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Genotypic Variation in Rough-Seeded Lupins (Lupinus Pilosus Murr. and L. Atlanticus Glads.)

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Genotypic Variation in Rough-Seeded Lupins (Lupinus Pilosus Murr. and L. Atlanticus Glads.) A.L, I,T Genotypic variation in rough-seeded a (Lupinus pilosrrs Murr. and L. øtlønticas Glads.) for tolerance to calcareous soils Jason David Brand B.Ag.Sc. (Hons.), University of Adelaide Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Plant Science Waite Campus, University of Adelaide Glen Osmond, South Australia December, 1999 This thesis is dedicated to the loving memory of my mother Julie Ann Brand 1" July 1951 - 9tr' January 1999 'Serenity' In God's care Flate L Lupinus pilosus in the field, the plant and the flower. i:l I Table of Contents PAGE Abstract vl Declaration viii Acknowledgements ix Publications xi Chapter I - General introduction I Chapter 2 -Literature review 3 2.1 Lupins Ja 2.1.1 Species and distribution (Taxonomy) J 2.l.2Morphology 4 2.1.3 Lupins in agriculture 6 2.1.4 Diseases and pathogens of lupins 10 Fungal Viral Nematodes Insects 2.1.5 Seed composition and products of lupins l1 Seed composition Animal feed Human consumption 2.1.6 Modern lupin breeding 13 2.2.6.I Lupin breeding in Australia t4 Lupinus angus tifolius (naru owJeafe d lupin) Lup inus c o s ent inii (LV e s t e r n Aus tr al i an s and-pl ain lup in) Lupinus albus (white lupin) Lupinus luteus (yellow lupin) Lupinus pilosus and Lupinus atlanticus (rough-seeded lupins) 2.2 Calcareous soils 18 2.2.1 Origins and natural occurrence calcium carbonate T9 2.2.2Physical forms and chemistry of calcium carbonate 20 Physical forms Chemistry 2.3 Plant growth on calcareous soils 2T 2.3.1 Nutrient toxicities and deficiencies associated with calcareous soils 22 Bicarbonate Boron toxicity Sodicity Phosphorus deficiency Micronutrient deficiencies (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) 2.3.2 Adaptive mechanisms for tolerance 25 Bicarbonate Boron toxicity Sodicity Phosphorus deficiency Micronutrient deficiencies (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) ll 2.3.3 Breeding for tolerance to calcareous soils 27 Bicarbonate Boron toxicity Sodicity Phosphorus deficiency Micronutrient fficiencies 2.3.4 Tolerance of lupins to calcareous soils 28 2.4 Conclusion 29 Chapter 3 - Adaptation of Lupinus angustifolius L. and L. pilosus Murr. to calcareous soils of South Australia 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Materials and methods 31 Genetic material Soil and pot preparation University of California (UC) modified potting mix Soil analyses pH. electrical conductivity and sodium absorption ratio Total CaCO¡ Organic carbon Field and wil Texture Colour Plant growth and experimental design Measurements Statistical analyses 3.3 Results 36 C orrelations befween s oil propertie s Plant growth Nutr ient c onc entr ations 3.4 Discussion 42 Chapter 4 - Development of a soil screening method to identiff lupins tolerant to calcareous soils and investigation of possible mechanisms of tolerance 46 4.l lntroduction 46 4.2 The effect of increasing CaCO3 concentrations in the soil on the growth of four lupin species and field peas (Experiment 1) 48 4.2.1 Introduction 48 4.2.2 Materials and methods 49 Genetic material Soil and pot preparation Plant growth and experimental design Measurements Statistical analyses 4.2.3 Results 51 Soil structure, CøCO j content and pH Chlorosis score and shoot dry weight Nutrient concentrations lll 4.3 The effect of soil moisture, nutrition and inoculation on the growth and chlorosis of a tolerant, moderately tolerant and moderately intolerant genotype of Z. pilosus, in a calcareous soil (Experiment 2) 55 4.3.1 Introduction 55 4.3 .2 Materials and Methods 56 Genetic material Soil and pot preparation Effect of soil moisture (Expt. 2a) Effect of nutrient addition 2lr Effect of Nr fixation (Expt. 2c) Plant growth Measurements Chlorosis score Chlorophyll meter Chlorophyll concentration Active Fe Shoot dry weight Nutrient concentrations Stqtistical analyses 4.3.3 Results 60 Effect of soil moisture (Expt. 2a) Chlorosis score, chlorophyll meter readings, number of leaves, shoot dry weight and chlorophyll concentration Nutritional concentrations Effect of nutrient addition (Expt. 2b) Chlorosis score, chlorophyll meter readings, shoot dry weight and chlorophyll concentration Nutritional concentrations Effect of N2fixation (Expt. 2c) 4.4 Discussion 67 Genotypic variation Factors affecting lupin growth on calcareous soil Me chanisms of tolerance Conditions for soil screening Chapter 5 - Development of a solution screening method to identi$ lupins tolerant to calcareous soils 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 The effects of increasing bicarbonate concentrations in nutrient solutions on the growth and chlorosis of four Lupinus species and P. sativum (Experiment 1) 76 5.2.1 Introduction 76 5 .2.2 Materials and methods 76 Genetic Material C o ntainer and s o lut ion pr ep ar ation Plant growth and experimental design Measurements Statistical analyses IV 5.2.3 Results 79 Solution pH Root elongation rate, chlorosis score, number of leaves, root length and shoot and root dry weight Nutr ient c onc entr ations 5.3 Determination of a bicarbonate concentration in solution for identiffing the tolerance of L. pilosu.r to calcareous soil (Experiment 2) 86 5.3.1 Introduction 86 5 .3 .2 Materials and methods 87 Genetic Material C ontainer and s olution preparation Plant growth Measurements Statistical analyses 5.3.3 Results 89 KHCO3 concentrations (ExPt. 2a) Root elongation and proteoid roots Chlorosis, number of leaves, shoot and root dry weight Nutrient concentrations KHCOyvs NaHCOj (Expt. 2b) Chlorosis, number of leaves, shoot and root dry weight Nutrient concentrations FeEDDHA concentrations (Expt. 2c) Chlorosis, number of leaves, shoot and root d.y yqght Nutrient concentrations 5.4 Discussion 97 Genotypic variation Effect of increasing bicarbonate concentrations in solution on growth and chlorosis Conditions for solution screening Chapter 6 - Screening genotypes of I. pilosus and I. øtlønticus for tolerance to calcareous soil 102 6.l lntroduction t02 6.2 Materials and methods 103 Genetic Material Genotypic screening Genetic control of tolerance in Z. pilosus Screening Methods Soil screening Solution screg4!4g Plant growth and experimental design Soil screening Solution screenins Measurements Statistical analyses Genetic Analysis of F2 generation 6.3 Results 109 Genotypic screening Genetic control of tolerance in L. pilosus v 6.4 Discussion I12 Genotypic variation Genetic control of tolerance in L. pilosus Chapter 7 - Field assessment of the genotypic variation in L. pilosus for tolerance to calcareous soils 116 7.1 Introduction 116 7 .2 Materials and methods rt7 Genetic material Field Sites Tarlee Minnipa, Cungena, Yandra, Yeelanna, Coobowie 7.3 Results l2l Weather conditions Tarlee Minnipa, Cungena and Yandra Yeelanna Coobowie Field Trials Tarlee Seed emergence, chlorosis, and estimated flowering time Harvest - yield components Minnipa, Cungena, Yandra, Yeelanna, Coobowie 7.4 Discussion 126 Tqrlee Minnipa, Cungena, Yandra, Yeelanna, Coobowie Conclusion Chapter I - General discussion 130 Conclusion Appendix I - Preliminary studies on proton excretion and Fe and Mn reduction in the rhizosphere zones of roots of genotypes ofI. pilosus tolerant or moderately intolerant of calcareous soil 136 41.1 Introduction 136 Al.2 Materials and methods 136 Agar preparation Embedding roots in agar ' Measurements 41.3 Results 138 Plant Growth and Chlorosis Rhizosphere pH Fe and Mn reduction 41.4 Discussion t39 References t40 V1 Abstract Lupins are a widely cultivated pulse crop in the southern Australian cereal cropping zone, being commonly used in rotational farming systems with cereal and oilseed crops. Varieties of the cultivated species (Lupinus angustifolius, L. albus and L. luteus) are well adapted to acidic to neutral soils, but not to calcareous soils, developing symptoms resembling Fe chlorosis which results in severe grain yield reductions or death. Currently the only alternative legumes on calcareous soils in lower rainfall areas are field pea or pasture, the cultivation of which are limited due to environmental and economic shortcomings. Thus two undomesticated species of lupins (L. pilosus and L. atlanticus), which have been collected from calcareous or alkaline soils in the wild are being domesticated and developed for agriculture. However, neither species has been investigated for intraspecific variation in tolerance to calcareous soil. The aims of this research were to assess the tolerance of L. pilosus to calcareous soils, to identify intraspecific variation through the development of screening methods and to propose physiological and genetic reasons for genotypic differences. On a wide range soils Z. pilosus was more broadly adapted than L. angustiþlius and showed less chlorosis and dry weight yield reductions on calcareous soils compared with non-calcareous sorls. Lupinus pilosus also showed similar or improved growth on the more acidic soils compared with Z. angustifolizs, indicating that this species will be particularly useful in agricultural areas where small outcrops of calcareous soil occur within a paddock. In preliminary studies on a soil with 50% CaCO3, wild types and landraces of Z. pilosus had a range of tolerance from tolerant to intolerant. Thus soil and solution screening methods were developed that provided the greatest discrimination between genotypes. The most suitable soil screen was in a field soil (Wangary calcareous sand; 50% CaCO3) with a moisture content of 90Yo of field capacity. The addition of nutrients to the soil and the use of inorganic nitrogen compared with inoculation did not affect the ranking of genotypes. The solution screen used 15mM of KHCO¡ with CaCO3 âS â buffer. In both soil and solution methods chlorosis recorded 2l days after sowing or transplanting appeared most indicative of likely grain yield reductions associated with intolerance. VU A range of species and genotypes within species were screened in both methods. The most tolerant species was I. pilosus,with a number of genotypes being tolerant to moderately intolerant. Lupinus pilos¿ls also showed the greatest range of variation in tolerance. Most genotypes of L. atlanticus appeared moderately intolerant to intolerant, although a few genotypes showed significantly less chlorosis. There were no fully tolerant genotypes of I.
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