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The Grey Nuns in the Canadian Northwest, 1848-1883

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The Grey Nuns in the Canadian Northwest, 1848-1883 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 1997 At the cultural and religious crossroads: Sara Riel and the Grey Nuns in the Canadian Northwest, 1848-1883 Erickson, Lesley Erickson, L. (1997). At the cultural and religious crossroads: Sara Riel and the Grey Nuns in the Canadian Northwest, 1848-1883 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/11684 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/26583 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY At the Cultural and Religious Crossroads: Sara Riel and the Grey Nuns in the Canadian Northwest, 1848-1883 by Lesley Enckson A THESIS SUBMïITED TO THE FACITLTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA JULY, 1997 O Lesley Erickson, 1997 National Library Bblioth&que nationale 1+1 .Cm& du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 WeilingMn Weei 395, rue Wellington OttawaON KlAON4 -WON KIA ON4 CaMda Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distri'bute or sell reproduire, prêter, distniuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïIm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts hmit Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be prhted or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Sara Riel has ken overshadowed by the attention paid to her farnous brother, Louis. Yet, a study of her life provides great insight into aspects of the western Canadian past. Her experiences as a Métis Grey Nun and missionary were shaped by complex factors of race, gender, class, and religion. This study also contributes to our understanding of women's, specifically the Grey Nuns', contributions to the development of the West. The Grey Nuns staffed the Catholic missions of the West and provided essential social services such as health care and education. By accepting Métis, Mixed-blood and Aboriginal women, iike Sara Riel, into their order, they demonstrated an ability to adapt to western society and to overcome racial boundaries. In particular, this study of a Métis wornan missionary, sent to serve but also transfom Native society, challenges simple models of missionaries as "conquerors," Catholic sisterhoods as auxiliaries, and Natives as victims. iii 1 would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Sarah Carter for her guidance and suggestions- I would also like to thank Dr. Francis and Dr. Joy for taking the time to attend my defence. Carol Boily at the Grey Nuns' Archives, St, Boniface, Sister Fernande Champagne at the Grey Nuns' Archives, Edmonton, and Sister Florence Buors at the Archbishop's Archives in St. Boniface offered invaiuabfe assistance during my research trips. Special thanks are due to Stephanie McMulian who took the time to read my thesis and to provide spur of the moment translations over the telephone. 1was fortunate to receive a Province of Alberta Graduate Scholarship thai allowed me to concentrate on research and writing. The permission fiom the Hudson's Bay Company to use their archives is gratefully acknowlzdged. Finaily, 1would like to thank rny family Lynne, Gary, and Neil Erickson and Roland Longpré for their support. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. APPROVAL PAGE. ................................................................................ .u TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES OR ILLUSTRATIONS.. .................................................. vi INTRODUCTION.. .................................................................................. 1 CHAPTERS I AT THE CULTURAL CROSSROADS: HISTORIOGRAPHY PERTAINING TO SARA RIEL'S LIFE.. ............................................. -15 II THE INFLUENCE OF CLASS AND GENDER ON SARA AND LOUIS RIEL'S INTERACTIONS WlTH THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CLERGY AT RED RIVER.. ............................................................. -43 III HIEARCHiES OF RACE AND CLASS AT RED RiVER: SARA RIEL'S STATUS AS A GREY NUN.. ............................................... .79 W "TRUE MlSSIONARY OF THE NORTH": SARA RIEL AND THE GREY NUNS AT ÎLE-À-LA-CROSSE, 1871-1883 ............... SSSSSSSSSS.108 CONCLUSION.................................................................................... -145 LIST OF FIGURES OR ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page Alexandre-Antonin Taché ................................................................ 45 Julie Riel. 1885 ...........................................~.................................54 Jean-Louis Riel, 1850................. ... ..... ... ..... ..V The Grey Nus' Convent, 1850s ................. .. ..... ........................... -61 Grey Nun with Students, Undated ...................................................... -83 Marguerite Connolly, 1877 ............... .. ........................................... 36 Map: Location of parishes where Grey Nuns taught in the Red River area ........91 Joseph Dubuc .............................................................................. -99 Sara Riel's sketch of the Catholic mission at Île.à-la-crosse, 1874.............. -108 Map: Sara Riel's Journey to Îie.2-la-crosse, 187 1 .................................. 113 Sara Riet' s painting of Île.à.la.~rosse, 1874 ......................................... 119 INTRODUCTION Louis, chase away the sud and troublùlg thoughts that our las meeting gave birth to. With the Grace of God the darkness of the present wilI disappear with time. Be confident! Until that time we must do our duty; you as a fervent Christian and me as a Sister of Cham. Sara Riel to Louis Riel, 7 September 1868' Beginning in the 1840s a unique development occurred in the Catholic mission field of western Canada. Métis and Mixed-blood women2 became members of the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, popularly known as the Grey Nuns. The Grey Nuns, a French- Canadian Cathoiic sisterhood, arrived at Red River in 1844 as rnissionaries to the local Métis and Native populations. Joseph-Norbert Provencher, bishop of St. Boniface, hoped that the Grey Nuns would "civilise" the Métis population at Red River by teaching Métis girls to become exemplary wives and mothers to Catholic, sedentary, and agricultural families. Within two years the Grey Nuns had achieved something more than the goals outlined for them by Provencher-they had accepted the fist Mixed-blood woman into their order. In this, they were more successful than the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, a male Catholic missionary order dominant in the West, who were specifically instnicted to develop an indigenous priesthood for the western missions. Louis Riel, leader of the Red River Resistance of 1869-1870 and defender of Métis and French-Canadian rights in the Northwest, was one of the Oblates' most famous failures. Although the Oblates sent Riel to Montreai in 1858 to study for the priesthood, Riel withdrew in 1865. By contrast, Louis Riel's sister, Sara, became the fust Métis Grey Nun and, in 1871, the first Métis missionary in the Northwest This thesis explores how race, ethnicity, gender, and class influenced Sara Riel's experiences and her work as a Grey Nun missionary. Sara Riel has received little attention from histonans. In the 1970s, Mary V. Jordan, secretary of the Winnipeg Labour Council, published To Louis hmvour sister who loves vou. Sara ~iel.~Because Jordan focuses on Sara's letters to Louis, the two siblings' relationship is the dominant theme of the monograph. Jordan writes littie of Sara Riel's experiences with the Grey Nuns or her Me as a missionary at he-à-la-crosse in northern Saskatchewan. Because Jordan fdsto place Sara Riel's iife within the context of MCtis history and the history of Cathoiic sisterhoods, she interprets Sara's Life as an extension of Louis'. According to Jordan, Sara emulated Louis to such a degree that her expenences cmbe investigated and interpreted in relation to what was occming in her brother's Me. Sara Riel chose to become a Grey Nun only after Louis forsook the priesthood. She became a missionary in exile only after Louis fled Red River in the afiermath of the Resistance. And, she too felt she had a divine mission to carry out on earth. Jordan concludes that Sara Riel's letters to her brother ultimately reveal the degree to which the two siblings shared a mystical relationship: Sara Riel was Louis' 6bconscience.'~4 Due to the nature of biography. Louis Riel's biographers likewise treat Sara Riel's life as important only to the degree that it can shed light on her brother's experiences. Historian George F. G. Stanley mentions her in passing only five times? Political
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