DOCSLIB.ORG

Arauca River Report Card

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arauca River Report Card Arauca River 2016 Report card Berlin ARAUCA RIVER Arauca Arauquita Saravena CINARUCO RIVER 0 10 20 km N 0 10 20 mi Characteristics of the Arauca River basin The Arauca River is the northernmost tributary of the Orinoco River Basin. It originates in the Andes and much of its 1,001 km length forms the border between Colombia Human and Venezuela. While the Arauca River Basin is dominated nutrition by flooded savannas, it is also home to seasonal savannas, Mining in paramos, and Andean rainforest. Key threats within the sensitive basin include rising levels of deforestation, agriculture, ecosystems MAN & AG LE GOV E petroleum infrastructure, and chemical spills. The P RE ER M O TU N E E L A N Arauca River Basin Report Card covers the Colombian P U N A R C T C UC IV / A E E portion of the rivers which forms the headwaters for the R R B A Water Venezuelan Cinaruco and Capanaparo Rivers. Biodiversity I O quality index Knowledge D I R Gap Index V E E B C T R A H A Risks to S S T I I L W The river connects T N HEA water River Y quality EC S dolphins & OSY TEM L S S Water supply two nations and faces ANDSCAPE & demand River Ecosystem challenges dolphins Fire frequency services The Arauca River Basin received an overall C grade (51%). Of the nine indicators assessed, results varied widely, Natural land cover with generally better results for indicators representing Terrestrial the categories Ecosystems & Landscapes and Water. connectivity Lower scores were received by indicators representing Biodiversity, People & Culture, and Management/ Governance, with the indicator of most concern being What do the scores mean? mining in sensitive ecosystems. However, many of the lower scoring categories also had the fewest indicators a 80–100% c 40–60% f 0–20% due to data limitations. Also, no water quality sites in the basin are currently included in IDEAM’s National Network b 60–80% d 20–40% no data Monitoring Program, so this indicator could not be included due to insufficient data. Floods threaten the way of Arauca’s hydrocarbon life in the Arauca River resources are increasingly For the communities that inhabit the nearly 3,000 ha exploited of the Arauca River islands and adjacent lands, there is no worse threat than rainfall-induced flooding. The Arauca region is the most representative area These floods destroy crops, houses, roads, and other of oil exploitation in Colombia. The first exploration infrastructure. With population increases in this region, activities began in the Arauca and it now has one of the smaller streams are diverted to accommodate for new most important petroleum fields in the country, called infrastructure which also leads to greater impervious Caño Limón. This oil-field is located in the Arauquita surfaces. The combination of these factors result in municipality in close proximity to the Arauca River. Since reduced river connectivity, reducing flows for important coming on-line, it has produced more than 1,300 million wetlands, such as the Lipa Lagoon, and increased flood barrels of oil and was the catalyst for oil exports from risk. River connectivity is important for proper river flow, Colombia. Since the early 1980’s, oil production has animal migration, and movement of energy and matter replaced agricultural activities in the Arauca River Basin throughout the basin. In the Arauca municipality, local to become the dominant economic activity in the basin, communities are building infrastructure (such as dikes) producing big challenges. and working to restore streams back to a natural state which will help mitigate the flood risk. According to the National Government, 7,003 oil wells have been established in the Colombian portion of the Orinoco River Basin, making this region the most WF important for oil production in the entire country. While W o - this economic sector has greatly improved the economy, nc ra F it is important to consider the impacts from this activity la e c and associated increased development. Besides the r a M radical political and social transformations that resulted © from the oil boom in Arauca, the population has increased 2.8 times since 1985. This has caused additional pressure on the basin for food resources. © M ar A need to know more ce la F ra The extensive biological diversity found in the basin demands n c o significant investments in biodiversity assessments - W and monitoring to supplement important yet fragmented W biodiversity records. Additionally, information is needed on the F topics of wastewater, the state of river-related cultural values, impacts of hydrocarbon exploitation, and river connectivity in order to include related indicators in subsequent report cards. VALUES FUTURE INDICATORS DIVERSI AMMA LORA FISH BIO TY M L F CHNESS CHNES ICHNES RI RI S R S AGEME AN NT/ M ULTU VERNANC RIC RA GO E G ICAT L A TIF IO R N E S C The Arauca River is an important transportation route for local people, though flooding from the river is one of the biggest problems in the basin. IVER WATER RISK TO R WATER QU ECTIV ER AL NN IT LITY IND T IT O Y A E A Y C U X W Q PEOPLE & ULTURE IGENOU C ND S I AREAS.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Large Ranches As Conservation Tools in the Venezuelan Llanos
    ORYX VOL 31 NO 4 OCTOBER 1997 Large ranches as conservation tools in the Venezuelan llanos Rafael Hoogesteijn and Colin A. Chapman Traditionally, wildlife conservation efforts have concentrated on the establishment of national parks and reserves. Additional strategies are needed if we are to conserve more than a small proportion of the world's natural habitats and their wildlife. One such strategy is the application of wildlife conservation regulations by private land owners on their properties. This paper uses examples of ranches in the seasonally flooded llanos of Venezuela to evaluate if effective wildlife conservation can coexist with sustainable wildlife use and cattle production. Income estimates derived from cattle production data varied among ranches from $US7.1 to $US26.4 per ha, while estimates of potential additional income through regulated capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and caiman Caiman crocodilus exploitation ranged up to $US7.7 per ha. The economic benefits of capybara and caiman harvests can be realized only by protecting wildlife habitat. Thus, it is suggested that large ranches in the llanos can play a major role in wildlife conservation as well as provide economic gains for those involved. Common denominators for success are: personal involvement of owners, effective patrolling systems, co-operation of neighbouring ranchers in patrolling activities, and ranches being located far from densely populated areas. For the programmes to succeed in the long term, government and conservation agencies will need to give more support to landowners. Introduction cattle production has proved to be a relatively non-destructive land-use system, at least com- Traditionally, conservation efforts have con- pared with alternatives such as rice or sugar- centrated on protecting plant and animal cane production.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Curriculum Guide 090916.Pmd
    National Geographic describes Colombia as South America’s sleeping giant, awakening to its vast potential. “The Door of the Americas” offers guests a cornucopia of natural wonders alongside sleepy, authentic villages and vibrant, progressive cities. The diverse, tropical country of Colombia is a place where tourism is now booming, and the turmoil and unrest of guerrilla conflict are yesterday’s news. Today tourists find themselves in what seems to be the best of all destinations... panoramic beaches, jungle hiking trails, breathtaking volcanoes and waterfalls, deserts, adventure sports, unmatched flora and fauna, centuries old indigenous cultures, and an almost daily celebration of food, fashion and festivals. The warm temperatures of the lowlands contrast with the cool of the highlands and the freezing nights of the upper Andes. Colombia is as rich in both nature and natural resources as any place in the world. It passionately protects its unmatched wildlife, while warmly sharing its coffee, its emeralds, and its happiness with the world. It boasts as many animal species as any country on Earth, hosting more than 1,889 species of birds, 763 species of amphibians, 479 species of mammals, 571 species of reptiles, 3,533 species of fish, and a mind-blowing 30,436 species of plants. Yet Colombia is so much more than jaguars, sombreros and the legend of El Dorado. A TIME magazine cover story properly noted “The Colombian Comeback” by explaining its rise “from nearly failed state to emerging global player in less than a decade.” It is respected as “The Fashion Capital of Latin America,” “The Salsa Capital of the World,” the host of the world’s largest theater festival and the home of the world’s second largest carnival.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Segregation Among Large Catfishes of the Apure and Arauca Rivers, Venezuela
    Journal of Fish Biology (2003) 63, 410–427 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00163.x,availableonlineathttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com Dietary segregation among large catfishes of the Apure and Arauca Rivers, Venezuela A. BARBARINO D UQUE* AND K. O. WINEMILLER†‡ *Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrı´colas, Estacio´n Experimental Apure, San Fernando de Apure, Apure, Venezuela and †Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2258, U.S.A. (Received 9 April 2002, Accepted 2 June 2003) Relative abundance, population size structure and diet composition and similarity were examined over 5 years for the nine most abundant catfish (Siluriformes) species captured in the Apure- Arauca River fishery centred around San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela, the largest freshwater fishery in the Orinoco River Basin. Based on size classes obtained by the fishery, all nine catfishes were almost entirely piscivorous. Four species that are entirely restricted to main channels of the largest rivers (Brachyplatystoma flavicans, Brachyplatystoma jurunse, Brachyplatystoma vaillanti and Goslinia platynema) fed predominantly on weakly electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes) and had high pair-wise dietary overlap. The other five species (Ageniosus brevifilis, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, Pinirampus pirinampu, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum and Pseudoplatystoma tigri- num) occurred in a range of channel and off-channel habitats and were observed to feed on a variety of characiform, siluriform and gymnotiform prey. Diet overlap also was high among these habitat-unrestricted species, but overlap between the channel-restricted and unrestricted species was low. Within each of the two groups, species were divided into approximately equally sized subgroups based on differences in body size distributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Genus Bacopa (Plantaginaceae, Gratioleae) in the Orinoquia Region of Colombia and Venezuela
    NOTES ON THE GENUS BACOPA (PLANTAGINACEAE, GRATIOLEAE) IN THE ORINOQUIA REGION OF COLOMBIA AND VENEZUELA GERARDO A. AYMARD C.,1,2,3 J. ORLANDO RANGEL-CH.,3 VLADIMIR MINORTA-CELY,4 AND FRANCISCO CASTRO-LIMA5 Abstract. Bacopa llanorum, a new species from the seasonally flooded savannas of the “Llanos” region of Colombia (Arauca department) is described and illustrated, and its morphological relationships are discussed. On the basis of its dimorphic leaves (the innermost blade filiform, uppermost lanceolate-ovate), the new species does not appear to be allied to any other Bacopa species. However, it shares several other features with B. reptans. A new combination, Bacopa debilis, is proposed to replace Caconapea debilis. In addition, ecological information of the genus in “Los Llanos” of Colombia and Venezuela, and ecological and floristic notes about the eolic-limose plains, are included. A key for identifying species of Bacopa in this region is also provided. Bacopa llanorum is remarkable for its foliar dimorphism, in an otherwise predominantly homomorphic-leaved genus, and it increases to 20 the number of species of the genus in the “Llanos del Orinoco” bioregion. Keywords: Bacopa, Plantaginaceae, “Llanos del Orinoco,” foliar dimorphism, wetlands, eolic-limose plains Resumen. Bacopa llanorum de las sabanas estacionalmente inundables de “los Llanos” de Colombia (departamento de Arauca) es descrita, ilustrada, y sus relaciones morfológicas son discutidas. Por su dimorfismo foliar (láminas basales filiformes y lanceolado- ovadas las superiores), B. llanorum no se relaciona con ninguna de las otras especies de Bacopa. Sin embargo, comparte algunos caracteres morfológicos con B. reptans. Se propone la nueva combinación Bacopa debilis para subtituir Caconapea debilis.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Status and Regional Habitat Priorities for the Orinoco Crocodile: Past, Present, and Future
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Conservation status and regional habitat priorities for the Orinoco crocodile: Past, present, and future Sergio A. Balaguera-Reina1*, Ariel S. Espinosa-Blanco2,3, MoÂnica A. Morales- Betancourt4, AndreÂs E. Seijas5, Carlos A. Lasso4, Rafael Antelo6, Llewellyn D. Densmore, III1 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America, 2 Laboratorio de EcologõÂa y GeneÂtica de Poblaciones, Centro de EcologõÂa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones CientõÂficas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela, 3 Grupo de Estudios OrnitoloÂgicos y Fauna a1111111111 Silvestre, GEO-UPTC, Universidad PedagoÂgica y TecnoloÂgica de Colombia, UPTC, Tunja, Colombia, a1111111111 4 Instituto de InvestigacioÂn de Recursos BioloÂgicos Alexander von Humboldt, BogotaÂ, D.C., Colombia, 5 Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales ªEzequiel Zamoraº UNELLEZ, Guanare, a1111111111 Venezuela, 6 FundacioÂn Palmarito Casanare, BogotaÂ, Colombia, Dpto. Biodiversidad y BiologõÂa Evolutiva, a1111111111 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain a1111111111 * [email protected], [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Citation: Balaguera-Reina SA, Espinosa-Blanco AS, Conservation of large predator species has historically been a challenge because they often Morales-Betancourt MA, Seijas AE, Lasso CA, overlap in resource utilization with humans; furthermore, there is a general lack of in-depth Antelo R, et al. (2017) Conservation status and knowledge of their ecology and natural history. We assessed the conservation status of the regional habitat priorities for the Orinoco crocodile: Past, present, and future. PLoS ONE 12(2): Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius), defining regional habitat priorities/crocodile e0172439. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172439 conservation units (RHP/CCU) and regional research priorities (RRP) for this species.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia As South America’S Sleeping Giant, Awakening to Its Vast Potential
    National Geographic describes Colombia as South America’s sleeping giant, awakening to its vast potential. “The Door of the Americas” offers guests a cornucopia of natural wonders alongside sleepy, authentic villages and vibrant, progressive cities. The diverse, tropical country of Colombia is a place where tourism is now booming, and the turmoil and unrest of guerrilla conflict are yesterday’s news. Today tourists find themselves in what seems to be the best of all destinations... panoramic beaches, jungle hiking trails, breathtaking volcanoes and waterfalls, deserts, adventure sports, unmatched flora and fauna, centuries old indigenous cultures, and an almost daily celebration of food, fashion and festivals. The warm temperatures of the lowlands contrast with the cool of the highlands and the freezing nights of the upper Andes. Colombia is as rich in both nature and natural resources as any place in the world. It passionately protects its unmatched wildlife, while warmly sharing its coffee, its emeralds, and its happiness with the world. It boasts as many animal species as any country on Earth, hosting more than 1,889 species of birds, 763 species of amphibians, 479 species of mammals, 571 species of reptiles, 3,533 species of fish, and a mind-blowing 30,436 species of plants. Yet Colombia is so much more than jaguars, sombreros and the legend of El Dorado. A TIME magazine cover story properly noted “The Colombian Comeback” by explaining its rise “from nearly failed state to emerging global player in less than a decade.” It is respected as “The Fashion Capital of Latin America,” “The Salsa Capital of the World,” the host of the world’s largest theater festival and the home of the world’s second largest carnival.
    [Show full text]
  • Large Ranches As Conservation Tools in the Venezuelan Llanos
    ORYX VOL 31 NO 4 OCTOBER 1997 Large ranches as conservation tools in the Venezuelan llanos Rafael Hoogesteijn and Colin A. Chapman Traditionally, wildlife conservation efforts have concentrated on the establishment of national parks and reserves. Additional strategies are needed if we are to conserve more than a small proportion of the world’s natural habitats and their wildlife. One such strategy is the application of wildlife conservation regulations by private land owners on their properties. This paper uses examples of ranches in the seasonally flooded llanos of Venezuela to evaluate if effective wildlife conservation can coexist with sustainable wildlife use and cattle production. Income estimates derived from cattle production data varied among ranches from $US7.1 to $US26.4 per ha, while estimates of potential additional income through regulated capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and caiman Caiman crocodilus exploitation ranged up to $US7.7 per ha. The economic benefits of capybara and caiman harvests can be realized only by protecting wildlife habitat. Thus, it is suggested that large ranches in the llanos can play a major role in wildlife conservation as well as provide economic gains for those involved. Common denominators for success are: personal involvement of owners, effective patrolling systems, co-operation of neighbouring ranchers in patrolling activities, and ranches being located far from densely populated areas. For the programmes to succeed in the long term, government and conservation agencies will need to give more support to landowners. Introduction cattle production has proved to be a relatively non-destructive land-use system, at least com- Traditionally, conservation efforts have con- pared with alternatives such as rice or sugar- centrated on protecting plant and animal cane production.
    [Show full text]
  • Crocodylus Intermedius) in VENEZUELA ESTATUS DEL CAIMÁN DEL ORINOCO (Crocodylus Intermedius) EN VENEZUELA A
    Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales Vol. LXXX, n.° 2, pp. 1-17 (2020) STATUS OF THE ORINOCO CROCODILE (Crocodylus intermedius) IN VENEZUELA ESTATUS DEL CAIMÁN DEL ORINOCO (Crocodylus intermedius) EN VENEZUELA A. Velasco,1* O. Hernández,2 R. Babarro,3 and R. De Sola4 RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como principal objetivo determinar la abundancia, densidad y estructura de tamaños del caimán del Orinoco en zonas de alta prioridad y localidades donde es posible su presencia. Se realizó un censo en 14 localidades, algunas de las cuales fueron divididas en sectores o transeptos debido a la longitud del cuerpo de agua, resultando 38 sublocalidades de censo. Se recor- rieron más de 1.000 km y se cubrieron ambas márgenes de los ríos. El censo se realizó en 512,40 km, en los que se observaron 260 caimanes del Orinoco. La estructura de tamaño estuvo conformada por 33 individuos clase II, 36 ejemplares clase III, 35 individuos clase IV y 83 clase V. Dos importantes descubrimientos se obtuvieron. El primero fue una tercera población reproductivamente activa en Hato Santa Rosa, ubicado en la Reserva de Fauna Silvestre Estero de Camaguán, estado Guárico, y el segundo fue el incremento de nidos en el río Capanaparo. ABSTRACT The abundance, density, and size class structure of Orinoco crocodile are determined by means of surveys in high-priority conserva- tion areas and in zones where its presence has been widely reported in the past. The surveys were conducted in 14 localities, some of which were divided into smaller areas (transects) resulting in 38 sublocalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus Intermedius Graves, 1819) in Colombia
    Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius Graves, 1819) in Colombia Publisher: Asociación Chelonia. © Asociación Chelonia, 2011. © Cover photo: Fernando Gómez, 2011. First Edition: February, 2012. ISBN: 978-84-615-8223-5. Legal deposit: M-15547-2012. Printed by: PUBLIEQUIPO. José Ayarzagüena during field work in the Pantanal of Bolivia, 2006. © A. Rodríguez-Williams. The authors dedicate this book to the memory of Dr. José Ayarzagüena Sanz (Madrid, 1952 – Madrid, 2011), a renowned biologist who dedicated much of his life to the conservation of the Orinoco crocodile and promoting the sustainable use of the natural resources of the Venezuelan Llanos. Asociación Chelonia Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco Crocodile in Colombia Accord entre Corporinoquia et Chelonia: «pour sauver la vie» Les accords ont pour objectif initial de recourir aux ressources institution- nelles dans le but d´effectuer des projets en commun. L´accord obtenu entre Corporinoquia et l´Association Chelonia, concrétisé l´année dernière, a permis, comme première réussite concernant la recherché appliquée, la présente mono- graphie qui comprend le travail d´actualisation des informations sur la distribu- tion du crocodile de l´Orinoque. Les résultats confirment les menaces qui pèsent sur les écosystèmes dans la Région. Cette espèce, magnifique et impo- sante, se trouve alors dans une profonde crise qui peut conduire à son extinc- tion dans le milieu naturel. Ce risque d´extinction est également confirmé par les avertissements
    [Show full text]
  • Crocodylus Intermedius Graves 1819) in the Orinoco Basin of Colombia and Venezuela Biota Colombiana, Vol
    Biota Colombiana ISSN: 0124-5376 [email protected] Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Colombia Morales-Betancourt, Mónica A.; Lasso, Carlos A.; Bello, Laura C.; de Paula Gutiérrez, Francisco Potential distribution of the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius Graves 1819) in the Orinoco basin of Colombia and Venezuela Biota Colombiana, vol. 15, núm. 1, 2014, pp. 124-136 Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49140739009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Potential distribution of the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius Graves 1819) in the Orinoco basin of Colombia and Venezuela Distribución potencial del caimán del Orinoco (Crocodylus intermedius Graves 1819) en la Orinoquia colombiana y venezolana Mónica A. Morales-Betancourt, Carlos A. Lasso, Laura C. Bello & Francisco de Paula Gu- tiérrez Abstract Crocodylus intermedius (Graves 1819), commonly known at the Orinoco Crocodile, is an endemic species of the Orinoco River Basin that occurs in Colombia and Venezuela. Within the Neotropical Crocodylia, it is considered the most endangered species, listed as Critically Endangered. The use of potential distribution models is an important tool in biogeographical analysis for the conservation of rare and endangered species threatened with extinction. For this reason in this study we determined the potential distribution range for the Orinoco Crocodile using the maximum entropy model Maxent. Initial data to calculate potential range included 654 records of known occurrence for this species, 20 environmental and one limnological variable.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercury in Populations of River Dolphins of the Amazon and Orinoco Basins
    EcoHealth https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-019-01451-1 Ó 2019 EcoHealth Alliance Original Contribution Mercury in Populations of River Dolphins of the Amazon and Orinoco Basins F. Mosquera-Guerra,1,2 F. Trujillo,1 D. Parks,3 M. Oliveira-da-Costa,4 P. A. Van Damme,5 A. Echeverrı´a,5 N. Franco,1 J. D. Carvajal-Castro,6 H. Mantilla-Meluk,7 M. Marmontel,8 and D. Armenteras-Pascual2 1Fundacio´n Omacha, Calle 84 No. 21-64, Barrio El Polo, Bogota´, DC, Colombia 2Grupo de Ecologı´a del Paisaje y Modelacio´n de Ecosistemas-ECOLMOD, Departamento de Biologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Bogota´, DC, Colombia 3Whitley Fund for Nature, 110 Princedale Road l, London W11 4NH, UK 4WWF-Brasil, CLS 114, Bloco D, Loja 35, Brası´lia CEP 70.377-540, Brazil 5Faunagua, final Av. Max Ferna´ndez final s/n – Plazuela Chillijchi (Arocagua Norte) – Sacaba, Cochabamba, Bolivia 6Instituto de Investigacio´n de Recursos Biolo´gicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota´, DC, Colombia 7Programa de Biologı´a, Universidad del Quindı´o, Carrera 15 No. 12 Norte, Armenia, Quindı´o, Colombia 8Instituto Mamiraua´ de Desenvolvimento Sustenta´vel, Estrada do Bexiga, 2.584 Bairro Fonte Boa, Cx. Postal 38, Tefe´, AM 69.553-225, Brazil Abstract: In the Amazon and Orinoco basins, mercury has been released from artisanal and industrial gold mining since the Colonial time, as well as a result of deforestation and burning of primary forest, that release natural deposits of methyl mercury, affecting the local aquatic vertebrate fauna.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiography and Soils of the Llanos Orientäles, Colombia
    PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SOILS OF THE LLANOS ORIENTÄLES, COLOMBIA Ir. D. Goosen SOL OFFSETDRUK, AMSTERDAM Promotor: PROF. Dr. P. D. JUNGERIUS Co-promotor: PROF. Dr. Ir. A. P. A. VINK Dit proefschrift verschijnt tevens als: Publicaties van het Fysisch-Geografisch en Bodemkundig Laboratorium van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, nr. 20 (1971) en Publications of the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) - Enschede - The Netherlands, Series B, number 64,1971 PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SOILS OF THE LLANOS ORIENTALES, COLOMBIA ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN IN DE AULA DER UNIVERSITEIT (TIJ­ DELIJK IN DE LUTHERSE KERK, INGANG SINGEL 411, HOEK SPUI) OP WOENSDAG 1 DECEMBER 1971 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 15.00 UUR PRECIES. door DOEKO GOOSEN geboren te Wildervank 1971 Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact [email protected] indicating the item reference number concerned. £B}o CONTENTS Acknowledge jments 7 Summary 9 Resumen 12 Samenvatting 16 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 19 Chapter 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 22 2.1 General 22 2.2 Climate 24 2.3 Geology 27 2.
    [Show full text]