DOCSLIB.ORG

The Growth-Employment Nexus 6

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Growth-Employment Nexus 6 The Growth-Employment Nexus 6 Iraq experienced steady and strong GDP growth, av- benefits and working hours. Earnings have dispropor- eraging a rate of 7 percent per year over the 2007 to tionately increased among public sector employees. A 2012 period but only modest poverty reduction; im- private sector worker still earned almost 30 percent less plying a negative but weak relationship between eco- than public workers in 2012, before including other nomic growth and poverty reduction. For economic benefits associated with public sector employment. growth to have a positive impact on poverty, it needs to generate employment and income for those who need it The expansion of the public sector has adversely affect- the most. Recent economic growth was driven mainly ed the labor market in Iraq by creating economy wide by growth in mining or oil, which represents half of disincentives to labor force participation, especially for the total GDP, the bulk of government revenues, and the youth. An increase of one percentage point in the almost all export revenues. However, it employs a tiny public employment rate of the governorate where the share of the labor force (1%) and has a low output- youth was born contributes to a significant reduction elasticity of employment (–0.2). Across other sectors, (around 50 and 40 percent for 2007 and 2012 respec- in general, employment generation has remained low tively) in their participation rate, keeping everything despite output growth. In contrast, earnings are much else constant. This disincentive to labor force partici- more responsive to output growth in general and for pation is also significant among adults. In general, the mining sector in particular; although the latter reduces the participation rate of both adult women is not likely to directly benefit the poor. Earnings have and men by about 30 percent, holding everything grown at an annual rate of 8.3 percent in the min- else constant. For women, in addition, a significant ing sector, which employs 1 percent of the labor force, gender wage gap further disincentivizes labor force compared to –2.5 percent in agriculture or 0.8 percent participation. in construction, which employ more than a fifth of the population. The nature of public sector expansion has also altered the incentives for education. With the expansion in Although more than 750,000 new jobs were created public sector jobs for less educated men, the returns to over the five year period, these were not enough to ab- education in the public sector level off after primary sorb all new participants in the labor market, and school, and do not pick up again until after tertiary four-fifths of these new jobs were generated by the public education. In 2012, an average male in the working- sector. The expansion of public sector employment has age population received 20 percent more in the public increased the incentives for ‘wait unemployment’ and sector by having complete primary education relative low labor force participation. Having a public sector to being illiterate. However, the premium for getting job translates into having a “better” job relative to the an additional level is almost negligible thereafter un- private sector on several dimensions including wages, til he completes tertiary education. 126 THE UNFULFILLED PROMISE OF OIL AND GROWTH The type of employment growth generated by Iraq over for employment creation for any given growth rate the last five years has only weakly impacted poverty, because its employs a tiny share of the labor force and the expansion of public sector employment has oc- (1%) and has a low output-elasticity of employment curred in sectors where a minority of the poor work. (–0.2).39 This implies that a 1 percent increase in For instance, one-quarter of the poor work in Con- output will generate a 0.2 percent reduction in em- struction, where only 7 percent of jobs are public sec- ployment in the mining sector. Given the growth rate tor jobs. This does not imply more intervention of the experienced in mining since 2007, this means that public sector in these sectors but the contrary. In fact, employment in the mining sector has reduced by 1.3 the expansion of the public sector has adversely affected percent or 0.07 percent of the labor force. the labor market in Iraq by creating economy wide disincentives to labor force participation; inhibiting This pattern is evident not only in mining but the development of the private sector; and distorting across almost all economic sectors. Even when a incentives to invest in education. sector’s GDP has grown over the period, employ- ment generation has remained low. This implies that employment is relatively inelastic to output The Links between Growth and growth overall (Table 28). Among sectors which Employment in Iraq have grown between 2007 and 2012, manufactur- ing is one of the most responsive sectors in terms As mentioned in Chapter 2, Iraq experienced of employment. It employs 10 percent of the labor steady and strong GDP growth, averaging a rate force and it has one of the highest output elastici- of 7 percent per year over the 2007 to 2012 period ties of employment of 0.6. Having experienced an but only modest poverty reduction (3.8 percentage annual growth rate of 9.5 percent over the period, points over the entire five year period). This points this indicates that employment in manufacturing to a negative but weak relationship between eco- sector has increased by 6 percent, or 2.4 percent of nomic growth and poverty reduction, which may the labor force. be due to weak links between economic growth and employment or between employment and earnings, In contrast, earnings are much more responsive to or both. On the other hand, the decomposition output growth in general and for the mining sec- analysis from Chapter 5 shows that the growth of tor in particular; although the latter is not likely to labor income is the most important contributory directly benefit the poor. Earnings have grown at factor to poverty reduction, but that in Iraq, it an annual rate of 8.3 percent in the mining sector, was not driven by employment growth, but rather which employs 1 percent of the labor force, com- by growth in earnings. Thus, an economy where pared to –2.5 percent in agriculture or 0.8 percent growth goes hand in hand with job creation and in- in construction, which employ more than a fifth of come generation, i.e., one where the links between the population (Table 28). Moreover, the output growth and welfare are strong, has the potential elasticity of earnings is also relatively high in pub- to deliver significant poverty reduction. And so, lic administration, the financial services sector, and we turn our attention to the relationship between other services, all of which are primarily public sec- growth, employment and earnings in Iraq. tor jobs. Within the private sector, only transport, storage and communications has a relatively high For economic growth to have a positive impact on earnings elasticity; and accounts for 11 percent of poverty, it needs to generate employment and in- employment. come for those who need it the most. Recent eco- nomic growth was driven mainly by growth in mining 39 We are referring to the direct effect of mining on employ- which represents almost half of the total GDP. How- ment; we are not considering the spillover effect on other ever, of all the sectors, this has the lowest potential sectors. THE GROWTHEMPLOYMENT NEXUS 127 TABLE 28: Growth, Employment and Labor Income Relations Employment Earnings Annual Annual Output Annual Output growth rate Labor Share growth rate elasticity of growth rate elasticity of Economic Activities (%) 2007–12 (%) 2012 2007–12 labor 2007–12 earnings Agriculture & shing 2.69 8.94 –4.78 –1.78 –2.54 –0.95 Mining & quarrying 7.80 1.02 –1.29 –0.17 8.26 1.06 Manufacturing Industry 9.45 9.67 5.96 0.63 4.74 0.50 Utilities 16.08 2.21 1.87 0.12 5.94 0.37 Construction 15.30 13.63 2.96 0.19 0.82 0.05 Transport, storage & communication 7.96 11.43 3.65 0.46 6.65 0.84 Commerce and retail 12.39 15.61 0.17 0.01 6.93 0.56 Financial, insurance 3.61 14.37 15.51 4.30 3.23 0.89 Public administration 5.66 17.23 –2.81 –0.50 6.95 1.23 Other services 4.00 5.89 1.90 0.47 4.64 1.16 Total 7.09 100.00 1.95 0.27 4.77 0.67 Source: Authors’ calculations, IHSES 2007 and 2012. New Jobs in the Economy: Public challenge for the labor market particularly in an Versus Private Sector economy with relatively weak links between growth and employment. Moreover, the relatively small im- Notwithstanding the weak relationship between provement in human capital of younger generations economic growth and employment, more than 750 poses another challenge for the country. thousand new jobs were created over the five year period. However, these were not enough to absorb The private sector contributed around 60 percent of all new participants in the labor market. In the face total jobs in Iraq in 2007 and 2012. However, it did of significant labor market discouragement, this has not lead new job creation: in the last five years 80 per- translated into stagnant participation and employ- cent of the new jobs were generated by the public sec- ment rates for the working age population during tor. While in 2007, public jobs accounted for 35 per- the period.40 cent of total jobs in Iraq, five years later, their share jumped to almost 40 percent (Figure 143 panel A).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Urban Crises and the Informal Economy: Surviving, Managing, Thriving in Post-Conflict Cities
    Urban Crises and the Informal Economy: Surviving, Managing, Thriving in Post-Conflict Cities 1 Urban Crises and the Informal Economy: Surviving , Managing, Thriving in Post-Conflict Cities Urban Economy Branch, UN-Habitat Urban Risk Reduction and Rehabilitation Branch, UN-Habitat Date September 2019 Authors Dan Lewis, Gulelat Kebede, Alison Brown, Peter Mackie Researcher Kate Dickenson Peace Negotiator Joan McGregor Academic Partners Dohuk: Nesreen Barwari, Dohuk University Cali: Lina Martinez Quintero, Universidad Icesi Hargeisa: Eid Ali, Consultant; Saeed Ahmed, Gollis University Karachi: Saeed Ahmed, NED University Kathmandu: Sudha Shrestha, Tribhuvan University Advisors UN-Habitat, Urban Economy Branch, Marco Kamiya UN-Habitat Risk Reduction & Rehabilitation Branch Commonwealth Local Government Forum, Lucy Slack, Gareth Wall Habitat International Coalition NGO Partners Cali: CEDECUR (El Centro de Educación e Investigación para el Desarrollo Comunitario Urbano y Rural) Hargeisa: SONSAF (Somaliland Non-State Actors Forum) Karachi: NOW Communities Karachi: Takhleeq Foundation Kathmandu: CWIN (Child Workers in Nepal) Contact School of Geography & Planning, Cardiff University Funder UK Aid Project Synthesis report from the research project on Economic Recovery in Post-Conflict Cities: The Role of the Urban Informal Economy, under by the DFID-ESRC Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research (Project ES-M008789-1) ii Foreword Global crises are increasingly complex and multi-dimensional, interconnected across geographical and regional boundaries, cyclical, recurrent and increasingly urban. Too easily, urban crises become entrenched, but sustainable and equitable urbanisation is key to addressing some of the root causes of instability and conflict. UN-Habitat’s Strategic Plan 2020-2023 sets out its ambitious mission to promote transformative change in cities and human settlements, and to leave no-one and no place behind.
    [Show full text]
  • World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2020 World Employment and Social Outlook
    ILO Flagship Report World Employment and Social Outlook Outlook and Social Employment World – Trends 2020 Trends X World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2020 World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2020 International Labour Office • Geneva Copyright © International Labour Organization 2020 First published 2020 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020 International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2020 ISBN 978-92-2-031408-1 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-031407-4 (web pdf) employment / unemployment / labour policy / labour market analysis / economic and social development / regional development / Africa / Asia / Caribbean / Europe / EU countries / Latin America / Middle East / North America / Pacific 13.01.3 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Tourism in Sustainable Economic Development
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Creaco, Salvo; Querini, Giulio Conference Paper The role of tourism in sustainable economic development 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe", 27th - 30th August 2003, Jyväskylä, Finland Provided in Cooperation with: European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Suggested Citation: Creaco, Salvo; Querini, Giulio (2003) : The role of tourism in sustainable economic development, 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe", 27th - 30th August 2003, Jyväskylä, Finland, European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Louvain-la-Neuve This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/115956 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
    [Show full text]
  • ISIC) Is the International Reference Classification of Productive Activities
    Economic & Social Affairs @ek\ieXk`feXcJkXe[Xi[@e[ljki`Xc:cXjj`]`ZXk`fef]8cc<Zfefd`Z8Zk`m`k`\j@J@: #I\m%+ @ek\ieXk`feXcJkXe[Xi[@e[ljki`Xc :cXjj`]`ZXk`fef]8cc<Zfefd`Z 8Zk`m`k`\j@J@: #I\m%+ Series M No. 4, Rev.4 Statistical Papers asdf United Nations Published by the United Nations ISBN 978-92-1-161518-0 Sales No. E.08.XVII.25 07-66517—August 2008—2,330 ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/4/Rev.4 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Statistical papers Series M No. 4/Rev.4 International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities Revision 4 asdf United Nations New York, 2008 Department of Economic and Social Affairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environ- mental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Note The designations used and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Employment and Economic Class in the Developing World
    ILO Research Paper No. 6 Employment and economic class in the developing world Steven Kapsos Evangelia Bourmpoula* June 2013 International Labour Office ________________ * Economists in the Employment Trends Unit of the International Labour Office. For further enquiries on this paper please contact the first author ([email protected]). Copyright © International Labour Office 2013 First published 2013 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH - 1211 Geneva 22 (Switzerland) or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organisations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit http:/ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organisation in your country. ISSN 2306-0875 (web pdf) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Sector Resilience Outlook 8–12 March 2021
    Economic Sector Resilience Outlook 8–12 March 2021 Enabling Resilience for All The Critical Decade to Scale-up Action Acknowledgments This outlook was written by Arghya Sinha Roy (ADB) and has benefitted significantly from inputs and review by Preety Bhandari (ADB), Sugar Gonzales (ADB), Mariyam Anaa Hassan (Ministry of Environment, Maldives), Jaiganesh Murugesan (ADB, consultant) Amit Prothi (Global Cities Resilient Network), Mozaharul Alam (UNEP), Sara Libera Zanetti (UNEP), Osamu Mizuno (IGES), Sivapuram Prabhakar (IGES), Yuki Ohashi (IGES), Brian Johnson (IGES), Rajashi Dasgupta (IGES), Pankaj Kumar (IGES), Binaya Raj Shivakoti (IGES). We would like to thank the panelists and participants of the webinar held under this stream for sharing their ideas and examples, which have been included in this outlook. Suggested Citation Sinha Roy A., (2021). Economic Resilience Outlook. Prepared for the 7th Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Forum, 8-12 March 2021. Bangkok: Asia Pacific Adaptation Network February 2021, APAN Secretariat Authors contact: [email protected] Layout: Invisible Ink Co., Ltd. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose. Economic Sector Resilience Outlook | 8-12 March 2 Summary Climate risk is undermining efforts to achieve socioeconomic development in Asia and the Pacific. With rapid increase in climate risk, the costs of dealing with these impacts will potentially derail sustainable economic growth of the countries. Estimates show that without climate action, the gross domestic product (GDP) in the Asia and the Pacific could decrease by as much as 3.3 per cent by 2050 and 10 per cent by 21001.
    [Show full text]
  • Reforms to Save Our Public Transport Rail Manufacturing Sector
    REFORMS TO SAVE OUR PUBLIC TRANSPORT RAIL MANUFACTURING SECTOR August 2016 1 Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Executive summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Context, focus and approach ........................................................................................................................................ 5 The industry and its growth prospects ............................................................................................................ 7 Where do inefficiencies occur? .................................................................................................................................... 9 Benefits of reforming a fragmented economic sector ............................................................... 13 Modelling methodology, results ............................................................................................................................ 15 Recommendations to secure the industry’s jobs future ......................................................... 17 Report authors, disclaimer, AMWU
    [Show full text]
  • Business with Purpose and the Rise of the Fourth
    BUSINESS WITH PURPOSE AND THE RISE OF THE FOURTH SECTOR IN IBERO-AMERICA The world will fail to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals — here’s how purpose-driven companies can fix that. 2 Contents 03 Executive Summary 04 Preface 05 Introduction 08 The Quest for Purpose 12 The Needed Ecosystem 17 A Vision for the Future and a Policy Roadmap 22 Team of Researchers 23 Bibliography 25 Annex I — The Fourth Sector in numbers 27 Annex II — Country Summaries 3 Executive Summary The state of the Fourth Sector in Ibero-America. 7 % % of national GDP Mexico 7 % Portugal 13 % 2 % Spain Colombia Ibero-America is witnessing the rise of a new gener- ation of enterprises driven by purpose beyond profit. These entities come in a wide variety of forms (from cooperatives to B-corps) and fall within numerous 4,6 % movements (social entrepreneurship, circular economy, Brazil human-centered business, fair trade, banking with values, and many others) but all of them share the 1,7 % same goal: to use a market-driven approach to become Chile 4 % self-sustaining and deliver a positive social and envi- Argentina ronmental impact at scale. The business models and principles of these purpose- 170,000 driven enterprises make of them one of the most pow- fourth-sector erful allies that governments, NGOs and societies entities have to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals 10 million by 2030. employees This study analyses the current state of purpose- 6 % of the driven enterprises in 7 countries of Ibero-America, total GDP which together account for 87 % of the total GDP of the region: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, Portugal and Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pandemic As a Stage to the Sustainable Economy
    sustainability Article Transforming the COVID-19 Threat into an Opportunity: The Pandemic as a Stage to the Sustainable Economy 1, 1 1 2 Ionica Oncioiu *, Ioana Duca , Mirela Anca Postole , Georgiana Camelia Georgescu (Cret, an) , Rodica Gherghina 2 and Robert-Adrian Grecu 2 1 Faculty of Finance-Banking, Accountancy and Business Administration, Titu Maiorescu University, 040051 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (I.D.); [email protected] (M.A.P.) 2 The Department of Finance, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania; georgiana.cretan@fin.ase.ro (G.C.G.); rodica.gherghina@fin.ase.ro (R.G.); [email protected] (R.-A.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this research is to assess the impact of the economic shocks of supply and demand generated by the COVID-19 crisis on the climate sphere at the level of the Member States of the European Union. In this respect, a macroeconomic model was used to obtain firstly an estimate of the measure of demand shock and secondly an estimate of the supply of the economy. These milestones were eventually used to estimate the impact of the two economic shocks on the level of greenhouse gas emissions. The obtained results show that both the shock from the aggregate demand area and that from the aggregate supply area had the effect of decreasing the level of greenhouse gases, leading to a positive effect on the environment. From a quantitative point of view, the model estimates show that, as a result of the manifestation of the two cumulative shocks, the level of greenhouse gas emissions could decrease by about 10%.
    [Show full text]
  • The Growth of China's Services Sector and Associated Trade
    © 2008 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) The Growth of China’sPublished Services by the International Sector Institute for Sustainable Development and Associated Trade:The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy Complementarities betweenrecommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural Structural Change andresources Sustainability management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all— sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live Zhang Liping sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable Development Research Center, organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core State Council, China operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian Simon J. Evenett International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Centre University of St. Gallen and (IDRC) and Environment Canada; and from International Trade and Regional the Province of Manitoba. The institute receives project funding from numerous governments Economics Programme, Centre for inside and outside Canada, United Nations Economic
    [Show full text]
  • GHANA Ghana's Socio-Economic Transformation and the Imperative
    Spotlights on countries 4 GHANA Ghana's socio-economic transformation and the imperative for equitable and inclusive development Yao Graham1 Third World Network Africa Current debates in Ghana about sustainable 2063 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable development express a confluence of four important Development, with its advances on the minimalist trends: 1) questioning of the growing inequalities and ambitions of the MDGs, are explicitly cited as exclusion wrought by the dominant neoliberal economic influences on the 40 Year Plan. policies and the quality of growth that has resulted; 2) The revival of interest in a subject which dominated recognition of the advances that the 2030 Agenda for development thinking and policy in the immediate Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Goals postcolonial period is a welcome turn away from the (SDGs) represent on the minimal ambitions of the prevalent intense focus on growth. It is also a Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); 3) African recognition that while growth is vital the nature and recognition of the limits of raw material commodity drivers of growth are important for its sustainability, export dependence and the need for structural economic development value and the equitable distribution of its transformation; and 4) the rediscovery of development outcomes. planning as an important tool and policy framework. 1 According to a 2013 paper from the Economic Ghana’s National Development Planning Commission is Commission for Africa, UNECA: "Four essential and currently leading a process to develop a 40 Year Long interrelated processes define structural Term Development Plan (2018-2057), with its end date transformation: a declining share of agriculture in GDP coinciding with the centenary of Ghana’s independence and employment; a rural-to-urban migration from colonial rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Role and Importance of Primary Sector Share of Primary -Vagdevi H
    Volume-3 Issue-4 October-December-2015 Pages-8 www.uni-mysore.ac.in Inside... Role and Importance of Primary Sector Share of Primary -Vagdevi H. S. & Kiranbabu P. ......Page-2 Bills and Schemes Theodore Schultz in his ...Page-3 Noble (Economics) acceptance Rural Development- speech in 1979 observed, “Most of Review ....Page-4 the people in the world are poor... Difference Most of the world’s poor people earn Between..Page-5 their living from agriculture, so if we §gÀqÀÄ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ°...6 knew the economics of agriculture we would know much of the economics Dairy Sector Page-7 of being poor” (Shultz, 1979). This Data on Dairy throws light on the importance of Sector primary sector in economies of the 15% of the National world. Understanding the structure of GDP the economy is critical for both the 140 Million Tonnes economic planners and the government of that Although, India ranks second in worldwide of Total Milk country to plan, to govern and consistently take farm output, it falls short in crop yield per unit area Production the economy towards a growing path. A steady of farms. States of India that lie on the Indo-Gangetic and reliable economic growth is vital for any plain and the ones near to any river are among the India Ranks Second country because it helps its citizens to have a important agricultural regions of the country. India in World Farm better standard of living and create enough mainly exports agricultural produce like rice, wheat, Output surpluses that help in facing the adversities.
    [Show full text]