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Mako Gold Project Environmental Impact Assessment

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Mako Gold Project Environmental Impact Assessment Chapter 9 | Biological Impacts and Management Measures Chapter 7 | Biological Setting Mako Gold Project Environmental Impact Assessment Chapter 7 | Biological Setting 7 BIOLOGICAL SETTING ............................................................................................... 7-3 7.1 Methods and Study Areas ..................................................................................................................................... 7-3 7.2 Terrestrial Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................ 7-6 7.2.1 Niokolo-Koba National Park ................................................................................................................... 7-6 7.2.2 Other Protected Areas ............................................................................................................................. 7-7 7.2.3 Habitat and Flora ....................................................................................................................................... 7-7 7.2.4 Large Mammals ........................................................................................................................................ 7-20 7.2.5 Chimpanzees ............................................................................................................................................. 7-28 7.2.6 Birds .............................................................................................................................................................. 7-33 7.2.7 Existing Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity ...................................................................................... 7-37 7.3 Aquatic Biodiversity .............................................................................................................................................. 7-38 7.3.1 Gambia River and Tributaries .............................................................................................................. 7-38 7.3.2 Protected Areas ........................................................................................................................................ 7-40 7.3.3 Habitats ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-40 7.3.4 Macrophytes and Multicellular Algae ............................................................................................... 7-40 7.3.5 Fish ................................................................................................................................................................ 7-40 7.3.6 Amphibians and Reptiles ...................................................................................................................... 7-43 7.3.7 Macroinvertebrates ................................................................................................................................. 7-43 7.3.8 Existing Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity .......................................................................................... 7-44 7.4 Ecosystem Services................................................................................................................................................ 7-44 7.4.1 Terrestrial Resource Use ........................................................................................................................ 7-45 7.4.2 Aquatic Resource Use............................................................................................................................. 7-47 7.4.3 Water Resource Use ................................................................................................................................ 7-50 FINAL Mako Gold Project Environmental Impact Assessment 7 BIOLOGICAL SETTING The Mako Gold Project is aiming to achieve a no net loss (NNL) on biodiversity. The Project will apply the mitigation hierarchy so that adverse impacts on the Niokolo-Koba National Park (Parc National du Niokolo-Koba (PNNK)) and other priority biodiversity values are avoided, minimised, managed and residual impacts are offset. The Mako Exploration Company (the Company) is also committed to aligning with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standard 6 as an appropriate benchmark of international good practice for the Mako Gold Project. The approach and commitments to NNL are presented in the Company’s Biodiversity Strategy: A No Net Loss Approach. This chapter summarises the findings of the terrestrial and aquatic studies undertaken over the period of January 2013 to August 2014 to determine the baseline conditions of the Mako Gold Project Development Area (PDA) and surrounding areas at the exploration phase of the Project. These studies identified the presence and location of priority habitats and species associated with the Project, their statuses and describes the current condition of the area. The West African chimpanzee has been identified as a very high priority species for the Mako Gold Project, along with the several other globally and regionally important species (including African lion and western giant eland) and habitats (i.e. bowal, gallery forest and the Gambia River) and the adjacent PNNK, a natural World Heritage Site. 7.1 Methods and Study Areas A detailed account of the study areas, method and findings of the aquatic and terrestrial baseline studies are presented in the following Appendices: Volume A, Appendix 5: Terrestrial Ecology and Biodiversity Study (Earth Systems, 2015) comprising of: Ecological Risk Assessment; Review of literature and existing data; Wet and dry season baseline surveys (2013): habitats and flora, large mammals, West African chimpanzee, birds and indigenous knowledge surveys; Targeted surveys (2014): West African Chimpanzee survey, priority species search, vulture nest survey; drainage survey and habitat mapping; and Remote monitoring (2013-2014): camera trapping Volume A, Appendix 6: Aquatic Ecology Baseline Study (Earth Systems, 2015) comprising of: Review of literature and existing data; Wet and dry season baseline surveys (2013): Fish, reptile, amphibian, macrophyte, algae and indigenous knowledge surveys; and Targeted surveys (2014): Aquatic invertebrate Survey and aquatic bioindicator analysis. It is important to note that biodiversity monitoring (i.e. camera trapping) is continuing in the Project Study Area, PNNK and buffer zone. Field surveys of terrestrial habitats and biodiversity focused on the Project Study Area (MEC Exploration Permit Area, which incorporates the PDA and the proposed Mining Concession area, and surrounding habitats) and the PNNK Study Area (a portion of the PNNK and buffer zone) located near the Project Study Area (Figure 7-1). The PNNK Study Area measured from an approximate 7 km radius from the western border of the Project Study FINAL 7-3 Mako Gold Project Environmental Impact Assessment Area, and is bounded by the Route Nationale in the north and the Gambia River in the south. The findings of these surveys and studies were contextualised at different scales (i.e. local, regional, national and international). The Gambia River was the focus of aquatic ecology surveys as this is an important resource for wildlife and villagers. The Gambia River crosses the central part of the Project Study Area between the Petowal Prospect deposit and the Kerekonko Hills and crosses into the PNNK a short distance downstream of the western edge of the Project Study Area boundary (Figure 7-1). The aquatic ecology studies encompassed survey sites upstream (e.g. Bafoundou), within and downstream of the PDA (e.g. Bomboya). The findings of aquatic studies were also contextualised at different scales (i.e. local, regional, national and international). A Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA) (as per IFC PS6 (2012)) was undertaken (TBC, 2015) to assess whether the Project Study Area is located in Critical Habitat, and identify the Critical habitat-qualifying features. The CHA also provided focus to the assessment of impacts to priority habitats and species. The IFC terms Critical Habitat as areas of ‘high biodiversity value’. Such a designation is based on the presence and/or quantity of significant types of biodiversity (e.g. rare species, rare habitats). There are five criteria by which IFC PS6 Critical Habitat is defined: 1. Critically Endangered and/or Endangered species; 2. Endemic and/or restricted-range species; 3. Globally significant concentrations of migratory species and/or congregatory species; 4. Highly threatened and/or unique ecosystems; 5. Areas associated with key evolutionary processes. PS6 defines quantitative thresholds for the first three criteria which are applied to information on species. If these thresholds are exceeded for any criterion, an area qualifies as Critical Habitat. In addition to these five main criteria, Protected Areas and Internationally Recognised Areas can also qualify for Critical Habitat designation. Critical Habitat may also qualify on a case-by- case basis if other significant biodiversity features are present, such as areas required for the reintroduction of threatened species. Criteria 4 and 5 are qualitatively assessed. The Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA) identified the presence of fourteen highly threatened or restricted-range species/subspecies/subpopulations (representing eleven species) in the CHA (at an ecological landscape scale) which qualifies the PDA and surrounds as
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