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The Culture of Wikipedia
Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. Foreword by Lawrence Lessig The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Web edition, Copyright © 2011 by Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. CC-NC-SA 3.0 Purchase at Amazon.com | Barnes and Noble | IndieBound | MIT Press Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been lauded, lambasted, and satirized. Despite unease over its implications for the character (and quality) of knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the centuries-old Author Bio & Research Blog pursuit of a universal encyclopedia. Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia is a rich ethnographic portrayal of Wikipedia's historical roots, collaborative culture, and much debated legacy. Foreword Preface to the Web Edition Praise for Good Faith Collaboration Preface Extended Table of Contents "Reagle offers a compelling case that Wikipedia's most fascinating and unprecedented aspect isn't the encyclopedia itself — rather, it's the collaborative culture that underpins it: brawling, self-reflexive, funny, serious, and full-tilt committed to the 1. Nazis and Norms project, even if it means setting aside personal differences. Reagle's position as a scholar and a member of the community 2. The Pursuit of the Universal makes him uniquely situated to describe this culture." —Cory Doctorow , Boing Boing Encyclopedia "Reagle provides ample data regarding the everyday practices and cultural norms of the community which collaborates to 3. Good Faith Collaboration produce Wikipedia. His rich research and nuanced appreciation of the complexities of cultural digital media research are 4. The Puzzle of Openness well presented. -
SI 410 Ethics and Information Technology
Author(s): Paul Conway, PhD, 2010 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. The citation key on the following slide provides information about how you may share and adapt this material. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact [email protected] with any questions, corrections, or clarification regarding the use of content. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/privacy-and-terms-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers. Citation Key for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Use + Share + Adapt { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (17 USC § 105) Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. -
Télécharger Le Texte Intégral En Format
ANNUAIRE FRANÇAIS DE RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES 2019 Volume XX PUBLICATION COURONNÉE PAR L’ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES MORALES ET POLITIQUES (Prix de la Fondation Edouard Bonnefous, 2008) Université Panthéon-Assas Centre Thucydide AFRI_2019_v3_1124p.indd 3 24/04/2019 11:44 WIKIPÉDIA PAR VALÉRIE NICOLAS (*) Wikipédia (1) est un site Internet collaboratif qui se décrit lui-même comme « encyclopédie en libre accès, en lecture comme en écriture » (2). Multilingue, ce site est servi par un logiciel identique le Mediawiki. Il est adossé à une fondation à but non lucratif Wikimedia, qui assure son fonctionnement et gère d’autres projets frères. Le contenu de Wikipédia est disponible sous licence libre (3). Ainsi chacun peut le recopier, le modifier et l’utiliser. Le projet encyclopédique est alimenté par chaque utilisateur par une écriture collaborative, participative et bénévole. Crée en 2001 par deux ressortissants américains (4), Wikipédia (WP) est en 2014 le 5e site le plus fréquenté au monde (5). 500 millions de visiteurs le consultent chaque mois. Il offre aux lecteurs plus de 30 millions d’articles dans plus de 300 versions linguistiques. La version en anglais – matrice du projet –, compte plus de 5 millions de contributions. Les chiffres sont évocateurs du formidable recueil de connaissances que WP constitue. Internet est le moteur et le vecteur du succès du projet Wikipédia. Internet est un réseau de réseaux informatiques international organisé grâce à un protocole unique de communication (TCP/IP). Outil de communication, le World Wide Web (Web), un des services fournis par le réseau (6), a bouleversé les échanges entre les individus. Le réseau permet leur multiplication sans considération de frontières, ni de temps. -
Lessons from Citizendium
Lessons from Citizendium Wikimania 2009, Buenos Aires, 28 August 2009 HaeB [[de:Benutzer:HaeB]], [[en:User:HaeB]] Please don't take photos during this talk. Citizendium Timeline ● September 2006: Citizendium announced. Sole founder: Larry Sanger, known as former editor-in-chief of Nupedia, chief organizer of Wikipedia (2001-2002), and later as Wikipedia critic ● October 2006: Started non-public pilot phase ● January 2007: “Big Unfork”: All unmodified copies of Wikipedia articles deleted ● March 2007: Public launch ● December 2007: Decision to use CC-BY-3.0, after debate about commercial reuse and compatibility with Wikipedia ● Mid-2009: Sanger largely inactive on Citizendium, focuses on WatchKnow ● August 2009: Larry Sanger announces he will step down as editor-in-chief soon (as committed to in 2006) Citizendium and Wikipedia: Similarities and differences ● Encyclopedia ● Strict real names ● Free license policy ● ● Open (anyone can Special role for contribute) experts: “editors” can issue content ● Created by amateurs decisions, binding to ● MediaWiki-based non-editors collaboration ● Governance: Social ● Non-profit contract, elements of a constitutional republic Wikipedian views of Citizendium ● Competitor for readers, contributions ● Ally, common goal of creating free encyclopedic content ● “Who?” ● In this talk: A long-time experiment testing several fundamental policy changes, in a framework which is still similar enough to that of Wikipedia to generate valuable evidence as to what their effect might be on WP Active editors: Waiting to explode ● Sanger (October 2007): ”At some point, possibly very soon, the Citizendium will grow explosively-- say, quadruple the number of its active contributors, or even grow by an order of magnitude ....“ © Aleksander Stos, CC-BY 3.0 Number of users that made at least one edit in each month Article creation rate: Still muddling Sanger (October 2007): “It's still possible that the project will, from here until eternity, muddle on creating 14 articles per day. -
Reliability of Wikipedia 1 Reliability of Wikipedia
Reliability of Wikipedia 1 Reliability of Wikipedia The reliability of Wikipedia (primarily of the English language version), compared to other encyclopedias and more specialized sources, is assessed in many ways, including statistically, through comparative review, analysis of the historical patterns, and strengths and weaknesses inherent in the editing process unique to Wikipedia. [1] Because Wikipedia is open to anonymous and collaborative editing, assessments of its Vandalism of a Wikipedia article reliability usually include examinations of how quickly false or misleading information is removed. An early study conducted by IBM researchers in 2003—two years following Wikipedia's establishment—found that "vandalism is usually repaired extremely quickly — so quickly that most users will never see its effects"[2] and concluded that Wikipedia had "surprisingly effective self-healing capabilities".[3] A 2007 peer-reviewed study stated that "42% of damage is repaired almost immediately... Nonetheless, there are still hundreds of millions of damaged views."[4] Several studies have been done to assess the reliability of Wikipedia. A notable early study in the journal Nature suggested that in 2005, Wikipedia scientific articles came close to the level of accuracy in Encyclopædia Britannica and had a similar rate of "serious errors".[5] This study was disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica.[6] By 2010 reviewers in medical and scientific fields such as toxicology, cancer research and drug information reviewing Wikipedia against professional and peer-reviewed sources found that Wikipedia's depth and coverage were of a very high standard, often comparable in coverage to physician databases and considerably better than well known reputable national media outlets. -
What You Say Is Who You Are. How Open Government Data Facilitates Profiling Politicians
What you say is who you are. How open government data facilitates profiling politicians Maarten Marx and Arjan Nusselder ISLA, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam Science Park 107 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract. A system is proposed and implemented that creates a lan- guage model for each member of the Dutch parliament, based on the official transcripts of the meetings of the Dutch Parliament. Using ex- pert finding techniques, the system allows users to retrieve a ranked list of politicians, based on queries like news messages. The high quality of the system is due to extensive data cleaning and transformation which could have been avoided when it had been available in an open machine readable format. 1 Introduction The Internet is changing from a web of documents into a web of objects. Open and interoperable (linkable) data are crucial for web applications which are build around objects. Examples of objects featuring prominently is (mashup) websites are traditional named entities like persons, products, organizations [6,4], but also events and unique items like e.g. houses. The success of several mashup sites is simply due to the fact that they provide a different grouping of already (freely) available data. Originally the data could only be grouped by documents; the mashup allows for groupings by objects which are of interest in their specific domain. Here is an example from the political domain. Suppose one wants to know more about Herman van Rompuy, the new EU “president” from Belgium. Being a former member of the Belgium parliament and several governments, an im- portant primary source of information are the parliamentary proceedings. -
Federated Ontology Search Vasco Calais Pedro CMU-LTI-09-010
Federated Ontology Search Vasco Calais Pedro CMU-LTI-09-010 Language Technologies Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15213 www.lti.cs.cmu.edu Thesis Committee: Jaime Carbonell, Chair Eric Nyberg Robert Frederking Eduard Hovy, Information Sciences Institute Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy In Language and Information Technologies Copyright © 2009 Vasco Calais Pedro For my grandmother, Avó Helena, I am sorry I wasn’t there Abstract An Ontology can be defined as a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. The development of the semantic web initiative is rapidly increasing the number of publicly available ontologies. In such a distributed environment, complex applications often need to handle multiple ontologies in order to provide adequate domain coverage. Surprisingly, there is a lack of adequate frameworks for enabling the use of multiple ontologies transparently while abstracting the particular ontological structures used by that framework. Given that any ontology represents the views of its author or authors, using multiple ontologies requires us to deal with several significant challenges, some stemming from the nature of knowledge itself, such as cases of polysemy or homography, and some stemming from the structures that we choose to represent such knowledge with. The focus of this thesis is to explore a set of techniques that will allow us to overcome some of the challenges found when using multiple ontologies, thus making progress in the creation of a functional information access platform for structured sources. -
13. Technological Education
PASCALE BRANDT-POMARES 13. TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION The Issue of Information Retrieval Via the Internet INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on what pupils know about the information they retrieve on the Internet and about what is at stake in the learning process that teaching and especially technology education have to recognise. Information is considered as a major element in personality construction giving the activity of information retrieval on the Internet a specific status in the access to knowledge. The perception pupils have about the information retrieved on the Internet is examined by means of a questionnaire. This questionnaire gives prominence to the existing confusion about the quality of the information that can be consulted on the Internet and especially on the Wikipedia website. This phenomenon justifies the necessity of investigating information retrieval within technology education. CONTEXT AND THEORETICAL APPROACH OF THIS STUDY It is frequently said that children who have grown up with the Internet have no trouble mastering the use of computer systems. And yet, the difficulties quite young pupils (around 11 years old) are often confronted with while doing information retrieval on apparently simple subjects can be very surprising. Before reporting on the research project, it is important to investigate further the subject especially since computer activity is a relatively frequent activity undertaken by young people. Initially, we will review how access to information plays a part in personality construction, particularly if it is via the Internet and with this perspective in mind, we will consider how the situation is in the education system, from the point of view of both information retrieval as education technology and as a subject taught in technology education. -
Critical Point of View: a Wikipedia Reader
w ikipedia pedai p edia p Wiki CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW A Wikipedia Reader 2 CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW A Wikipedia Reader CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW 3 Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader Editors: Geert Lovink and Nathaniel Tkacz Editorial Assistance: Ivy Roberts, Morgan Currie Copy-Editing: Cielo Lutino CRITICAL Design: Katja van Stiphout Cover Image: Ayumi Higuchi POINT OF VIEW Printer: Ten Klei Groep, Amsterdam Publisher: Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam 2011 A Wikipedia ISBN: 978-90-78146-13-1 Reader EDITED BY Contact GEERT LOVINK AND Institute of Network Cultures NATHANIEL TKACZ phone: +3120 5951866 INC READER #7 fax: +3120 5951840 email: [email protected] web: http://www.networkcultures.org Order a copy of this book by sending an email to: [email protected] A pdf of this publication can be downloaded freely at: http://www.networkcultures.org/publications Join the Critical Point of View mailing list at: http://www.listcultures.org Supported by: The School for Communication and Design at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (Hogeschool van Amsterdam DMCI), the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) in Bangalore and the Kusuma Trust. Thanks to Johanna Niesyto (University of Siegen), Nishant Shah and Sunil Abraham (CIS Bangalore) Sabine Niederer and Margreet Riphagen (INC Amsterdam) for their valuable input and editorial support. Thanks to Foundation Democracy and Media, Mondriaan Foundation and the Public Library Amsterdam (Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam) for supporting the CPOV events in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Leipzig. (http://networkcultures.org/wpmu/cpov/) Special thanks to all the authors for their contributions and to Cielo Lutino, Morgan Currie and Ivy Roberts for their careful copy-editing. -
Portrait of the Intellectual As a DJ Wikipedia and the Question of Scientific Expertise
Portrait of the intellectual as a DJ Wikipedia and the question of scientific expertise Philippe LACOUR Wikipedia is on its way to becoming something of an institution in today’s intellectual landscape. What role, one might ask, is scientific expertise going to play here? According to Philippe Lacour, this problem is not so much going to find a solution inside the encyclopaedia’s framework, as it is going to be resolved in an external operationalisation process, following the twofold principle of clinical as well as critical differentiation. Wikipedia’s development is based on the dissembling and reassembling of knowledge and digital data, foreshadowing, undoubtedly, what will be a new form of intellectual life. Wikipedia and Citizendium Wikipedia is notorious for its editorial ambiguity. Not only is the positivist norm, which includes neutral presentation of facts, accountability and consensual writing, not always complied with (forgery, disputes, etc.), but, more importantly, its leverage inside this project is structurally challenged by other philosophical approaches (liberalism, communitarism, relativism)1. The debate surrounding the online encyclopaedia Citizendium might not have received sufficient attention in this regard. In the light of Wikipedia’s success, Larry Sanger’s rivalling project might, at first glance, appear somewhat childish and vain. Yet, personal quarrels aside (Larry 1 See especially Marc Foglia et al., Wikipédia. Média de la connaissance démocratique? Quand le citoyen lambda devient encyclopédiste (Wikipedia. Medium of democratic knowledge? Citizen lambda turns into encyclopaedist), ed. FYP, Limoges, March 2008, §3: “Le mix philosophique de Wikipédia” (The philosophical mixture inside Wikipedia), and §12.8: “La construction du consensus?” (Constructing a consensus?). -
Citizendium Vs. Wikipedia – Handeln Mit Verteilten/ Vertauschten Rollen? 2013
Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Harald Hillgärtner Citizendium vs. Wikipedia – Handeln mit verteilten/ vertauschten Rollen? 2013 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/3887 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Sammelbandbeitrag / collection article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Hillgärtner, Harald: Citizendium vs. Wikipedia – Handeln mit verteilten/vertauschten Rollen?. In: Maik Bierwirth, Oliver Leistert, Renate Wieser (Hg.): Ungeplante Strukturen. Tausch und Zirkulation. Paderborn: Fink 2013 (Schriftenreihe des Graduiertenkollegs "Automatismen" 2), S. 59–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/3887. Erstmalig hier erschienen / Initial publication here: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:466:2-10734 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Creative Commons - This document is made available under a creative commons - Namensnennung 4.0/ Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Attribution 4.0/ License. For more information see: Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ HARALD HILLGÄRTNER CITIZENDIUM VS. WIKIPEDIA – HANDELN MIT VERTEILTEN/VERTAUSCHTEN ROLLEN? Im Februar 2009 spielte sich auf der internationalen Mailingliste Nettime eine zwar recht kurze, aber durchaus signifikante Diskussion über die Wikipedia ab. Anlass war die Löschung eines Artikels zum Stichwort „Wikipedia Art“. Hierbei handelt es sich um den Versuch, die Funktionsweise und die Stan- dards der Wikipedia zum Anlass zu nehmen, -
Wikipedia and Cyberculture ___/ a Platform for the Social Consensus, Or a Platform for Social Folly?
\___ Wikipedia and Cyberculture ___/ A platform for the social consensus, or a platform for social folly? December 2007 Jamie Radul (BA General Program 1st Year) In the nineteen-thirties H.G.Wells wrote a book of essays called “World Brain,” where he called for an educational knowledge network in the form of a “Permanent World Encyclopedia," whereby "any student, in any part of the world, will be able to sit with his projector in his own study at his or her convenience to examine any book, any document, in an exact replica.” The essay "The Brain Organization of the Modern World" lays out Wells' vision for "a sort of mental clearing house for the mind, a depot where knowledge and ideas are received, sorted, summarized, digested, clarified and compared."1 Today these words seem like premonitions to our digital era, and had H.G.Wells lived to see the age of the internet, he might have been the man to begin the mass collaborative project towards his 'world en-cyclopedia'. But by the time the internet came around full swing, H.G. Wells was dead. And Jimmy Wales, internet 'web portal' pornographer / founder of free online encyclopedia, Nupedia2, was very much alive! Yes he was, and in 2001 he launched a second, free online encyclopedia that was different from Nupedia in that it was to build its articles through the consensus of a very open- ended, almost anarchistic, mass collaboration. Wikipedia was from its inception an encyclopedia that 'anyone can edit', and one of its first policies was to 'ignore all the rules'.