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Atmospheric Conditions at a Site for Submillimeter Wavelength Astronomy
Atmospheric conditions at a site for submillimeter wavelength astronomy Simon J. E. Radford and M. A. Holdaway National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 949 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ABSTRACT At millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, pressure broadened molecular sp ectral lines make the atmosphere a natural limitation to the sensitivity and resolution of astronomical observations. Trop ospheric water vap or is the principal culprit. The translucent atmosphere b oth decreases the signal, by attenuating incoming radiation, and increases the noise, by radiating thermally.Furthermore, inhomogeneities in the water vap or distribution cause variations in the electrical path length through the atmosphere. These variations result in phase errors that degrade the sensitivity and resolution of images made with b oth interferometers and lled ap erture telescop es. Toevaluate p ossible sites for the Millimeter Array, NRAO has carried out an extensive testing campaign. At a candidate site at 5000 m altitude near Cerro Cha jnantor in northern Chile, we deployed an autonomous suite of instruments in 1995 April. These include a 225 GHz tipping radiometer that measures atmospheric transparency and temp oral emission uctuations and a 12 GHz interferometer that measures atmospheric phase uctuations. A sub- millimeter tipping photometer to measure the atmospheric transparency at 350 mwavelength and a submillimeter Fourier transform sp ectrometer have recently b een added. Similar instruments have b een deployed at other sites, notably Mauna Kea, Hawaii, and the South Pole, by NRAO and other groups. These measurements indicate Cha jnantor is an excellent site for millimeter and submillimeter wavelength astron- omy. The 225 GHz transparency is b etter than on Mauna Kea. -
Mineralogy and Geochemistry Study of Ree Minerals in Host Rocks in Iic Iron Deposit, Bafgh Mineral Area, Central Iran
GEOSABERES: Revista de Estudos Geoeducacionais ISSN: 2178-0463 [email protected] Universidade Federal do Ceará Brasil MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY STUDY OF REE MINERALS IN HOST ROCKS IN IIC IRON DEPOSIT, BAFGH MINERAL AREA, CENTRAL IRAN SHIRNAVARD SHIRAZI, MANSOUREH; LOTFI, MOHAMMAD; NEZAFATI, NIMA; GOURABJERIPOUR, ARASH MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY STUDY OF REE MINERALS IN HOST ROCKS IN IIC IRON DEPOSIT, BAFGH MINERAL AREA, CENTRAL IRAN GEOSABERES: Revista de Estudos Geoeducacionais, vol. 11, 2020 Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brasil Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=552861694014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26895/geosaberes.v11i0.909 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International. PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative MANSOUREH SHIRNAVARD SHIRAZI, et al. MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY STUDY OF REE MINERALS IN HOST ROC... MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY STUDY OF REE MINERALS IN HOST ROCKS IN IIC IRON DEPOSIT, BAFGH MINERAL AREA, CENTRAL IRAN ESTUDO DE MINERALOGIA E GEOQUÍMICA DE MINERAIS REE EM ROCHAS HOSPEDEIRAS NO DEPÓSITO DE FERRO DA IIC, ÁREA MINERAL DE BAFGH, IRÃ CENTRAL ESTUDIO DE MINERALOGÍA Y GEOQUÍMICA DE MINERALES REE EN ROCAS HOSPEDANTES DE DEPÓSITOS DE HIERRO DE LA CII, ÁREA MINERAL DE BAFGH, IRÁN CENTRAL MANSOUREH SHIRNAVARD SHIRAZI DOI: https://doi.org/10.26895/geosaberes.v11i0.909 Islamic Azad University, Irán Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=552861694014 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9242-0341 -
Explora Atacama І Hikes
ATACAMA explorations explora Atacama І Hikes T2 Reserva Tatio T4 Cornisas Nights of acclimatization Nights of acclimatization needed: 2 needed: 0 Type: Half day Type: Half day Duration: 1h Duration: 2h 30 min Distance: 2,3 km / 1,4 mi Distance: 6,7 kms / 4,2 mi Max. Altitude: 4.321 m.a.s.l / Max. Altitude: 2.710 m.a.s.l / HIKES 14.176 f.a.s.l 8.891 f.a.s.l Description: This exploration Description: Departing by van, we offers a different way of visiting head toward the Catarpe Valley Our hikes have been designed according the Tatio geysers, a geothermal by an old road. From there, we to different interests and levels of skill. field with over 80 boiling water hike along the ledges of La Sal They vary in length and difficulty so we sources. In this trip there are Mountains, with panoramic views always recommend travelers to talk to their excellent opportunities of studying of the oasis, the Atacama salt flat, guides before choosing an exploration. the highlands fauna, which includes and The, La Sal, and Domeyko Every evening, guides brief travelers vicuñas, flamingos and foxes, Mountains, three mountain ranges on the different explorations, so that among others. We walk through the that shape the region’s geography. they can choose one that best fit their reserve with views of The Mountains By the end of the exploration we interests. Exploration times do not consider and steaming hot water sources. descend through Marte Valley’s sand transportation. Return to the hotel by van. -
Oxygen and Iron Isotope Systematics of the Grängesberg Mining District (GMD), Central Sweden
Oxygen and Iron Isotope Systematics Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper of the Grängesberg Mining District ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 251 (GMD), Central Sweden Franz Weis Oxygen and Iron Isotope Systematics of the Grängesberg Mining District Iron is the most important metal for modern industry and Sweden is (GMD), Central Sweden the number one iron producer in Europe. The main sources for iron ore in Sweden are the apatite-iron oxide deposits of the “Kiruna-type”, named after the iconic Kiruna ore deposit in Northern Sweden. The genesis of this ore type is, however, not fully understood and various schools of thought exist, being broadly divided into “ortho-magmatic” versus the “hydrothermal replacement” approaches. This study focuses on the origin of apatite-iron oxide ore of the Grängesberg Mining District (GMD) in Central Sweden, one of the largest iron reserves in Sweden, employing oxygen and iron isotope analyses on Franz Weis massive, vein and disseminated GMD magnetite, quartz and meta- volcanic host rocks. As a reference, oxygen and iron isotopes of magnetites from other Swedish and international iron ores as well as from various international volcanic materials were also analysed. These additional samples included both “ortho-magmatic” and “hydrothermal” magnetites and thus represent a basis for a comparative analysis with the GMD ore. The combined data and the derived temperatures support a scenario that is consistent with the GMD apatite-iron oxides having originated dominantly (ca. 87 %) through ortho-magmatic processes with magnetite crystallisation from oxide-rich intermediate magmas and magmatic fluids at temperatures between of 600 °C to 900 °C. -