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Esteroides Anabolizantes

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Esteroides Anabolizantes ESTEROIDES ANABOLIZANTES Aede de Groot Gonzalo Blay Llinares Arie-Wim Anton Koert Diseño cubierta: David Carretero © 2013, Aede de Groot Gonzalo Blay Llinares Arie-Wim Anton Koert Editorial Paidotribo Les Guixeres C/ de la Energía, 19-21 08915 Badalona (España) Tel.: 93 323 33 11 – Fax: 93 453 50 33 http://www.paidotribo.com E-mail: [email protected] Primera edición: ISBN: 978-84-9910-392-1 ISBN EPUB: 978-84-9910-475-1 BIC: MBNH3; WSU Fotocomposición: Editor Service, S.L. Diagonal, 299 – 08013 Barcelona Índice Prólogo 1. Esteroides anabolizantes 2. La forma de los compuestos de carbono 3. Fórmulas estructurales de la testosterona 4. La nomenclatura de los esteroides 5. Aminoácidos y proteínas 6. Comunicación entre moléculas 7. Complejos ligando-receptor androgénico 8. Modo de acción del complejo esteroide-receptor androgénico 9. ¿Cómo funcionan las enzimas? 10. Reacciones enzimáticas de los esteroides anabolizantes 11. Metabolismo de la testosterona, dihidrotestosterona, estrona y estradiol 12. Cómo evitar el metabolismo no deseado de los esteroides anabolizantes 13. Modificaciones químicas para prevenir transformaciones no deseadas de los esteroides anabolizantes 14. El mecanismo de acción de la enzima aromatasa 15. Prohormonas 16. Ésteres, enol-ésteres, carbonatos y carbamatos 17. Éteres y derivados nitrogenados 18. Esteroides de diseño 19. Esteroides en suplementos de diseño 20. Los esteroides anabolizantes reales 21. Moduladores selectivos del receptor androgénico (SARM) Epílogo Índice alfabético Sobre los autores Prólogo n su concepción inicial este libro nace como un experimento. ¿Sería posible explicar a un público no interesado especialmente por la E ciencia los pros y contras de los esteroides anabolizantes a un nivel científico básico? ¿Y hasta qué punto? En la actualidad, a medida que aumenta su uso se produce también una mayor controversia y discusión sobre los anabolizantes. Los medios de comunicación promueven el ideal de un cuerpo musculado, la industria del fitness está en plena expansión, Internet proporciona información y acceso libre a los anabolizantes... Todo esto ha estimulado su uso, y nunca tantas personas han utilizado anabolizantes como ahora. Al mismo tiempo el interés de los científicos por los anabolizantes ha ido languideciendo a lo largo del tiempo. Las compañías farmacéuticas han enfocado su interés en otras medicinas, los médicos se muestran cada vez más reacios a recetarlos y cada vez se promulgan más y más leyes para restringir su venta y uso. Igualmente, los fraudes por dopaje en las competiciones deportivas han aumentado la aversión hacia los anabolizantes. Así, es difícil obtener información fiable independiente sobre ellos. La discusión acerca de la propia efectividad de los anabolizantes es ilustrativa a este respecto. Hasta la década de los noventa del siglo pasado, los científicos no se mostraron con-vencidos de que el uso de anabolizantes tuviera un efecto positivo sobre el crecimiento muscular en personas sanas. Este escepticismo no es de extrañar porque hasta entonces científicos, atletas y culturistas utilizaban dosis diferentes en sus regímenes, y las dosis farmacológicas utilizadas por los científicos no permitieron llegar a conclusiones convincentes. Además, muchos anabolizantes no han sido nunca estudiados adecuadamente y existe muy poca información sobre ellos. Gran parte de la información sobre estos aspectos se encuentra disponible en el “circuito gris”, aunque en muchos casos ésta tiene carácter meramente anecdótico. Todo ello ha conducido a una situación en la que la mayor parte de la información disponible sobre los anabolizantes procede de “gurús”, productores underground, vendedores y de los propios consumidores. ¿Significa esto que los científicos no tienen nada interesante que contar sobre los anabolizantes que pueda ser de interés para un público general y para los consumidores? Los autores creemos que no es así. Nosotros estamos positivamente contra el uso incontrolado de anabolizantes; sin embargo, creemos que existe suficiente conocimiento científicamente demostrado que podría ser utilizado. ¿Qué clase de compuestos químicos son los anabolizantes?, ¿cómo pueden reconocerse sus nombres o incluso sus fórmulas?, ¿cuáles son sus propiedades y cómo actúan? Ésta es la clase de información que nosotros tratamos de presentar en este libro, que organizaremos como una especie de libro de estudio. En su inicio presentaremos cierta información de carácter general necesaria, pero pronto nos centraremos en las características específicas de los esteroides anabolizantes. Intentaremos describir estos aspectos con un lenguaje claro y sencillo. Está claro que algunos temas son difíciles de seguir cuando no se tiene un conocimiento básico de química o incluso de fisiología. Nuestro consejo en estos casos es sencillo: continúa y recupera el hilo más adelante. Los esteroides anabolizantes son sustancias potentes que científicos y consumidores han aprendido a tratar con respeto. Este libro tratará de explicar por qué. El libro enfatizará los aspectos científicos de los anabolizantes. No se trata, sin embargo, de una guía para consumidores, ni contiene regímenes de dosificación ni esquemas de entrenamiento. Esperamos que el lector lo encuentre interesante. 1 Esteroides anabolizantes os seres vivos están formados en su mayor parte por compuestos cuyo principal elemento es el carbono (simbolizado por la letra C). Hubo un L tiempo en que los químicos pensaron que sólo los organismos vivos tenían el poder de sintetizar compuestos de carbono. El nombre Química Orgánica para referirse a la química de los compuestos de carbono tiene su origen precisamente en esta antigua creencia. Desde hace más de siglo y medio sabemos, sin embargo, que los químicos pueden preparar compuestos de carbono también en el laboratorio de una forma bastante efectiva. Los químicos orgánicos llaman a esta actividad “síntesis orgánica”, y en el último siglo millones de compuestos de carbono han sido sintetizados de manera artificial. Mientras, el término Química Orgánica se ha mantenido para denominar la química de los compuestos de carbono. Los seres vivos utilizan diversos procesos biológicos para convertir estos compuestos orgánicos en otras sustancias que son utilizadas por el cuerpo como materiales de construcción, para la producción de energía o para el mantenimiento de la vida. La Bioquímica es la ciencia que estudia estos procesos e intenta desentrañar cómo y por qué ocurren. La frontera entre la química orgánica y la bioquímica no siempre es clara debido a que los compuestos de carbono que son transformados en los sistemas vivos son similares a los del laboratorio. También experimentan el mismo tipo de reacciones. Los compuestos y las reacciones en los organismos vivos son, sin embargo, mucho más complejos que en el laboratorio. Los químicos siempre han mostrado interés por los compuestos orgánicos de la Naturaleza. Estos compuestos, denominados productos naturales, desempeñan un importante papel en la vida cotidiana. Los hombres los necesitamos como alimento y los utilizamos como aromas y fragancias, colorantes o medicinas. La química de los productos naturales se sitúa entre la química orgánica y la bioquímica, y por eso se denomina habitualmente química bioorgánica. Las hormonas esteroideas pertenecen a este amplio grupo de los productos naturales, y los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos son miembros del grupo de las hormonas esteroideas. Estos compuestos son biosintetizados en los testículos, los ovarios y en el córtex adrenérgico. Los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos son mensajeros químicos. El flujo sanguíneo los transporta a los diferentes tejidos hasta los receptores androgénicos donde ejercen su acción fisiológica. Estos receptores se encuentran presentes en un gran número de tejidos, y el complejo formado por el esteroide anabolizante androgénico con el receptor androgénico induce allí diferentes acciones específicas. La testosterona (ver figura 1) es el ejemplo más destacado de los esteroides androgénicos anabolizantes. En varones adultos su complejo con el receptor androgénico es responsable de los llamados efectos anabolizantes: mantenimiento de la libido, producción de esperma, incrementos de masa muscular y fuerza y densidad mineral en los huesos. En otros tejidos, las enzimas convierten testosterona en dihidrotestosterona mediante la transformación del doble enlace del anillo izquierdo de la testosterona en un enlace sencillo (ver figura 1). El complejo de dihidrotestosterona con el receptor androgénico es responsable de efectos androgénicos tales como el crecimiento del vello en el cuerpo y la cara, el acné o la calvicie androgénica y el crecimiento de la próstata en hombres maduros. La eliminación enzimática del grupo metilo situado entre el primer y el segundo anillos de la testosterona conduce a las hormonas sexuales femeninas estrona y estradiol (ver figura 1). Junto con la progesterona, estas hormonas son responsables de las características sexuales femeninas. Sus complejos con los receptores de estrógenos y de la progesterona median en el desarrollo de vagina, útero y senos, en el aumento de tejido graso y en la regulación del ciclo menstrual. Todas estas importantes funciones de las hormonas esteroideas han suscitado un gran interés en la industria farmacéutica. Para comprender completamente el papel y la función de las hormonas esteroideas se necesita la cooperación de diferentes disciplinas. ■ Para empezar, los químicos analíticos tienen que descubrir nuevos
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