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Specific Light Management Plans and Light Source Retrofits for Panhandle Conservation Lands

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Specific Light Management Plans and Light Source Retrofits for Panhandle Conservation Lands Development and Assessment of Site---Specific Light Management Plans and Light Source Retrofits for Panhandle Conservation Lands DEP Contract No. RM146 / FWC Contract No. 13049 Final Comprehensive Report Submitted to: Mr. Pearce Barrett, P.E. NRDA Project Coordinator FL Department of Environmental Protection Tallahassee, FL and Ms. Karen Williams, Contract Manager Division of Habitat and Species Conservation Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 620 S. Meridian, MS 10 Tallahassee, Florida 32399 Submitted by: Pete Strasser International Dark---Sky Association 3223 N. First Avenue Tucson, AZ 85719 520 293---3198 1 In an effort to offset impacts to sea turtle nesting habitats that occurred during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and associated cleanup activities, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission contracted with the International Dark---Sky Association (IDA) for beach lighting surveys. Under this contract IDA conducted site assessments in twenty---five conservation lands along the sandy Gulf of Mexico shoreline to identify exterior lights visible from sea turtle beaches. Data collected during the assessments were used to develop lighting retrofit recommendations for local governments, private homeowners and property managers to reduce potential artificial lighting effects. Recommendations called for the replacement of existing problematic exterior lights with fully shielded, long wavelength fixtures. This coordinated light management program will reduce lighting impacts to threatened loggerhead sea turtles on Florida’s Panhandle beaches. The contract was executed on August 19, 2013, and IDA began its pre---retrofit survey work on the same date. By the end of September 2013, pre---retrofit surveys were competed for 12 conservation lands—Bald Point State Park, John S. Phipps Preserve, Dr. Julian G. Bruce St. George Island State Park, Lighthouse Park, Cape St. George State Reserve, Jeff Lewis Wilderness Preserve (Dog Island), Salinas Park, Troy Deal Public Beach, Cape Palms Park, Dunes Drive Public Beach, St. Joseph Peninsula State Park, and Veteran’s Memorial Park. By October 12, 2013 pre---retrofit survey work was completed in the 13 remaining parks— St. Andrews State Park, MB Miller Pier, Camp Helen State Park, Inlet Beach, Deer Lake State Park, Grayton Beach State Park, Topsail Hill Preserve State Park, James Lee Park, Henderson Beach State Park, John Beasley Park, Newman C. Bracken Wayside Park, Navarre Beach Park, and Perdido Key State Park. Pre---retrofit surveys reports for the following conservation lands were delivered in 2014: Cape St. George State Reserve, Jeff Lewis Wilderness Preserve (Dog Island), Salinas Park, Troy Deal Public Beach, Cape Palms Park, Dunes Drive Public Beach, St. Joseph Peninsula State Park, Veteran’s Memorial Park, St. Andrews State Park, MB Miller Pier, Camp Helen State Park, Inlet Beach, Deer Lake State Park, Grayton Beach State Park, Topsail Hill Preserve State Park, James Lee Park, Henderson Beach State Park, John Beasley Park, Newman C. Bracken Wayside Park, Navarre Beach Park, and Perdido Key State Park. Initial results indicate that much of lighting on surveyed sites that could potentially affect sea turtle nesting originates from off---site sources. As stipulated by the contract, IDA documented potential lighting problems located within 1,000 feet of the conservation lands and has included this data in the appropriate reports and lighting retrofit recommendations. Other record data, along with high---resolution photos taken with GPS---enabled DSLR cameras, were added to the individual records, providing further documentation for each individual record and conservation area. The different types of data described above form the basis for the lighting reports submitted for each of the conservation lands in the project. GPS---enabled, 18.1---megapixel Nikon Coolpix P520 and DX-70 cameras were the main photographic tools used for the project. Most of the high---resolution images recorded for the survey were captured using these cameras. Nighttime survey work was generally performed first and then followed up with daytime surveys. Lighting data collected at night included photographs, geo---tags, written descriptions and, when possible, measurements obtained from other instruments. Daytime surveys gathered data on locations, types and characteristics of the lighting fixtures that could not be observed at night. The night sky was also measured photographically from the conservation lands with a Canon Ti2 DSLR camera. This camera was calibrated in a third-party laboratory to ensure accuracy in measuring sky brightness. The same camera was used to capture both the pre- retrofit images as well as post-retrofit. Images were recorded using a fisheye lens to capture nearly the entire sky. In all cases, the camera was on Manual (M), with the camera set to a 30---second exposure at an ISO of 1600, and at an f/ratio of 2.8. Images were recorded in RAW format and processed into false--- color versions that reveal variations in brightness across the sky. In addition to photographic methods used, a Unihedron hand-held Sky Quality Meter (SQM) was utilized to record sky brightness measurements at the time of photographic documentation. The measurements produced by this device are presented as an astronomical measure called ‘Stellar magnitudes per arcsecond squared” (mag/arcsec2). The values produced by the SQM meter and those obtained from post-processing computer analysis of night sky photographs were within 0.01%. The Stellar Magnitude measurement is one of several typically used in astronomy to quantify the difference between celestial objects and the ambient brightness of a given location given the effects of light pollution and skyglow. In astronomy, skyglow resulting from light pollution limits the visibility of celestial objects in the night sky. In conservation, skyglow and light pollution are responsible for nocturnal behavioral changes in a variety of wildlife species. To accurately represent as much as possible the extent of sky glow and light pollution at the survey sites, photos and SQM measurements at each of the sites. Preferably, the measurements are taken during moonless, cloudless nights to illuminate these variables from the comparisons. To use Stellar Magnitude measurements for comparisons of pre-retrofit and post-retrofit survey data, it is important to understand how the measurement is calculated and how the measurement can then be used for comparison of changes to the night sky environment. Please reference the web page for the American Association of Variable Star Observers “Magnitudes: Measuring the Brightness of Stars” (https://www.aavso.org/magnitude) which was utilized to produce the description below. The Stellar Magnitude scale (also known as Apparent Magnitude) is a reverse logarithmic scale created by astronomer Norman Robert Pogson in the early 1800s. The system he created and that is still used today formalized the definition of brightness of celestial objects in the night sky (the brightest to most-dim stars visible to the human eye in the night sky) first proposed by Hipparchus and later Ptolemy. The Greek System used a scale of 1 to 6 to assign brightness to the stars seen in the night sky, the brightest of which is a ‘first-magnitude’ star. First-magnitude stars (Vega is the standard Magnitude-1 star used in astronomy today) are perceived by the human eye to be five magnitudes brighter (a factor of 100 times brighter) than a magnitude-6 star, the least- brightest star visible to the human eye in the night sky. The Pogson Ratio establishes a logarithmic value for change in the magnitude of brightness between one object (M) and a second object that is one magnitude different in brightness (M+1). The difference in brightness is equal to the fifth root of 100 (5 The goal of the project was to retrofit exterior√100), lighting or about identified 2.512 in times 2013 different. surveys to reduce light pollution and improve, or darken, the night-sky environment over important sea turtle nesting beaches. To determine if the night sky at each location has been improved, the SQM measurements of Stellar Magnitude were taken at each project location and can be used for comparison of pre-retrofit and post-retrofit sky brightness to determine if the changes made to exterior lighting at the location has improved the night sky environment. The Pogson Ratio can be employed using the following equation for comparison of SQM measurements: Change in brightness from pre-retrofit (m1) to post retrofit (m2) = 1- (2.512 (m2-m1)) For example, if a post-retrofit survey measurement (m2) has an SQM value of 20.59, and the pre-retrofit SQM measurement (m1) is 20.17, the difference is 0.42. Then the Pogson Ratio of 2.512 is raised to the power of 0.42 yielding a value of 1.472. The result is subtracted from one (1 – 1.472= 0.472) indicating that the change to the night sky is about 47.2% darker than when measured during the initial pre-retrofit survey. Conversely, if the difference between m2 and m1 is a negative number, the evaluation would be that the night sky has become brighter, indicating light pollution has increased between the time of the two surveys. For example, the difference between an m2 (post-retrofit) reading of 18.99 and an m1 (pre-retrofit) reading of 19.06 yields a difference of -0.07. So, calculating 2.512-0.07 yields 0.9375. Then, 1- 0.9375 = 0.0625. The night sky is then evaluated to be 6.25% brighter than initially surveyed. An SQM measurement taken at a location with significant sky-glow will have a lower stellar magnitude measurement than that of a location that is darker and is less-affected by sky- glow (a higher SQM measurement). It follows that if the Stellar Magnitude measurement of a location initially surveyed is higher after retrofitting efforts, the night sky environment is darker, and has been improved for sea turtles and other wildlife.
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