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The Poets Julia Balbilla and Damo at the Colossus of Memnon

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The Poets Julia Balbilla and Damo at the Colossus of Memnon Please do not remove this page The poets Julia Balbilla and Damo at the Colossus of Memnon Brennan, T. Corey https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/delivery/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository/12643437400004646?l#13643525110004646 Brennan, T. C. (1998). The poets Julia Balbilla and Damo at the Colossus of Memnon. Classical World, 91(4), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.7282/T3XS5XSS This work is protected by copyright. You are free to use this resource, with proper attribution, for research and educational purposes. Other uses, such as reproduction or publication, may require the permission of the copyright holder. Downloaded On 2021/09/28 19:29:09 -0400 The Poets Julia Balbilla and Damo at the Colossus of Memnon Author(s): T. C. Brennan Source: The Classical World, Vol. 91, No. 4 (Mar. - Apr., 1998), pp. 215-234 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Classical Association of the Atlantic States Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4352060 Accessed: 21-05-2016 15:42 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Classical Association of the Atlantic States are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Classical World This content downloaded from 128.6.218.72 on Sat, 21 May 2016 15:42:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE POETS JULIA BALBILLA AND DAMO AT THE COLOSSUS OF MEMNON In this paper I offer a general historical and (admittedly specu- lative) prosopographical introduction to two women poets of the Roman empire who, in the modern period, have never been widely known and who, even now, surprisingly are seldom discussed.' The more important is Julia Balbilla, who composed in the Aeolic dialect. We have from her four complete poems, elegiacs totalling 54 lines, with an additional pentameter tacked onto the last of these verses, seem- ingly as an afterthought. These Balbilla had carved on the "Colossus of Memnon" outside Egyptian Thebes in A.D. 130, while in the com- pany of the emperor Hadrian and his wife Sabina. The other poet I discuss (and attempt to identify) is a certain Damo, who has left two elegiac couplets on the Memnon statue, also in the Aeolic dialect. These graffiti-and the inscriptions of about a hundred other visitors to the statue, in Greek and Latin, prose and verse-have been col- lected, with French translation and commentary, in the great edition of Memnon inscriptions by A. and E. Bernand.' The poems of Julia Balbilla and Damo are unlikely to excite anyone because of literary style, and perhaps not even because of their content. But I argue that both these poets are important, not so much as writers but as individuals, for they shed remarkable light on the competitive ethos- both political and literary-of the Roman elite in the age of Hadrian. The story of the Memnon Colossus is well enough known so as not to require a lengthy discussion here.2 This 65-foot high mono- *Dedicated to Professor E. Badian on the occasion of his retirement (I Febru- ary 1998) from the Departments of History and Classics in Harvard University. I Les inscriptions grecques et latines du Colosse de Memnon (Paris 1960), nos. 28- 31 (Balbilla) and 83 (Damo), superseding earlier editions, including that of G. Kaibel, Epigrammata Graeca ex lapidibus conlecta (Berlin 1878) nos. 988-92 (the text repro- duced for Balbilla on the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae CD-ROM) and 1014. E. L. Bowie, in D. A. Russell (ed.), Antonine Literature (Oxford 1990) 62-63, reprints the text of Bernand 28 and 29 with an English translation, and M. Lefkowitz and M. Fant, Women's Life in Greece and Rome, 2nd ed. (Baltimore 1992) 10, offer a translation of Bernand 31. Treatments of Julia Balbilla as either person or poet have been mostly brief and inciden- tal. For a summary of the facts (with ample bibliography) see S. Fein, Die Beziehungen der Kaiser Trajan und Hadrian :u den liuterati (Stuttgart 1994) 112-14; see also S. Swain, Hellenism and Empire (Oxford 1996) 298, and E. L. Bowie in OCD, 3rd ed., 777. For an excellent extended discussion of Balbilla and her family see A. R. Birley, "Hadrian and Greek Senators," ZPE 116 (1997) 209-45 (esp. 209-25, 237-44) and Hadrian: The Rest- less Emperor (London and New York 1997) (esp. 62-64, 217-18, 246-52). I have not seen discussion of Damo outside of the Bernands' standard edition, except for M. L. West, "Die griechischen Dichterinnen der Kaiserzeit," in H. G. Beck, A. Kambylis and P. Moraux (eds.), Kyklos [Festschrift R. Keydell], (Berlin and New York 1978) 101-15, at 108-9, though Lefkowitz and Fant (see above) 10, translate her extant lines into English. 2 The best collection of testimonia for the statue is that of W. Drexler, in W. H. Roscher (ed.), Ausfuhrliches Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie 11 2 (Leipzig 1894-1897) s.v. Memnon cols. 2661-68. For an excellent general dis- cussion of Memnon tourism, see G. W. Bowersock, "The Miracle of Memnon," BASP 215 This content downloaded from 128.6.218.72 on Sat, 21 May 2016 15:42:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 216 T. C. BRENNAN lithic figure was set up (along with a companion statue) around 1400 B.C. to honor Amenophis II1.3 At some point the upper part toppled to the ground; an earthquake of 26 B.C. is generally held to blame.4 But this mishap was to launch the statue into real fame. A high- pitched noise started emanating from what remained on the statue base, especially in the early morning. An eyewitness from ca. 24 B.c.-none other than the geographer Strabo, in the company of the Prefect of Egypt and a horde of officers and soldiers-reports: "I too . heard the noise at about the first hour [that is, soon after sunrise], but whether it came from the base or from the colossus-or whether the noise was made on purpose by one of the men who were standing all round and near the base-I am unable positively to assert."5 Plenty of later sightseers made up for Strabo's skepticism. Pausanias was quite impressed with the statue, comparing the sound to "that of a kithara or lyre when a string has been broken."6 Indeed, there was a long series of curiosity seekers who came to see the colossus, including Germanicus in A.D. 19 and, as I noted, the emperor Hadrian, in November 130, soon after the death by drowning of his favorite Antinous.' We do not know for certain precisely when or why Greek- speaking visitors to Egypt started equating the statue with Memnon, but it may have been well before it started to "speak."8 For better or worse, some who came carved their impressions of the weird sound right onto the figure of Memnon. Many of these interpreted the musical note the statue gave forth at the first rays of the sun as Memnon's greeting to his mother, the Dawn. (In actual- ity, the noise probably had something to do with the moisture which had collected overnight in the fissured stone; the base expanded when warmed by the rising sun.9) It appears that local priests managed the site, providing information to tourists, and-as one source tells us-encouraging visitors to sacrifice to "the sun of Aethiopia and to Memnon of the Dawn."'0 The priests surely profited for their troubles. 21 (1984) 21-32. The Princeton dissertation of V. A. Foertmeyer, Tourism in Graeco- Roman Egypt (1989) is an erudite detailed study, with discussion of the Colossus throughout (see esp. 23-25 with corresponding notes on 51-55). 1 See W. Helck and W. Otto (eds.), Lexikon der Agyptologie I (Wiesbaden 1975) coll. 206-10 s.v. Amenophis Ill; coll. 219-21 s.v. Amenophis, son of Hapu (the actual architect of the statues); IV (Wiesbaden 1982) coll. 23-24 s.v. Memnonskolosse. I For the date, see G. W. Bowersock, Augustus and the Greek World (Oxford 1965) 157, refining an argument first made by J. A. Letronne, La statue vocale de Memnon, consideree dans ses rapports avec 1'tgypte et la Grece (Paris 1833) 23-29. Strabo 17.1.46 (the translation is that of H. L. Jones in the Loeb edition). Paus. 1.42.3. For the basic chronology of Hadrian's visit, see H. Halfmann, Itinera principum. Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im rimischen Reich (Stuttgart 1986) 188-210, esp. 193-94 and 207-08; Birley, Hadrian (above, n.l) 235-58. ' On this question, see most recently A. Thdodoridts, "Ptlerinage au Colosse de Memnon," CE 64 (1989) 267-82, esp. 269-79; Foertmeyer (above, n.2) 23-24. " See Bowersock (above, n.2) 23. " Philostratus, Vit. Apoll. 6.4; for the priests see also Balbilla in Bernand 28.3-4. This content downloaded from 128.6.218.72 on Sat, 21 May 2016 15:42:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms JULIA BALBILLA AND DAMO AT THE COLOSSUS 217 In particular, I am convinced that they charged handsomely for the privilege of writing on the stone." It can be no accident that the overwhelming majority of signatories are Roman administrators of rank-for instance, prefects of Egypt and governors of Thebes (and their wives) count for fully a fifth of the inscriptions.
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