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Wallflower (Erysimum Cheiri (L.) Crantz) from Past to Future

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Wallflower (Erysimum Cheiri (L.) Crantz) from Past to Future Research Journal of Pharmacognosy (RJP) 6(2), 2019: 85-95 Received: 23 June 2018 Accepted: 4 Nov 2018 Published online: 10 Mar 2019 DOI: 10.22127/rjp.2019.84330 Review article Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) from Past to Future Ghazaleh Mosleh1 , Parmis Badr2,3, Amir Azadi3,4, Zohreh Abolhassanzadeh3, Seyed Vahid Hosseini5, Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh1,3* 1Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 3Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 4Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 5Shahid Faghihi Clinic, Colo-rectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Abstract Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) is a common medicinal plant in Persian medicine and nowadays some traditional products from wallflower are consumed on global markets. The aim of the present study was to study the phytochemical constituents of wallflower and discuss safety evaluations related to the traditional wallflower preparations. Major Persian scholars (e.g. Avicenna) books, Persian manuscripts (e.g. Makhzan-al-advia) and Arabic medical manuscripts (e.g Alshamel-fi alsanaat altebya) of the medieval Islamic era as well as current search engines including Pubmed, Scopus, Siencedirect, and Google Scholar were included in the study from 1700 up to 2018 A.D. In traditional medicine manuscripts, various topical and oral dosage forms of wallflower were administered in low doses. After renaissance, phytochemical investigations reported cardiac steroids in wallflower and it might be the reason that next medical investigations on the herb have been interrupted. According to in vivo studies, topical indications of cardiac steroids in doses lower than their inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) should be safe and effective in some cutaneous disorders. Wallflower is reported to have several different classes of compounds including: 11 types of cardenolides (such as strophanthidin, bipindogenin, uzarigenin, cannogenol and digitoxygenin derivatives), two flavonoids, a cyanidin and two glucosinolates. Therefore, for safety guarantee, wallflower products require dose adjustment based on IC50 and probable cardenolide soluble content in that dosage forms. Keywords: Erysimum cheiri; phytochemistry; wallflower Citation: Mosleh G, Badr P, Azadi A, Abolhassanzadeh Z, Hosseini SV, Mohagheghzadeh A. Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) from past to future. Res J Pharmacogn. 2019; 6(2): 85-95. Introduction Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz), perennial herb that grows up to 25-80 cm (figure synonyms: Cheiranthus cheiri L. from 1). Botanically, the leaves are lanceolate shaped Brassicaceae family [1], is a common medicinal and are 5-10 cm in long, the flowers have four plant in Persian medicine (PM) while, it is not sepals and six stamens [3] have a pleasant popular in modern medicine. Wallflower is an fragrance and are arranged in dense racemes. The ornamental herb which is native to Europe, color of flowers is golden yellow to orange especially Mediterranean region and is yellow. The fruit is a silique which has distinct extensively cultivated around the world [2]. It is a ribs and the seeds are arranged in one row [4]. *Corresponding author: [email protected] © 2018. Open access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Mosleh G. et al. The inner surface of the fruit has trichomes and wallflower and goldlack (German common on its valves are usually 4-5-rayed, few 3-rayed, name), from 1700 up to 2018 A.D. History of and infrequently 6-7-rayed [5]. Seeds are sub- phytochemical investigations on wallflower was orbicular, pale brown and about 3 mm long [3]. provided and summarized in a diagram according Wallflower description in the traditional medical to available articles [13-27]. Drawing of the manuscripts is in agreement with the above molecular structures was done by ChemDraw Pro botanical description [6-12]. Some traditional 8.0 software. preparations are available in global herbal markets containing wallflower as an ingredient. Results and Discussion Because of cardiotonic constituents of wallflower Wallflower from past to present organs, toxicity and safety of corresponding A brief history of wallflower investigations has products should be mentioned in detail [13-27]. been demonstrated in figure 2. Wallflower was This study has been conducted to provide well known as a medicinal plant in Persian and information on phytochemistry, traditional and Arabic medical manuscripts of the medieval current medicinal properties of wallflower Islamic era [6-12]. Later, a large number of preparations and it emphasizes the necessity of studies have been directed on phytochemical safety considerations for wallflower products. studies of wallflower [13-27]. In 1899, an isolated cardiac glycoside (cheiranthin) was introduced as a new remedy extracted from wallflower [17]. In 1932, in vivo toxicological studies on cheiranthin made some safety concerns [22]. Cheiranthin and cheirinine were reported as wallflower chemical compounds in the early phytochemical investigations [14]; however, they has not been identified as pure chemical compounds by current phytochemistry In 1994, a review on wallflower cardiac glycosides [25]. And in 2001, a pharmacological in vivo study on wallflower were published. It introduced wallflower as a medicinal plant which was used clinically in some skin diseases [26]. Based on Persian and Arabic medical manuscripts of the medieval Islamic era, various wallflower dosage forms have different medicinal effects. Wallflower had oral, topical and vaginal but no parenteral indications in Persian medicine. Topical dilute decoction of the flower was recognized as a good remedy for aphthous and inflammations. Topical oil of flower has been Figure 1. Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) reported as analgesic, anti-inflammation and hair (photographed by authors) tonic. Cerate dosage form is suggested as anti- fissure (both anal and skin fissure) and wound Methods healer. Root in a topical decoction or poultice has PM literature including, “Al hawi”, the Canon of been reported as analgesic and anti-inflammatory medicine, “Tohfeh al- momenin”, “Makhzan-al- agent. The seeds in the form of sitz bath or advia” and “Mohit-e azam” as well as medicinal vaginal suppository have been administered as manuscript from Arabian scholars i.e.: emmenagogue, abortifacient and labor inducer “Alshamel-fi alsanaat altebya”, “Hadiqat ol- [6-12]. Nowadays, wallflower preparations are azhar” were searched with terms of cheir-e zard available in herbal markets for traditional and cheir-e asfar [6-12]. Main part of this study medicine requests. In Iran, there is a traditional was performed via electronic search on Pubmed, medicine ointment compound from E. cheiri and Scopus, Siencedirect, and GoogleScholar with Helianthus annuus which is used for anal fissure terms of Cheiri, Erysimum, Cheiranthus, treatment [28]. In Indian markets there is a multi- 86 Res J Pharmacogn 6(2): 85-95 Erysimum cheiri component tablet containing wallflower for breastfeeding mothers to improve lactation [29]. Figure 2. A brief history of wallflower investigations In traditional societies of present India, and multi-component preparations. Infusion is wallflower is still used as an abortifacient agent permitted in the form of mixing 2-3 g dried [30]. In Indian medicine, flowers are flower in 100 mL water (3-4 cups daily) [4]. recommended as cardioactive, antispasmodic, Although oral administration of wallflower is purgative, emmenagogue, deobstruent and tonic. considered to have low resorption rate Besides, wallflower seeds are known as (absorption into the circulation of cells or tissue), stomachic, diuretic, expectorant, but goitrogenic, its parenteral dosage form is considered to have and the extracts of leaves and the seeds are strong efficacy and probably poisoning effects antibacterial [31]. Wallflower is used as [4]. According to European Food Safety cardioactive, emmenoguge, fertilizer and anti- Authority (EFSA) cheirotoxin (cardiotonic and paralysis agent in Pakistan [32]. The leaves and antineoplastic agent) is a chemical of concern flowers are listed in herbal ingredients of “Asian [13,35]. In addition to cheirotoxin, cheirosid A medicines”, which are used in west as fertilizer and glucocheirolin are categorized as moderately agent, anti-paralysis, emmenagogue, cardiotonic hazardous compounds [35,43] and wallflower is and expectorant [33]. In German phytotherapy, identified to have cytotoxic action [44]. Hazard the dried flowers as well as the seeds and roots and toxicity of cheiroside A is described by lethal are considered to be anti-itching, emmenoguge, dose of 0.681 mg/kg in cats by intravenous fertilizer and anti-tumor [34]. administration, and lethal dose of cheiroline is reported as 3-7 mg/kg in Mus (a subgenus of the Phytochemistry of wallflower rodent genus) by intravenous administration [13]. According to literature, different parts of the herb There is a suspect for goitrogenic properties of have special profiles of compounds. Table 1 has cheiroline [45]. In vitro, cheiroline increases explained chemical composition
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