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Der Testosteron-Almanach DER TESTOSTERON-ALMANACH Prof. Dr. Peter Shultz, Facharzt für Andrologie an der Washington University Deutsche Übersetzung und deutsches Vertriebsrecht Powerchamp Ltd., UK / www.muskelnet-xtreme.com Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 ... Allgemeine Informationen über Testosteron 24 ... Testosteron Enantat 26 ... Testosteron Propionat 29 ... Testosteron Phenylpropionat 31 ... Testosteron Cypionat 33 ... Testosteron Suspension 36 ... Testosteron Mischpräparate 38 ... Testosteron Butyrat 39 ... Testosteron Heptylat 40 ... Testosteron Cyclohexylpropionat 41 ... Testosteron Undecanoat (Injektion) 42 ... Testosteron Buciclat (Injektion) 43 ... Testosteron Undecanoat (Oral) 47 ... Methyltestosteron 49 ... Testosteron Buccaltabletten 50 ... Testosteron Zäpfchen 51 ... Testosteron Pellets 52 ... Testoteron Gel 54 ... Testosteronpflaster 55 ... Dihydrotestosteron 57 ... Mestanolon 58 ... Mesterolon 61 ... 4-Hydroxytestosteron 63 ... 1- Testosteron 65 ... Methyl-1-Testosteron (M1T) 66 ... Testosteron Nicotinat 67 ... Dimethyltestosteron (Bolasteron) 70 ... Testosteron Decanoat 71 ... Testosteron Phenylacetat 72 ... Testosteron Hexahydrobenzoat 73 ... Testosteron Isobutyrat 74 ... Testosteron-Östradiol-Kombinationspräparate 76 ... Testosteron-Nandrolon-Methylandrostendiol-Kombinationspräparate 78 ... Desoxymethyltestosteron (Madol) 2 Der Testosteron-Almanach © www.muskelnet-xtreme.com - Shop für Fatburner und Muskelaufbau-Supplements Allgemeine Informationen über Testosteron Chemische Struktur 17b-hydroxy-4- androsten-3-one Summenformel C19H28O2 Molekulargewicht 288,429 Halbwertszeit 2 – 4 Stunden (Basismolekül) Bei Testosteron handelt es sich um das primäre männliche Sexualhormon, welches beim Mann für die Ausprägung der männlichen Charakteristika wie Bartwuchs, Körperbehaarung, tiefere Stimme und muskulöserem Erscheinungsbild, sowie die Entwicklung der primären Sexualorgane verantwortlich ist. Im Bereich des Sports stellt Testosteron das am häufigsten eingesetzte anabole Steroid dar und wird oft als Referenzanabolikum verwendet, mit dem die Wirkungen anderer Steroide verglichen werden. Von Bodybuildern wird Testosteron als das beste Steroid für den Aufbau von Muskelmasse bezeichnet und viele Sportler sind der Ansicht, dass kein anderes Steroid in dem Maß Muskelmasse aufbaut, wie dies bei Testosteron der Fall ist. Anwender von Testosteron berichten in der Regel von Zuwächsen an Kraft (8) und positiven Veränderungen bezüglich Größe, Form und Erscheinungsbild der Muskulatur (9). Eine genaue Betrachtung der Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen von Testosteron ist unter anderem auch deshalb interessant, weil prinzipiell alle anabolen androgenen Steroide im weitesten Sinn Derivate von Testosteron darstellen und in ihrer Grundstruktur dem Testosteron ähneln. Viele - wenn auch bei weitem nicht alle - der im Folgenden beschriebenen Mechanismen, Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen sind somit auf bestimmte andere Steroide übertragbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für stark androgen wirkende Steroide, die eine dem Testosteron ähnliche Wirkung an den Androgenrezeptoren des Körpers entfalten. Aus diesem Grunde werden die diesen Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen zugrunde liegenden Mechanismus im vorliegenden Profil etwas ausführlicher beschrieben, so dass dieser Bereich in gewissem Sinn auch als kleines „Nachschlagewerk“ verwendet werden kann, wenn bestimmte Mechanismen in anderen Profilen nur am Rande erwähnt werden. Im medizinischen Bereich kommt exogenes Testosteron hauptsächlich in Form einer Testosteron Ersatztherapie bei Männern zum Einsatz, die eine zu niedrige natürliche körpereigene Testosteronproduktion aufweisen. Diese reduzierte körpereigene Testosteronproduktion kann einerseits krankheitsbedingt sein oder aber auch auf der natürlichen Abnahme der Testosteronproduktion im Alter beruhen. Im zweiten Fall spricht man im Rahmen einer Testosteron Ersatztherapie auch von einer „Anti Aging“ Therapie, bei der durch das von außen zugeführte Testosteron einige Alterserscheinungen, die auf einem niedrigen Testosteronspiegel beruhen, reduziert werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Testosteron Ersatztherapie bei älteren Männern, die einen alterbedingt deutlich reduzierten körpereigenen Testosteronspiegel aufwiesen, das Einsetzen von Alzheimer und anderer kognitiver Störungen verhindern oder hinauszögern, die Nerven schützen, Stimmungslage, Gedächtnis und Sexualtrieb verbessern, die Knochendichte erhöhen sowie das Risiko für Herzinfarkte und Schlaganfälle reduzieren kann (28, 63, 64, 65). Weitere Einsatzgebiete umfassen die Einleitung der Pubertät bei Jungen mit verspätetem Einsetzen der Pubertät, die Behandlung aplastischer Anämie (Störung der Produktion roter Blutkörperchen) sowie die Unterdrückung der Östrogenproduktion im Rahmen einer Antiöstrogenbehandlung bei postmenopausalen Frauen, die unter fortgeschrittenem Brustkrebs leiden (61). In der Vergangenheit 3 Der Testosteron-Almanach © www.muskelnet-xtreme.com - Shop für Fatburner und Muskelaufbau-Supplements wurde Testosteron auch in vielen anderen Bereichen mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg eingesetzt. Hierzu gehören unter anderem die Behandlung erektiler Dysfunktion und Osteoporose, sowie die Anregung der Knochenmarksbildung. Bei Frauen wird Testosteron gelegentlich zur Steigerung der Libido, einer Vorbeugung der Abnahme der Knochendichte sowie zur Behandlung bestimmter Arten von Depressionen eingesetzt. Eine Zeit lang wurde die Wirkung von Testosteron als Kontrazeptivum (Verhütungsmittel) bei Männern untersucht. Wie zahlreiche Bodybuilder, die während eines Testosteronzyklus Kinder zeugten, bestätigen können, ist Testosteron in dieser Hinsicht jedoch nicht besonders zuverlässig. Testosteron kommt im medizinischen Bereich in Form zahlreicher Darreichungsformen zum Einsatz. Diese reichen von Injektionslösungen mit Wirkzeiten von wenigen Stunden bis hin zu mehreren Wochen über Testosteron in Tabletten- und Salbenform bis hin zu Testosteronpflastern und Implantaten. Auch wenn es sich bei Testosteron um ein männliches Sexualhormon handelt, wird dieses Hormon sowohl im männlichen als auch dem weiblichen Körper produziert. Bei beiden Geschlechtern spielt Testosteron bei der Aufrechterhaltung der Gesundheit, des Wohlbefindens und der Sexualfunktion eine Schlüsselrolle. Unter anderem steigert Testosteron die Libido, die Produktion der roten Blutkörperchen sowie die verfügbare Energie und schützt zudem vor Osteoporose. Im männlichen Körper erfolgt die Testosteronproduktion primär in den Leydingzellen der Hoden, wogegen die Produktion im weiblichen Körper hauptsächlich in den Thekalzellen der Eierstöcke und der Plazenta stattfindet. Zusätzlich werden bei beiden Geschlechtern geringe Mengen an Testosteron von der Nebennierenrinde produziert. Der durchschnittliche männliche Körper produziert zwischen 2,5 und 11 mg Testosteron pro Tag (31), wobei die Produktion während der Pubertät am größten ausfällt und mit zunehmendem Alter immer weiter abnimmt. Der weibliche Körper produziert durchschnittlich nur etwa 0,25 mg Testosteron pro Tag, reagiert aber deutlich empfindlicher auf dieses Hormon, als dies beim männlichen Körper der Fall ist (1). Das Grundgerüst des Testosteronmoleküls ist strukturell das von Androstan mit 19 Kohlenstoffatomen. Vorläuferstoffe von Testosteron sind DHEA und Gestagene. Diese Hormone stellen so genannte Prohormone dar, aus denen der Körper bei Bedarf Testosteron herstellen kann. Als Vorläuferstoff für die Herstellung all dieser Hormone dient im menschlichen Körper das Cholesterin. Die Untersuchungen bezüglich der Wirkung androgener Hormone reichen zurück bis zum Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts, als Arnold Adolph Berthold (1803-1861) Untersuchungen an kastriertem Geflügel durchführte und mit Hodentransplantationen bei diesen Tieren experimentierte. Berthold brachte die Aktion der Hoden mit im Blut zirkulierenden Teilchen in Verbindung, von denen wir heute wissen, dass es sich um androgene Hormone handelt. Einige Zeit später, im Jahr 1889, experimentiere der Harvard Professor Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard mit Extrakten aus den Hoden von Schweinen und Hunden, die er sich selbst subkutan injizierte. Er berichtete in diesem Zusammenhang von gesteigerter Energie und einem verbesserten Wohlbefinden, doch diese Wirkungen erwiesen sich als recht kurzlebig, was in Kombination mit dem Spott der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft dazu führte, dass Brown-Sequard seine Experimente schließlich einstellte. Im Jahr 1927 begannen Professor Fred C. Koch und sein Schüler Lemuel McGee mit der Isolation einer Substanz, die bei kastrierten Hähne, Schweinen und Ratten eine maskulinisierende Wirkung zeigte (2). Für die Herstellung von 20 mg dieser Substanz wurden 40 Pfund Stierhoden benötigt. Auf diese Art und Weise war es natürlich nicht möglich ausreichende Mengen der Substanz zu isolieren, um Untersuchungen an Menschen durchzuführen. In den Dreißigern starteten die Pharmakonzerne Schering, Organon und Ciba Programmen zur Untersuchung und Entwicklung von Steroiden. Der Ciba Gruppe um Ernest Laqueur gelang es als erster Testosteron zu isolieren und zu identifizieren (3). Adolf Butenandt von Schering erarbeitete danach als erster die genaue Struktur von Testosteron. Das Wort Testosteron stellt übrigens eine Wortschöpfung von Ernest Laqueur dar und setzt sich aus den Worten Testicle (englisch für Hoden), Sterol (aufgrund der Struktur) und der letzten Silbe von Keton 4 Der Testosteron-Almanach © www.muskelnet-xtreme.com - Shop für Fatburner und Muskelaufbau-Supplements zusammen. Unabhängig voneinander gelang Wissenschaftlern
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