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Diplomarbeit Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Democratization, Post-conflict Elections and Electoral Assistance “Counting the Vote: A Case Study on Kosovo’s 2010 Parliamentary Elections” Verfasserin Natascha Golan angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Kennblatt: A-300 Studienrichtung lt. Kennblatt: Politikwissenschaften Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gernot Stimmer Acknowledgement I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Gernot Stimmer for his spontaneous acceptance and mentoring of my thesis. He helped guiding me through the final stages of this study, giving valuable input to its final touch. I am also grateful to Dr. Walter Manoschek for his long lasting academic mentoring, support and patience with my first topic and the realization that another theme would be better suited and less contradictory in its approach. I wish him all the best for his health and a speedy recovery. During my deployment in Kosovo throughout the years I met a lot of interesting people with often-contradictory opinions, which helped in shaping my views on post- conflict assistance and Kosovo as such. My experience with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the International Foundation for Electoral Systems in Kosovo contributes much to the following study and I am thankful to Matthew Jenkins to have brought me back to the ‘election world’ after my leave of absence to experience the joys of motherhood. I also want to thank my colleague Maylis de Verneuil for her critical and constructive comments. I owe my deepest gratitude to my husband Jason Golan who not only proofread this thesis, but also was able to give me excellent comments and recommendations. Above all I am most grateful to my mother for always believing in me and her continuous support and motivation. Without her and my husband, I would not have been able to go back to Kosovo to continue my career, knowing my kids are in good hands. 2 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 3 ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY ............................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. FIELD OF INQUIRY .............................................................................................................. 9 1.2. HYPOTHESES ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 11 1.4. CONTENT ........................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 15 2.1. DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATIZATION .......................................................................... 15 2.2. DEMOCRATIC AGENDAS .................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1. DEMOCRACY TRANSITION .............................................................................................. 19 2.2.2. DEMOCRATIC STABILITY ................................................................................................ 25 2.2.3. DEMOCRATIC QUALITY .................................................................................................. 29 2.2.3.1. Democratic Sub-types ................................................................................................. 32 2.2.3.2. Attempts to measure Democracy ................................................................................. 34 2.3. DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE ............................................................................................... 36 2.4. ELECTIONS AND DEMOCRACY ........................................................................................ 42 2.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER III: ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE ................................................................... 49 3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 49 3.2. ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE AS A TOOL FOR DEMOCRACY PROMOTION ........................ 50 3.2.1. THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE ............................................. 54 3.3. ELECTIONS IN POST-CONFLICT SITUATIONS ................................................................. 56 3.4. AN UNDERESTIMATED FUNCTION: ELECTORAL ADMINISTRATION IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS ........................................................................................................................... 62 3.4.1. SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH PROCESS-BASED ELECTORAL CYCLE APPROACH ............. 65 3.4.1.1. Election Observation ................................................................................................... 68 3.5. ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE ............................................. 69 3.5.1. UNITED NATIONS – UN .................................................................................................. 69 3.5.2. EUROPEAN COMMISSION – EC ....................................................................................... 71 3.5.3. UNITED STATES – US ...................................................................................................... 72 3.5.3.1. United States Agency for International Development – USAID ................................ 72 3.5.3.2. International Foundation for Electoral Systems – IFES .............................................. 72 3.5.4. ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE – OSCE ...................... 73 3.5.5. ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDERS ........................................................................... 74 3.5.5.1. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance – IDEA .................... 74 3.5.5.2. European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations – ENEMO ....................... 74 3.5.5.3. The International Organization for Migration – IOM ................................................. 75 3.5.5.4. National Democratic Institute – NDI .......................................................................... 75 3.6. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS .................................. 76 3.6.1. TOOL KIT FOR ELECTORAL ASSESSMENT .................................................................... 85 3.7. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 87 3 CHAPTER IV: THE CASE OF THE 2010 KOSOVO ELECTIONS ............................... 90 4.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 90 4.2. POLITICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 92 4.2.1. EU & KOSOVO ................................................................................................................ 94 4.2.1.1. Is EU integration possible? .......................................................................................... 96 4.3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM ........................................................... 98 4.4. KOSOVO’S ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT BODY ............................................................ 101 4.4.1. THE CENTRAL ELECTION COMMISSION OF KOSOVO (CEC) ........................................ 101 4.4.2. ECAP ELECTIONS COMPLAINTS AND APPEALS PANEL ................................................ 105 4.5. CHOOSING PARTIES AND CANDIDATES ON THE BALLOT ............................................ 106 4.6. POLITICAL PARTY LANDSCAPE ..................................................................................... 110 4.7. THE CONTEXT OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 2010 ............................................... 113 4.8. THE COUNT AND RESULTS CENTER (CRC) ................................................................. 115 4.9. ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE IN COUNT AND RESULT CENTER ....................................... 117 4.10. ELECTION DAY ............................................................................................................. 121 4.11. AFTER E-DAY: FINDINGS OF THE COUNT AND RESULT CENTER ............................. 123 4.12. MEASURING FREE AND FAIR IN THE CRC .................................................................. 126 4.12.1. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK BY ELKLIT AND REYNOLDS ............................................ 132 4.13. PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 134 4.14. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 137 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 139 ABSTRACTS ...........................................................................................................................
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