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Northern Chile Bruno Messerli et al.: Klima und Umwelt in der Region Atacama (Nordchile) seit der Letzten Kaltzeit 257 DIE VERÄNDERUNGEN VON KLIMA UND UMWELT IN DER REGION ATACAMA (NORDCHILE) SEIT DER LETZTEN KALTZEIT Mit 11 Abbildungen und 3 Photos BRUNO MESSERLI, MARTIN GROSJEAN, KURT GRAF, UELI SCHOTTERER, HANS SCHREIER und MATHIAS VUILLE Summary: Climate and environmental change in the 1 Einleitung Atacama region (northern Chile) since the Last Cold Maximum Das „International Geosphere-Biosphere Pro- The synergistic interaction between subsiding anti- gramme" hat 1990 sein erstes regionales Treffen in cyclonic air masses, the drying effect of the cold Humboldt Südamerika abgehalten und 1991 darüber - frei current, and the moisture blocking mountain chain übersetzt - folgende Leitideen publiziert (IGBP generate extremely dry environmental conditions on the western slope of the Atacama Andes. Even the highest peaks 1991): „Alle Fragen der Klimaveränderungen und (Volcan Llullaillaco 6739 m) in the continuous permafrost der Modellierung sind auf bessere Kenntnisse der belt above 5600 m are currently free of glaciers. The vegeta- Vergangenheit angewiesen. Die ungenügende Auf- tion between 3100 to 4800 m is too scarce to initiate any soil lösung der heute verfügbaren Modelle für Süd- formation. The precipitation pattern in the Altiplano amerika geht auf eine mangelhafte Datenlage zurück region can be investigated by monitoring the varying extent und verlangt zusätzliche Sequenzen von Informatio- of the salar water bodies as seen from satellite data. nen über Klima- und Umweltveränderungen aus Terrestrial and limnic ecosystems show major changes dem Bereich verschiedenster Disziplinen. Ein faszi- since the Last Cold Maximum. Cold and dry conditions are nierendes Ziel wäre der Vergleich von paläoklima- followed by a distinct shift to cool and wet Late Glacial tischen Ereignissen auf der Nord- und Südhemisphä- climate (about 400 mm/year) with extended lakes in the re." Dazu kam die Anforderung des „Past Global Altiplano. Warm and moist environments probably during Changes Programme" (PAGES), vermehrt „hoch- the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and Early Holocene are indicated by palaeosoils, best developed near 4500 m auflösende, kalibrierte Proxy-Datensätze für interes- a. s. 1. The warm temperatures lasted during the Holocene, sante Zeitfenster in empfindlichen Räumen" zu erar- as shown by pollen, whereas present dry conditions were beiten (IGBP 1992). In diesem Sinne ist die established after approximately 3000 B.P. The palaeo- Atacama-Region im Grenzbereich Chile-Argenti- ecological findings show that the tropical rainfall belt was nien-Bolivien an der Scharnierstelle zwischen tropi- reinforced during Late Glacial to Early Holocene from the scher und außertropischer Zirkulation zweifellos ein Chungará-Sajama region (18° S) as far south as the Ojos del „empfindlicher Raum" mit einem reichen Archiv an Salado (27° S). On the contrary, however, the westerlies Paläodaten, die sich in interessante Zeitfenster auf- were relatively stable. It seems that they had no strong in- lösen lassen. Nach einer ersten dreijährigen For- fluence in the past on the Ojos del Salado (27° S), not even schungsphase lassen sich noch keine umfassenden during the Last Cold Maximum. But this clear separation Resultate vorlegen, doch zeichnen sich einige interes- in winter and summer precipitation becomes more and sante Fragen und Ergebnisse ab, die wir im folgenden more critical. Too much precipitation is observed in the 1 transitional seasons of spring and autumn. Collisions be- zur Diskussion stellen möchten* . tween drops of cold air from the westerlies and warm In unserem Arbeitsgebiet (Abb. 1) quert die tropical humid air masses must be analysed more precisely Trockendiagonale den Andenkamm. Der Llullaillaco in future research programmes. (6739 m), der zweithöchste Gipfel Chiles, liegt wohl Human activity, appearing for the first time around zentral in der Trockenachse und widerspiegelt mit 10 800 B.P., was always closely related to the environ- seinen obersten Stockwerken, die thermisch in Gla- mental conditions, as shown in various archaeological sites. The new findings in the Río Purifica (5880 B.P.) show that zialbereich liegen und doch keine Gletscher tragen, the hypothesis of the "silencio arqueológico" has to be die enorme Aridität selbst in großen Höhen. revised. The Atacama region, one of the most arid areas, shows an increasing conflict between a rapidly growing economic activity with expanding urbanization and the *' Wir danken dem Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur sensitive base of natural resources. Also a desert can be Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung für die Unter- exposed to pollution and the groundwater recharge and the stützung dieses Projektes. Im weiteren sind wir den Her- water storage capacity are still unknown. The past climatic ren Prof. HUGO ROMERO und WILLY EGLI in Santiago, conditions could be the key to understand the present day Chile, für ihre Hilfe und Begleitung zu großem Dank ver- limited water resources. pflichtet. 258 Erdkunde Band 46/1992 Abb. 1: Übersichtskarte des Untersuchungsgebietes Map of the research area Die interessante dreidimensionale Darstellung der bis nach Salta interessante Vergleichsdaten aufzu- ökologischen Bedingungen (KALIN ARROYA et al. weisen hätte (siehe auch Fox u. STRECKER 1991). 1988), in Abb. 2 gibt wertvolle Hinweise auf die variierenden Klimabedingungen zwischen 18° S und 28° S. Sowohl der Bedeckungsgrad wie auch die 2 Die aktuellen Klima- und Umweltbedingungen Artenzahl der Vegetation zeigen das Wechselspiel zwischen unterer hygrischer und oberer thermischer Abb. 3 zeigt die heutigen Niederschlagsverhält- Limitierung. Nördlich 23° S liegen die günstigsten nisse im Bereich der Atacamawüste und des nord- Bedingungen heute auf zirka 4000 m, südlich 25° S chilenischen Altiplano. Entsprechend dem Wechsel- sinkt die Gunstzone rasch ab und liegt bei 28° S auf spiel zwischen der tropischen Zirkulation im Norden 2000-3000 m. Die deutliche Reduktion von Arten- und der außertropischen Westwindzirkulation im zahl und Bedeckungsgrad bei 23° S-24° S zeigt die Süden sind hier sowohl tropisch-konvektiv geprägte ungünstigen Wachstumsbedingungen im Bereich der Sommerniederschläge zwischen Januar und März Trockendiagonale, wo sich unterhalb 3200 m auf („Invierno Boliviano") als auch außertropisch- freier Oberfläche ohne Wasserzufuhr überhaupt advektive Winterniederschläge von Juni bis Septem- keine Vegetation mehr entwickeln kann. Zusätzlich ber („Invierno Chileno") möglich. Offenbar treten spielt aber auch die Höhe der Küstenkordillere und aber auch in den Ubergangsjahreszeiten immer wie- die Topographie der hohen Anden eine große Rolle. der niederschlagsreiche Situationen auf, wenn kalte Nördlich 28° S öffnet sich der Andenkamm von einer südliche Luftpakete mit warmfeuchten tropischen 50 km breiten Vulkankette zu einem 200-300 km Luftmassen zusammenprallen. Generell wird das breiten Gebirgsraum mit Altiplano und Gipfeln um Klima aber durch die Interaktion von absinkenden 6000 m, was die Aridität auf der Westabdachung zu- Luftmassen im stabilen südostpazifischen Hoch mit sätzlich verstärkt. dem Austrocknungseffekt des kalten Humboldt- Wir konzentrieren uns im folgenden auf den Alti- stromes und der blockierenden Wirkung des Anden- plano und die Westseite, auch wenn das Querprofil kammes für feuchte Luftmassen aus Nordosten ge- Bruno Messerli et al.: Klima und Umwelt in der Region Atacama (Nordchile) seit der Letzten Kaltzeit 259 100km 111 II 0 - 20 mm Niederschlag laíaJ unbestimmt 20 - 50 mm Niederschlag IHTTl 50- 100 % Winter (Jun.-Nov.) I 1 50- 100 mm Niederschlag IISSI 50 - 90 % Sommer (Dez.-Mai) 100 - 200 mm Niederschlag 90 - 100 % Sommer (Dez.-Mai) Daten: Dirección Regional de Aguas Ministerio de Obras Públicas Abb. 3: Mittlerer Jahresniederschlag (a) und seine saiso- nale Verteilung (b) Mean annual precipitation (a) und its seasonal distribu- tion (b) 0 0 100 Vegetationsbedeckung Alienzahl nur die klimatisch relevanten Resultate kurz disku- Abb. 2: Vegetationsbedeckung und Pflanzenartenzahl in tiert. Abhängigkeit von Höhenstufe und geographischer Breite Anhand einer Sequenz digitaler Landsat/MSS- Quelle: nach KALIN ARROYO et al. 1988 Szenen wurde die Ausdehnung der wasserbedeckten Vegetation cover and number of species as a function of Salarflächen zwischen 23° S und 24° S im Zeitraum elevation and latitude Novemberl983-August 1984 untersucht (VUILLE U. GROSJEAN 1991). Die Wahl fiel auf diese Zeitperiode, da 1984 das niederschlagsreichste Jahr im Altiplano prägt. Entsprechend gering sind die Niederschlags- seit Beginn der Satellitenaufzeichnungen darstellt mengen, welche erst auf über 4000 m ü. M. gegen und so die maximal mögliche Reaktion der Salare auf 200 mm/Jahr hin ansteigen (siehe Abb. 3). Die Niederschläge untersucht werden konnte. Die Bild- Trockenachse überquert denn auch im Bereich der sequenz beginnt mit einer Aufnahme vom 28. No- Atacamawüste die Anden und als Folge dieser Aridi- vember 1983. Vor dem Einsetzen der Sommernieder- tät ist die Variabilität der Niederschläge entspre- schläge haben die offenen Wasserflächen der Salare chend groß. eine relativ geringe Ausdehnung. Die nachfolgenden Bilder belegen, daß die Salare bei starken Nieder- schlägen sehr rasch überflutet und die Wasserober- Salarflächen als Indikator der räumlich-zeitlichen flächen entsprechend vergrößert werden. Niederschlagsverteilung Die untersuchten Salare wiesen aber kein synchro- Einen ausgezeichneten Anhaltspunkt
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