tonnes economic planners and the government of that Although, India ranks second in worldwide of Total Milk country to plan, to govern and consistently take farm output, it falls short in crop yield per unit area Production the economy towards a growing path. A steady of farms. States of India that lie on the Indo-Gangetic and reliable economic growth is vital for any plain and the ones near to any river are among the India Ranks Second country because it helps its citizens to have a important agricultural regions of the country. India in World Farm better standard of living and create enough mainly exports agricultural produce like rice, wheat, Output surpluses that help in facing the adversities.
    [Show full text]