Introduction to Leaf Miners

Ectoedemia heringella

Stigmella aceris speciosa Introduction to Leaf-mining

What are leaf mines Types of mine Some easy ones Recording Key terms

Parenchyma – the green stuff within leaves Cuticle – the protective out layer of the leaf Frass – the waste product

Some scientific names to learn

Nepticulid () Stigmella  Gracillarid (Gracillarididae) Phyllonoryctyer

Parornix (in the broad sense) What is a leaf mine

 Caused by the larvae of , including moths, beetles, flies and sawflies  Eggs are laid on (or just under) the surface of the leaf, the larvae then lives inside the leaf eating the Parenchyma – the green stuff  The shape the makes within the leaf is often diagnostic, making them easy to record without ever seeing the adult .

Stigmella tiliae Graham Watkeys . D. Slade Ocnerostoma friesei. D. Slade follicularis D. Slade Cosmopterix pulchrimella. D. Slade

Cameraria ohridella. D. Slade M icropte rigidae Eriocranii dae Hepialid ae Nepticuli dae Opostegi dae Heliozelid ae Incurvarii dae Prodoxid ae Tischeriid ae Psychida e Roeslerst ammiida e Bucculat ricidae The Lepidoptera Families Gracillarii dae Yponom eutidae Ypsoloph idae Plutellida e Glyphipt erigidae Argyrest hiidae Lyonetiid ae Praydida e Heliodini dae Bedelliid ae 1. 19. 37. 55. Papilionidae Scythropi idae Douglasii dae Autostich idae Oecoph oridae 2. 20. Argyresthiidae 38. 56. Hesperiidae Chimab achidae Lypusida e Peleopo didae Depressa riidae 3. 21. 39. Parametriotidae 57. Ethmiida e Cosmopt erigidae Gelechii dae Batrache dridae 4. Nepticulidae 22. Praydidae 40. 58. Coleoph oridae Elachistid ae Parametr iotidae M omphi 5. 23. 41. 59. dae Blastoba sidae Stathmo podidae Scythridi dae Alucitida 6. 24. Bedelliidae 42. 60. e Pteropho ridae Schreken steiniida e Epermen iidae 7. Adelidae 25. Scythropiidae 43. 61. Choreuti dae Tortricida e Limacodi dae 8. 26. 44. Alucitidae 62. Zygaeni dae Thyridida e Papilioni dae Hesperiid 9. 27. 45. 63. ae Pieridae Nymphal idae Riodinid ae Lycaenid ae 10. Tischeriidae 28. 46. Schrekensteiniidae 64. Pyralida e Crambid ae Drepani dae Lasioca mpidae 11. Psychidae 29. Chimabachidae 47. 65. Endromidae Endromi dae Saturniid ae Sphingid ae Geometr 12. Tineidae 30. 48. 66. idae Notodon tidae Noctuid ae 13. 31. Peleopodidae 49. 67. 14. 32. Depressariidae 50. Cossidae 68. Geometridae 15. 33. Ethmiidae 51. Sesiidae 69. 16. Yponomeutidae 34. 52. 70. Erebidae 17. 35. 53. 71. 18. 36. 54. 72. Nolidae M icropte rigidae Eriocranii dae Hepialid ae Nepticuli dae Opostegi dae Heliozelid ae Adelidae Incurvarii dae Prodoxid ae Tischeriid ae Psychida e Tineidae Roeslerst ammiida e Bucculat ricidae The Leaf-miner Families Gracillarii dae Yponom eutidae Ypsoloph idae Plutellida e Glyphipt erigidae Argyrest hiidae Lyonetiid ae Praydida e Heliodini dae Bedelliid ae 1. Micropterigidae 19. Glyphipterigidae 37. Coleophoridae 55. Papilionidae Scythropi idae Douglasii dae Autostich idae Oecoph oridae 2. Eriocraniidae 20. Argyresthiidae 38. Elachistidae 56. Hesperiidae Chimab achidae Lypusida e Peleopo didae Depressa riidae 3. Hepialidae 21. Lyonetiidae 39. Parametriotidae 57. Pieridae Ethmiida e Cosmopt erigidae Gelechii dae Batrache dridae 4. Nepticulidae 22. Praydidae 40. Momphidae 58. Nymphalidae Coleoph oridae Elachistid ae Parametr iotidae M omphi 5. Opostegidae 23. Heliodinidae 41. Blastobasidae 59. Riodinidae dae Blastoba sidae Stathmo podidae Scythridi dae Alucitida 6. Heliozelidae 24. Bedelliidae 42. Stathmopodidae 60. Lycaenidae e Pteropho ridae Schreken steiniida e Epermen iidae 7. Adelidae 25. Scythropiidae 43. Scythrididae 61. Pyralidae Choreuti dae Tortricida e Cossidae Sesiidae Limacodi dae 8. Incurvariidae 26. Douglasiidae 44. Alucitidae 62. Crambidae Zygaeni dae Thyridida e Papilioni dae Hesperiid 9. Prodoxidae 27. Autostichidae 45. Pterophoridae 63. Drepanidae ae Pieridae Nymphal idae Riodinid ae Lycaenid ae 10. Tischeriidae 28. Oecophoridae 46. Schrekensteiniidae 64. Lasiocampidae Pyralida e Crambid ae Drepani dae Lasioca mpidae 11. Psychidae 29. Chimabachidae 47. Epermeniidae 65. Endromidae Endromi dae Saturniid ae Sphingid ae Geometr 12. Tineidae 30. Lypusidae 48. Choreutidae 66. Saturniidae idae Notodon tidae Erebidae Noctuid ae Nolidae 13. Roeslerstammiidae 31. Peleopodidae 49. Tortricidae 67. Sphingidae 14. Bucculatricidae 32. Depressariidae 50. Cossidae 68. Geometridae 15. Gracillariidae 33. Ethmiidae 51. Sesiidae 69. Notodontidae 16. Yponomeutidae 34. Cosmopterigidae 52. Limacodidae 70. Erebidae 17. Ypsolophidae 35. Gelechiidae 53. Zygaenidae 71. Noctuidae 18. Plutellidae 36. Batrachedridae 54. Thyrididae 72. Nolidae Types of Mine

 Those do not change the shape of the leaf Gallery mines Blotch Mines Those that do change the shape of the leaf Blister mines Folds Gallery Mines clerckella. C. Manley Graham Watkeys Undetermined mines on Hawthorn Blotch Mines I. Kimber EctoedemiaStigmella plagicolella occultella D. I. SladeKimber Blister Mines Phyllonorycter coryli (on Hazel) Phyllonorycter oxycantae (on Hawthorn) Phyllonorycter stettenensis (on Alder) Phyllonorycter oxycantae (on Hawthorn) Folds Parornix devoniella. D. Slade Parornix angilcella (on Hawthorn) Some easy targets Beech (Fagus sylvatica)

 Two Galleries   Two Blisters  Phyllonorycter maestingella  Phyllonorycter messaniella  One Fold  Parornix fagivora Stigmella hemargyrella D. Slade Stigmella tityrella D. Slade Stigmella tityrella Stigmella hemargyrella Phyllonorycter maestingella D. Slade

Phyllonorycter messaniella (on Holm Oak) D. Slade

Phyllonorycter maestingella Phyllonorycter messaniella Parornix fagivora

D. Manning T. Pritchard Parornix fagivora The beetle – Orchestes fagi I. Kimber Hazel (Corylus avellana)

 Two Galleries   Stigmella microtherinella  Three Blisters  Phyllonorycter coryli (Upperside)  Phyllonorycter nicellii (Underside)  Parornix devoniella (early mine)  One Fold  Parornix devoniella

Phyllonorcyter coryli D. Slade Phyllonoycter nicellii D. Slade Stigmella microtherinella D. Slade Stigmella floslactella D. Slade Stigmella microtherinella Stigmella floslactella

Phyllonorycter nicellii Phyllonorycter coryli Parornix devoniella. D. Slade Parornix devoniella Acers

 Galleries  on Norway Maple & Field Maple  on Sycamore  Blisters  Phyllonorycter joannisi on Norway Maple  Phyllonorycter geniculella on Sycamore  Phyllonotycer acerifoliella on Field Maple  Folds – too complicated!  Wing of a samara (seed)  on Sycamore  on Norway Maple  on Field Maple

Stigmella speciosa on Sycamore. D. Slade Stigmella aceris on Norway Maple G Tordoff Phyllonorycter joaninsi D. Slade Phyllnorycter joannisi Phyllnorycter geniculella Ectoedemia sericopeza on Norway Maple (R. Edmunds)

Ectoedemia decentella on Sycamore(M. Banthorpe)

Ectoedemia louisella on Field Maple (R. Edmunds) The one to watch! . C. Manley Lyonetia clerkella T. Bryant C. Manley Lyonetia clerkella A. Irving

Stigmella suberivora D. Slade D. Slade

Summary

 Getting into leaf miners is easy. And there are many that can quickly be recorded as soon as you see a particular tree.  Have in you head the easy ones. Get to know them, and get obsessed by them!  Beech – 2 Stigmella, 2 Phyllonorycter, 1 Parornix & (1 beetle)  Hazel – 2 (tricky) Stigmellas, two Phyllonorycters and a Parornix