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The Jamaica Earthquake (1907) Author(S): Vaughan Cornish Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol The Jamaica Earthquake (1907) Author(s): Vaughan Cornish Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Mar., 1908), pp. 245-271 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1777429 Accessed: 27-06-2016 10:40 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:40:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Geographical Journal. No. 3. MARCH, 1908. VOL. XXXI. THE JAMAICA EARTHQUAKE (1907).* By VAUTGHAN CORNISH, D.Sc., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., F.C.S., M.J.S. IN a paper read before the Society in 1899, I introduced the term "K umatology" to define the co-ordinate study of the waves of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere; and from 1897 to 1907 I have travelled in search of these phenomena, and presented papers upon some of them to the Society. My first experience of seismic waves on an important scale came to me without seeking when I happened to be at Kingston, Jamaica, on January 14, 1907. On Thursday, January 10, my wife and I arrived at KIingston on our way back from a visit to the Panama canal, and took up our quarters in the centre of Kingston, at 112, East Street. This hotel, "The Grenville," which was built in the days of slavery, was very substantially constructed of brick, with solid walls 14 inches in thick- ness for their whole height of two floors, viz. a ground floor and a first floor. The roof, a sloping one, was of wooden shingles, and in the whole structure there was no chimney.stack, fires not being used for warmth in Kingston, and the kitchen being always separate from the dwelling- house. In front, that is to say on the west, of the house a row of massive brick arches formed a verandah to the ground floor, and supported a covered wooden balcony on the first floor. Our own room was a corner one on the first, that is to say the top, floor, having an * Read at the Royal Geographical Society, December 9, 1907. Illustrated by photographs and diagrams by the author, and discussed at the Research Department, January 17, 1908. Map, p. 360. No. II.--M ARCH, 1908.] S This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:40:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 246 THE JAMAICA EARTHQUAKE (1907). outside wall to the south, and another 14-inch brick wall on the west, with two long French windows opening into the balcony. In this room my wife and I were sitting at half-past three in the aIfternoon of Monday, January 14, when I heard the noise of an electric car coming from down town, that is to say, from the south. The noise increased, of course, till it was opposite the house, and then just as the rushing should have begun to diminish, there was a sudden and alarming increase of rushing and rumbling sound, accompanied by a savage tearing and rending noise. For a moment I felt no shock and did not realize the cause of the uproar, but my w7ife, who was sitting nearer the wall, felt a tremor, and, realizing that it was an earthquake, took one quick step to my side and clasped her arms over my head to shield me from the danger of falling masonry, to which she herself thus remained exposed. T'he next instant the whole house was rocking violently; a fissure opened horizontally near the top of the west wall facing me, and a shower of brickwork fell near the threshold of the door. Had my wife hastened to the door on feeling the shock, she would probably have been struck down at the moment of emergence, as happened in so many cases that day. A cloud of dust and mortar darkened the air, and the solid 14-inch brick wall vibrated to and fro, discharging a cannonade of brickwork into the room. A lump of masonry struck me a numbing blow on the shin. A heavy mahogany wardrobe behind me, but facing my wife the way she stood, executed a clumsy dance, and then pitched over; and the heavy cornice sailed over our heads and struck my wife on the hip in its descent. We were being bombarded both front and rear, but, even had there been any direction in which safety could be found, we were unable to fly, for the timber floor was like quicksand beneath the feet, rising and falling, and opening and shutting, so that we could gee into the unceiled room below. Up to this point one knew that these occurrences might at any instant terminate fatally, but the really awful time came when the house seemed suddenly to lose its cohesion, and we both realized that in another second the floor would give way and the walls fall bodily upon us. Then instant death seemed certain to both of us; but, strange as it may seem, the bitterness of death passed from us both almost instantly after the hope of life had been extinguished. I remember to have felt that such an end, instantaneously and together, was not unmerciful. At this supreme moment, with absolute suddenness, the quaking floor stiffened under our feet, our environment was instantaneously rigid and still, and the noise of the earthquake died away. We rushed from the dark and dust-laden room into the verandah, and down the steps into the sunny garden, where the earth was now quite firm beneath our feet. We spent the next few days on the lawn by the house, and on the This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:40:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE JAMAICA EARTHQUAKE (1907). 247 Thursday we left Kingston for Port Antonio, on the north of the island, the train being crowded with sick and wounded. A week later we sailed for England via Philadelphia and New York. During our short and eventful stay in Jamaica we had been much impressed by the generous spirit displayed by the colonists in the face of great financial losses. They scrupulously refrained from exploiting the public misfortune for private profit. We were also much struck with the kindliness which they displayed to one another under very trying circumstances, as well as with the consideration which they showed towards the strangers within their gates. On May 4, my wife having sufficiently recovered from her injuries, we set out again for Kingston, as I wished to investigate to the best of my ability the cause and effects of the earthquake, by which, and the subsequent fire, twelve hundred persons were killed, and a loss of about ?2,000,000 incurred. On our second visit we went out on board the S.S. Port Klingston, which bore the new Governor, and arrived on May 16, about the same time as news reached the island that the Home Government had made a grant of ?150,000 to relieve destitution, and guaranteed a loan of ;?800,000 to facilitate the rebuilding of the city. We found the streets cleared of debris, the traction wires set up, and the electric ears running; otherwise everything looked exactly as it had been just after the earthquake, four months previously. The economic importance of the Jamaica earthquake of January 14, 1907, is due to the destruction of Kingston and its suburbs, and here also the effects of seismic shock upon buildings can best be studied. Viewed, however, from the physical standpoint, the importance of an earthquake is independent of the neighbourhood of cities. I think that I shall be able to show that the Jamaica earthquake was essentially double-barrelled, so to speak; that Kingston was brought down by one barrel, and that the other barrel was discharged in a thinly populated district, where it consequently did much less damage; but that when we examine the seismic effects in parts of the island distant from either of these foci, we find that they are, on the whole, about as much due to the one part of the double shock as to the other, the charge in the two barrels, so to speak, being about equal. From the physical standpoint, therefore, the Kingston earthquake is not quite the same thing as the Jamaica earthquake. Thirty seconds is the duration currently assigned to the earthquake at Kingston, but no one really timed it there. At Kellits, about 35 miles north-west of Kingston, Mr. Horn informs me that the earthquake, timed with a watch, lasted 37 seconds, this space of time being divided as follows, viz. 17 seconds shaking, 13 seconds rolling, and again 7 seconds shaking, which finished with a distinct jerk. At Bethany, about 45 miles north-west of Kingston, Dr. Hargreaves informs me that he timed s 2 This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:40:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms FIG.
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