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Refining the Role of Less-Lethal Technologies: Critical Thinking, Communications, and Tactics Are Essential in Defusing Critical Incidents

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Refining the Role of Less-Lethal Technologies: Critical Thinking, Communications, and Tactics Are Essential in Defusing Critical Incidents Refining the Role of Less-Lethal Technologies: Critical Thinking, Communications, and Tactics Are Essential in Defusing Critical Incidents Refining the Role of Less-Lethal Technologies: Critical Thinking, Communications, and Tactics Are Essential in Defusing Critical Incidents February 2020 The points of view expressed herein are the authors’ and do not necessarily represent the opinions of all Police Executive Research Forum members. Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, D.C. 20036 Copyright © 2020 by Police Executive Research Forum All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-934485-55-2 Graphic design by Dave Williams. Contents Acknowledgments ................................... 1 Chapter 3: How Effective Are Less-Lethal Weapons? ................ 24 Introduction: Critical Thinking, What departments are saying Communications, and Tactics about ECW effectiveness............................................24 Can Reduce the Need Limitations of ECWs ...................................................25 for Less-Lethal Weapons .......................3 The Importance of Having a Plan ..............................26 Critical thinking and communication skills are key ...5 The UK Perspective on Less-Lethal Force Options ...28 Integrating Critical Thinking, Communications, Legal Considerations and Less-Lethal Options ..............................................6 Governing Less-Lethal Force Options .......................29 Executive Summary ................................8 Chapter 4: Looking Ahead: Taking Use-of-Force Thinking Chapter 1: Use of Force Remains a to the Next Level ......................................30 Challenge in American Policing .......11 Continued exploration of new technology ...............30 Some signs of progress ..............................................11 Aligning technology, tactics, and training ................30 The PERF-LAPD Less-Lethal Force Options Symposium ..................................................12 Learning from experience ..........................................33 LAPD Chief Michel Moore: We Can Reduce Use of Changing the culture regarding Force, Just as We Have Reduced Crime Rates ..........14 police use of force ......................................................35 Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti: De-Escalation LAPD’s Command and Control Protocol ...................36 Is About Wisdom as Well as Technology ...................15 Conclusion ...............................................37 Chapter 2: The Evolution of Less-Lethal Weapons ....................... 16 About the Police Executive Research Forum .....................................38 Growth of ECWs, decline in OC spray and baton use .............................................................16 Appendix A: PERF Reports Increasing reliance on on Use of Force .........................................39 Electronic Control Weapons ......................................18 Appendix B: Participants Growing interest in 40 mm. soft projectile launchers ............................................20 at the PERF-LAPD Symposium ........... 41 The emerging use of shields ......................................20 New devices and refinements to existing tools ........21 Low-Tech Solutions ....................................................23 Acknowledgments The idea for this project initially came • Explore how to better integrate less-lethal from a conversation I had with Los Angeles technologies with sound use-of-force Police Chief Michel Moore. He had looked policies and tactics. at the “Vision Zero” concept for traffic safety, which asks the question, “What would it take So we held a national conference to reduce traffic fatalities to zero?”1 Chief on January 31, 2019, which was a true Moore suggested that we apply a similar collaboration between PERF and the LAPD. focus to reducing fatal use-of-force incidents We brought together approximately 225 in policing. police chiefs and sheriffs, tactical trainers, and other law enforcement personnel, as Like other chiefs, Chief Moore has well as industry leaders in the field of less- focused on preventing police use-of-force lethal tools, and academic experts. We incidents that have come to be known as spent a day in Los Angeles dissecting the “lawful but awful.” These incidents are ruled challenges that police officers face in many as justified under current legal standards, but potential use-of-force situations, and we they undermine community trust and sup- identified new approaches for meeting those port, because they look unnecessary to mem- challenges. bers of the public. Some incidents look like they could have been prevented with more I’m grateful to all of the many LAPD thoughtful police tactics and improved less- personnel who were involved in the plan- lethal tools. ning and execution of the conference. And I’d like to single out the following people for Chief Moore suggested that we convene their outstanding work: Assistant Chief Jon a diverse group of thought-leaders to do the Peters; Capt. Jonathan Tom; Captain Mike following: Odle; Sgt. Joe Fransen; and the officers who • Take a hard look at the less-lethal weapons participated in a thought-provoking use-of- currently available to police, force scenario that the LAPD ran to kick off the meeting. Thanks also go to Los Angeles • Come up with ideas for new and more Mayor Eric Garcetti, whose welcoming effective tools, and remarks challenged attendees to rely not only on technology but also on wisdom and empathy when delivering police services. The PERF project team was led by Kevin 1. “What is Vision Zero?” Vision Zero Network. Morison, our Chief Program Officer, and https://visionzeronetwork.org/about/what-is-vision-zero/ Acknowledgments — 1 included Directors Tom Wilson (Applied Balinda Cockrell. As always, they did a Research and Management) and Craig remarkable job of researching the issues, Fischer (Communications), Senior Associ- framing the discussion, producing this ate Dan Alioto, Assistant Communications report, and managing the logistics that go Director James McGinty, Senior Research into this type of production. Associate Matt Harman, Research Assis- Dave Williams designed and laid out this tant Nora Coyne, Executive Assistant Soline publication, and Andrew Cullen took the Simenauer, and Membership Coordinator photographs. Chuck Wexler Executive Director Police Executive Research Forum Washington, D.C. 2 — Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION: Critical Thinking, Communications, and Tactics Can Reduce the Need for Less-Lethal Weapons By Chuck Wexler resolve it without using lethal force, or in many cases, without any use of force. When PERF began this project, our goal was Data collected by The Washington Post twofold: over the last few years indicate that more than 40 percent of the fatal officer-involved shoot- • First, we wanted to examine the state of the ings in the United States each year involve art in the less-lethal weapons and tools that subjects who are not armed with a gun, and are available to police departments today. more than 20 percent of all fatal encounters What tools are out there, how are they being involve persons with mental illness.2 Other used, and how effective are they? research suggests that by various estimates, approximately 10 to 29 percent or more of fatal • Second, we sought to imagine new technolo- officer-involved shootings are “suicide-by- gies that could make a difference in helping cop” situations, in which the subjects, through police officers safely and effectively defuse their actions and words, attempt to force the the critical encounters that continue to officer to use lethal force against them.3 challenge them. We focused on incidents in American policing has embraced less- which a person: lethal tools: Most less-lethal technologies » is in a mental health crisis, or has a condi- have been designed to addresses these types tion that can cause them to behave errati- of situations in which police face unstable cally or dangerously; persons who may pose a threat but are not brandishing a firearm. And over the years, » is unarmed, or is armed with a knife, base- police agencies have come to embrace these ball bat or other weapon, but not a firearm; less-lethal weapons and tools. and For example, almost every major metro- » is a potential threat to himself/herself politan police agency in the United States now or others. equips its officers with Electronic Control Weapons (ECWs), as do a growing number of In discussing less-lethal tools, we focus on medium-size and smaller departments. persons who do not have a firearm, because police generally have fewer options for resolv- 2. “Fatal Force.” The Washington Post. https://www.washington ing incidents in which a threatening person is post.com/graphics/2019/national/police-shootings-2019/ brandishing a gun. If no gun is present, police 3. Patton, Christina L. and Fremouw, William J. “Examining ‘suicide can attempt to “slow the situation down” and by cop’: A critical review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27 (2016) 107-120. Introduction: Critical Thinking, Communications, and Tactics Can Reduce the Need for Less-Lethal Weapons — 3 Agencies also are deploying newer less- So officers seem more inclined to turn to lethal devices, such as high-powered soft a less-lethal weapon or device that appears projectile launchers, that are designed to slow to be less violent than using hands-on tactics. down or immobilize subjects. The array of Many officers have said they are concerned
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