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© 2008 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) The Growth of China’sPublished Services by the International Sector Institute for Sustainable Development and Associated Trade:The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy Complementarities betweenrecommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural Structural Change andresources Sustainability management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all— sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live Zhang Liping sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable Development Research Center, organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core State Council, China operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian Simon J. Evenett International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Centre University of St. Gallen and (IDRC) and Environment Canada; and from International Trade and Regional the Province of Manitoba. The institute receives project funding from numerous governments Economics Programme, Centre for inside and outside Canada, United Nations Economic Policy Research agencies, foundations and the priate sector. International Institute for Sustainable Development July 2010 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel: +1 (204) 958–7700 Fax: +1 (204) 958–7710 E-mail: [email protected] Click here to enter text. 2 The Growth of China’s © 2010 International Institute for Sustainable Services Sector and Development (IISD) Associated Trade: Published by the International Institute for Compl ementarities Sustainable Development between Structural IISD contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international Change and Sustainability trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and energy, measurement and assessment, and Zhang Liping natural resources management, and the enabling role of communication technologies in these areas. We Development Research Center, report on international negotiations and disseminate State Council, China knowledge gained through collaborative projects, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building Simon J. Evenett in developing countries, better networks spanning the University of St. Gallen and North and the South, and better global connections International Trade and Regional among researchers, practitioners, citizens and policy- Economics Programme, Centre for makers. Economic Policy Research IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its July 2010 mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable This paper is produced as part of the Sustainable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the China Trade Project. The project is a joint effort United States. IISD receives core operating support of IISD and the Development Research Centre from the Government of Canada, provided through of the State Council of China, with research the Canadian International Development Agency jointly conducted by Chinese and international (CIDA), the International Development Research experts. It seeks to help define the characteristics Centre (IDRC) and Environment Canada, and from of a sustainable trade strategy for China—a the Province of Manitoba. The Institute receives strategy that helps contribute to environmental, project funding from numerous governments inside social and economic improvements, primarily in and outside Canada, United Nations agencies, China but also globally. Such an outcome is in foundations and the private sector. line with the scientific concept of development first put forward at the 16th National Congress International Institute for Sustainable Development of the Communist Party of China in 2003, and 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor with many of the goals of the 11th Five-Year Winnipeg, Manitoba Plan. The project will produce a series of eight Canada R3B 0Y4 working papers focusing on specific aspects of a Tel: +1 (204) 958–7700 sustainable trade strategy for China and a Fax: +1 (204) 958–7710 synthesized volume covering the body of work. The Sustainable China Trade Project is Email: [email protected] generously supported by the Swiss Agency for Website: www.iisd.org Development Cooperation. i The Growth of China’s Services Sector and Associated Trade: Complementarities between Structural Change and Sustainability Table of contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 The service sector, economic transformation and a sustainable trade strategy................................ 3 3.0 China’s service industry and trade: The facts ........................................................................................ 9 3.1 Service industry ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Trade in services .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 3.3 Foreign direct investment flowing into China’s service industry ................................................................................ 14 3.4 China’s policies and measures for promoting the development of service industries and trade .......................... 16 3.4.1 Industrial policies ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.4.2 Finance and taxation policies ....................................................................................................................................... 17 3.4.3 Foreign trade policy ...................................................................................................................................................... 19 3.4.4 Foreign investment policy .............................................................................................................................................. 19 3.4.5 Policies related to environmental services ....................................................................................................................... 22 4.0 Imperatives and challenges for the sustainable development of Chinese trade in services ......... 24 4.1 Imperatives ........................................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.1.1 The 11th Five-Year Guidelines: Benign internal policy environment............................................................................. 24 4.1.2 Rapid development of the service industry and trade: Positive internal economic conditions ............................................. 25 4.1.3 Liberalization of global trade in services is deepening .................................................................................................... 27 4.1.4 The international relocation of the service industry continues apace ................................................................................ 28 4.2 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.1 The development of China’s service industry has lagged behind ...................................................................................... 28 4.2.2 China’s trade in services needs to further liberalize ....................................................................................................... 29 4.2.3 The international competitiveness of China’s trade in services is weak ........................................................................... 31 4.2.4 The foreign direct investment flowing into China’s service industry mainly aims at the domestic market ......................... 33 4.2.5 Offshoring and outsourcing in China is underdeveloped ................................................................................................. 33 5.0 Lessons from comparative analyses and international experience ................................................... 34 6.0 Options for Chinese policy-makers ...................................................................................................... 39 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 41 ii The Growth of China’s Services Sector and Associated Trade: Complementarities between Structural Change and Sustainability List of tables Table 3.1 GDP and value added of the tertiary industry. Data in this table are calculated at current prices. Source of data: China Statistical Yearbook 2008, National Bureau of Statistics of China ..................................................................................................................
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