Introduction to Leaf Miners Lepidoptera Ectoedemia heringella Stigmella aceris Stigmella speciosa Introduction to Leaf-mining moths What are leaf mines Types of mine Some easy ones Recording Key terms Parenchyma – the green stuff within leaves Cuticle – the protective out layer of the leaf Frass – the caterpillar waste product Some scientific names to learn Nepticulid (Nepticulidae) Stigmella Ectoedemia Gracillarid (Gracillarididae) Phyllonoryctyer Parornix (in the broad sense) What is a leaf mine Caused by the larvae of insects, including moths, beetles, flies and sawflies Eggs are laid on (or just under) the surface of the leaf, the larvae then lives inside the leaf eating the Parenchyma – the green stuff The shape the larva makes within the leaf is often diagnostic, making them easy to record without ever seeing the adult insect. Stigmella tiliae Graham Watkeys Bucculatrix maritima. D. Slade Ocnerostoma friesei. D. Slade Coleophora follicularis D. Slade Cosmopterix pulchrimella. D. Slade Cameraria ohridella. D. Slade M icropte rigidae Eriocranii dae Hepialid ae Nepticuli dae Opostegi dae Heliozelid ae Adelidae Incurvarii dae Prodoxid ae Tischeriid ae Psychida e Tineidae Roeslerst ammiida e Bucculat ricidae The Lepidoptera Families Gracillarii dae Yponom eutidae Ypsoloph idae Plutellida e Glyphipt erigidae Argyrest hiidae Lyonetiid ae Praydida e Heliodini dae Bedelliid ae 1. Micropterigidae 19. Glyphipterigidae 37. Coleophoridae 55. Papilionidae Scythropi idae Douglasii dae Autostich idae Oecoph oridae 2. Eriocraniidae 20. Argyresthiidae 38. Elachistidae 56. Hesperiidae Chimab achidae Lypusida e Peleopo didae Depressa riidae 3. Hepialidae 21. Lyonetiidae 39. Parametriotidae 57. Pieridae Ethmiida e Cosmopt erigidae Gelechii dae Batrache dridae 4. Nepticulidae 22. Praydidae 40. Momphidae 58. Nymphalidae Coleoph oridae Elachistid ae Parametr iotidae M omphi 5. Opostegidae 23. Heliodinidae 41. Blastobasidae 59. Riodinidae dae Blastoba sidae Stathmo podidae Scythridi dae Alucitida 6. Heliozelidae 24. Bedelliidae 42. Stathmopodidae 60. Lycaenidae e Pteropho ridae Schreken steiniida e Epermen iidae 7. Adelidae 25. Scythropiidae 43. Scythrididae 61. Pyralidae Choreuti dae Tortricida e Cossidae Sesiidae Limacodi dae 8. Incurvariidae 26. Douglasiidae 44. Alucitidae 62. Crambidae Zygaeni dae Thyridida e Papilioni dae Hesperiid 9. Prodoxidae 27. Autostichidae 45. Pterophoridae 63. Drepanidae ae Pieridae Nymphal idae Riodinid ae Lycaenid ae 10. Tischeriidae 28. Oecophoridae 46. Schrekensteiniidae 64. Lasiocampidae Pyralida e Crambid ae Drepani dae Lasioca mpidae 11. Psychidae 29. Chimabachidae 47. Epermeniidae 65. Endromidae Endromi dae Saturniid ae Sphingid ae Geometr 12. Tineidae 30. Lypusidae 48. Choreutidae 66. Saturniidae idae Notodon tidae Erebidae Noctuid ae Nolidae 13. Roeslerstammiidae 31. Peleopodidae 49. Tortricidae 67. Sphingidae 14. Bucculatricidae 32. Depressariidae 50. Cossidae 68. Geometridae 15. Gracillariidae 33. Ethmiidae 51. Sesiidae 69. Notodontidae 16. Yponomeutidae 34. Cosmopterigidae 52. Limacodidae 70. Erebidae 17. Ypsolophidae 35. Gelechiidae 53. Zygaenidae 71. Noctuidae 18. Plutellidae 36. Batrachedridae 54. Thyrididae 72. Nolidae M icropte rigidae Eriocranii dae Hepialid ae Nepticuli dae Opostegi dae Heliozelid ae Adelidae Incurvarii dae Prodoxid ae Tischeriid ae Psychida e Tineidae Roeslerst ammiida e Bucculat ricidae The Leaf-miner Families Gracillarii dae Yponom eutidae Ypsoloph idae Plutellida e Glyphipt erigidae Argyrest hiidae Lyonetiid ae Praydida e Heliodini dae Bedelliid ae 1. Micropterigidae 19. Glyphipterigidae 37. Coleophoridae 55. Papilionidae Scythropi idae Douglasii dae Autostich idae Oecoph oridae 2. Eriocraniidae 20. Argyresthiidae 38. Elachistidae 56. Hesperiidae Chimab achidae Lypusida e Peleopo didae Depressa riidae 3. Hepialidae 21. Lyonetiidae 39. Parametriotidae 57. Pieridae Ethmiida e Cosmopt erigidae Gelechii dae Batrache dridae 4. Nepticulidae 22. Praydidae 40. Momphidae 58. Nymphalidae Coleoph oridae Elachistid ae Parametr iotidae M omphi 5. Opostegidae 23. Heliodinidae 41. Blastobasidae 59. Riodinidae dae Blastoba sidae Stathmo podidae Scythridi dae Alucitida 6. Heliozelidae 24. Bedelliidae 42. Stathmopodidae 60. Lycaenidae e Pteropho ridae Schreken steiniida e Epermen iidae 7. Adelidae 25. Scythropiidae 43. Scythrididae 61. Pyralidae Choreuti dae Tortricida e Cossidae Sesiidae Limacodi dae 8. Incurvariidae 26. Douglasiidae 44. Alucitidae 62. Crambidae Zygaeni dae Thyridida e Papilioni dae Hesperiid 9. Prodoxidae 27. Autostichidae 45. Pterophoridae 63. Drepanidae ae Pieridae Nymphal idae Riodinid ae Lycaenid ae 10. Tischeriidae 28. Oecophoridae 46. Schrekensteiniidae 64. Lasiocampidae Pyralida e Crambid ae Drepani dae Lasioca mpidae 11. Psychidae 29. Chimabachidae 47. Epermeniidae 65. Endromidae Endromi dae Saturniid ae Sphingid ae Geometr 12. Tineidae 30. Lypusidae 48. Choreutidae 66. Saturniidae idae Notodon tidae Erebidae Noctuid ae Nolidae 13. Roeslerstammiidae 31. Peleopodidae 49. Tortricidae 67. Sphingidae 14. Bucculatricidae 32. Depressariidae 50. Cossidae 68. Geometridae 15. Gracillariidae 33. Ethmiidae 51. Sesiidae 69. Notodontidae 16. Yponomeutidae 34. Cosmopterigidae 52. Limacodidae 70. Erebidae 17. Ypsolophidae 35. Gelechiidae 53. Zygaenidae 71. Noctuidae 18. Plutellidae 36. Batrachedridae 54. Thyrididae 72. Nolidae Types of Mine Those do not change the shape of the leaf Gallery mines Blotch Mines Those that do change the shape of the leaf Blister mines Folds Gallery Mines Lyonetia clerckella. C. Manley Stigmella tiliae Graham Watkeys Undetermined mines on Hawthorn Blotch Mines Ectoedemia occultella I. Kimber EctoedemiaStigmella plagicolella occultella D. I. SladeKimber Blister Mines Phyllonorycter coryli (on Hazel) Phyllonorycter oxycantae (on Hawthorn) Phyllonorycter stettenensis (on Alder) Phyllonorycter oxycantae (on Hawthorn) Folds Parornix devoniella. D. Slade Parornix angilcella (on Hawthorn) Some easy targets Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Two Galleries Stigmella tityrella Stigmella hemargyrella Two Blisters Phyllonorycter maestingella Phyllonorycter messaniella One Fold Parornix fagivora Stigmella hemargyrella D. Slade Stigmella tityrella D. Slade Stigmella tityrella Stigmella hemargyrella Phyllonorycter maestingella D. Slade Phyllonorycter messaniella (on Holm Oak) D. Slade Phyllonorycter maestingella Phyllonorycter messaniella Parornix fagivora D. Manning T. Pritchard Parornix fagivora The beetle – Orchestes fagi I. Kimber Hazel (Corylus avellana) Two Galleries Stigmella floslactella Stigmella microtherinella Three Blisters Phyllonorycter coryli (Upperside) Phyllonorycter nicellii (Underside) Parornix devoniella (early mine) One Fold Parornix devoniella Phyllonorcyter coryli D. Slade Phyllonoycter nicellii D. Slade Stigmella microtherinella D. Slade Stigmella floslactella D. Slade Stigmella microtherinella Stigmella floslactella Phyllonorycter nicellii Phyllonorycter coryli Parornix devoniella. D. Slade Parornix devoniella Acers Galleries Stigmella aceris on Norway Maple & Field Maple Stigmella speciosa on Sycamore Blisters Phyllonorycter joannisi on Norway Maple Phyllonorycter geniculella on Sycamore Phyllonotycer acerifoliella on Field Maple Folds – too complicated! Wing of a samara (seed) Ectoedemia decentella on Sycamore Ectoedemia sericopeza on Norway Maple Ectoedemia louisella on Field Maple Stigmella speciosa on Sycamore. D. Slade Stigmella aceris on Norway Maple G Tordoff Phyllonorycter joaninsi D. Slade Phyllnorycter joannisi Phyllnorycter geniculella Ectoedemia sericopeza on Norway Maple (R. Edmunds) Ectoedemia decentella on Sycamore(M. Banthorpe) Ectoedemia louisella on Field Maple (R. Edmunds) The one to watch! Lyonetia clerkella. C. Manley Lyonetia clerkella T. Bryant C. Manley Lyonetia clerkella Ectoedemia heringella A. Irving Stigmella suberivora D. Slade Ectoedemia septembrella D. Slade Summary Getting into leaf miners is easy. And there are many species that can quickly be recorded as soon as you see a particular tree. Have in you head the easy ones. Get to know them, and get obsessed by them! Beech – 2 Stigmella, 2 Phyllonorycter, 1 Parornix & (1 beetle) Hazel – 2 (tricky) Stigmellas, two Phyllonorycters and a Parornix .