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Better Captures Addictive-Like Eating Behavior Edinburgh Research Explorer "Eating addiction", rather than "food addiction", better captures addictive-like eating behavior Citation for published version: Hebebrand, J, Albayrak, Ö, Adan, R, Antel, J, Dieguez, C, De Jong, J, Leng, G, Menzies, J, Mercer, JG, Murphy, M, Van Der Plasse, G & Dickson, SL 2014, '"Eating addiction", rather than "food addiction", better captures addictive-like eating behavior', Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Published In: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Publisher Rights Statement: Available under Open Access General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 G Model NBR 2020 1–12 ARTICLE IN PRESS Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev 1 Review 2 “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures 3 addictive-like eating behavior a a b a c,d 4 Q1 Johannes Hebebrand , Özgür Albayrak , Roger Adan , Jochen Antel , Carlos Dieguez , b e e,∗ f f 5 Johannes de Jong , Gareth Leng , John Menzies , Julian G. Mercer , Michelle Murphy , b g 6 Geoffrey van der Plasse , Suzanne L. Dickson a 7 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Wickenburgstr. 21, D-45147 Essen, 8 Germany b 9 Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The 10 Netherlands c 11 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain d 12 CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain e 13 Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK f 14 Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK g 15 Department Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 16 11, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden 17 3618 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t 19 20 Article history: “Food addiction” has become a focus of interest for researchers attempting to explain certain processes 21 Received 15 May 2014 and/or behaviors that may contribute to the development of obesity. Although the scientific discussion 22 Received in revised form 25 August 2014 on “food addiction” is in its nascent stage, it has potentially important implications for treatment and 23 Accepted 28 August 2014 prevention strategies. As such, it is important to critically reflect on the appropriateness of the term “food 24 Available online xxx addiction”, which combines the concepts of “substance based” and behavioral addiction. The currently 25 available evidence for a substance-based food addiction is poor, partly because systematic clinical and 26 Keywords: translational studies are still at an early stage. We do however view both animal and existing human data 27 Food addiction as consistent with the existence of addictive eating behavior. Accordingly, we stress that similar to other 28 Eating addiction 29 Obesity behaviors eating can become an addiction in thus predisposed individuals under specific environmental 30 Reward system circumstances. Here, we introduce current diagnostic and neurobiological concepts of substance-related 31 Motivation and non-substance-related addictive disorders, and highlight the similarities and dissimilarities between 32 Fat addiction addiction and overeating. We conclude that “food addiction” is a misnomer because of the ambiguous 33 Sugar addiction connotation of a substance related phenomenon. We instead propose the term “eating addiction” to 34 Salt addiction underscore the behavioral addiction to eating; future research should attempt to define the diagnostic 35 Addictive disorders criteria for an eating addiction, for which DSM-5 now offers an umbrella via the introduction on Non- Substance-Related Disorders within the category Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 37 Contents 38 1. Introduction . 00 39 2. Definition, classification, and neurobiology of addiction . 00 40 2.1. Definition of addiction and classification of substance-related and addictive disorders . 00 41 2.2. Overlap and distinction between exogenous and endogenous substances and between chemical and behavioral addiction . 00 42 2.3. Neurobiology of the reward pathways and the overlap and interaction between homeostatic and hedonic circuits . 00 43 3. “Food addiction”, substance use disorders and eating behavior . 00 44 3.1. Food: substances of abuse? . 00 ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 131651711. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Menzies). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016 0149-7634/© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Please cite this article in press as: Hebebrand, J., et al., “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016 G Model NBR 2020 1–12 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 J. Hebebrand et al. / Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 3.2. The diagnosis “food addiction” . 00 3.3. Disentangling occasional overeating, binge eating and eating addiction . 00 3.4. Vulnerable and high risk groups . 00 4. A critical review of rodent models of “food addiction” . 00 4.1. Sugar addiction. 00 4.2. Fat addiction . 00 4.3. Salt addiction. 00 5. Conclusions . 00 Acknowledgements . 00 References . 00 45 1. Introduction (1) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (2) loss of control in 93 limiting drug intake, and (3) emergence of a negative emotional 94 46 Almost 60 years ago, Randolph first defined “food addiction” state (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety and irritability) reflecting a motiva- 95 47 as “[. .] a specific adaptation to one or more regularly consumed tional withdrawal syndrome when access to the drug is prevented; 96 48 foods to which a person is highly sensitive, produces a com- Koob (2013) refers to the term ‘reward deficit disorder’ for alco- 97 49 mon pattern of symptoms descriptively similar to those of other holism and other drug addictions, which are based on multiple 98 50 addictive processes”; addictive-like consumption of corn, wheat, motivational mechanisms and progress from impulsivity (positive 99 51 coffee, milk, eggs, and potatoes was reported (Randolph, 1956). reinforcement) to compulsivity (negative reinforcement). Compul- 100 52 With the increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity over the sive drug seeking can be derived from multiple neuroadaptations. 101 53Q2 past decades (Finucane et al., 2011; Ogden et al., 2012) the con- Koob stresses that a key component of addiction is based on the 102 54 cept of “food addiction” has recently become popular both among construct of negative reinforcement defined as drug taking that 103 55 researchers and the lay public as a possible way to understand the alleviates a negative emotional state. This state is hypothesized to 104 56 impact of psychological factors on weight gain (Brownell and Gold, result from the dysregulation of specific neurochemical elements 105 57 2013). This concept forms an etiological framework that is centered involved in reward and stress within the basal forebrain structures 106 58 between chemical or “substance based” and behavioral addictions. (Koob, 2013). 107 59 The rise in prevalence rates of obesity in many countries can- Sussman and Sussman (2011) identified five elements of addic- 108 60 not be attributed to genetic factors alone; instead, environmental tion that recur in the scientific literature: (1) engagement in the 109 61 changes, which interact with our biological make-up, appear to behavior to achieve appetitive effects; (2) preoccupation with the 110 62 underlie the obesity pandemic. A large proportion of different pop- behavior; (3) temporary satiation; (4) loss of control; and (5) suffer- 111 63 ulations overeat to an extent that threatens physical and mental ing negative consequences. They point out the major limitations of 112 64 well-being, and both somatic and psychiatric disorders are associ- conceptualizing addiction via these definitional elements. In par- 113 65 ated with obesity. “Food addiction” offers a superficially attractive ticular, there are difficulties in measuring these elements, which 114 66 explanation, and potentially an excuse, for this unhealthy behav- might not be independent, but rather related and operative in com- 115 67 ior at an individual level. The modern “obesogenic” environment is plex feedback loops. It is also unclear to what quantitative extent
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