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The Reproductive System

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The Reproductive System The Reproductive System The Male Reproductive System Part 1 Introduction General system functions Production of gametes Method for transfer of spermatozoa to ovum Site for fertilization Stable environment for protection and development of zygote Reproductive System Primary sex organs Testes and ovaries Produce sex cells (gametes) Secrete steroid sex hormones Androgens (males) Estrogens and progesterone (females) Accessory reproductive organs Ducts Glands External genitalia Male Reproductive System Testes Ducts Accessory glands Penis Hormonal function of the testis Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Peritoneum Seminal Membranous vesicle urethra Ampulla of Urogenital ductus deferens diaphragm Pubis Ejaculatory Corpus duct cavernosum Rectum Corpus Prostate spongiosum Bulbourethral Spongy urethra gland Epididymis Anus Glans penis Bulb of penis Prepuce Ductus (vas) Testis External deferens Scrotum urethral orifice Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.1 Testes Reside in scrotum Paired, located outside of body Descend into scrotum through inguinal canal Cryptorchidism Urinary bladder Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens Penis Autonomic Middle septum of scrotum nerve fibers Pampiniform Cremaster muscle venous plexus External spermatic Epididymis fascia Tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum) Superficial fascia Tunica albuginea containing dartos of testis Scrotum muscle Internal spermatic Skin fascia Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.2 Testes Septa divide the testis into lobules Contain seminiferous tubules Site of sperm production (spermatogenesis) Cells lining the tubules o Spermatogenic cells in various stages of development o Sustenocytes → support and produce ABP Cells around the tubules o Interstital/Leydig cells → produce testosterone o Myoid cells → contract & squeeze spermatozoa into tubule lumen Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Ductus (vas) deferens Head of epididymis Testis Efferent ductule Seminiferous tubule Rete testis Lobule Straight tubule Septum Tunica albuginea Body of epididymis Tunica vaginalis Duct of epididymis Cavity of Tail of epididymis tunica vaginalis (a) Figure 27.3a Seminiferous tubule (c) Interstitial cells Spermatogenic cells in tubule Areolar epithelium connective Myoid Sperm tissue cells Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.3c Ducts Direct sperm cells out of body 1. Epididymis 2. Ductus (vas) deferens 3. Ejaculatory duct 4. Urethra Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Peritoneum Seminal Membranous vesicle urethra Ampulla of Urogenital ductus deferens diaphragm Pubis Ejaculatory Corpus duct cavernosum Rectum Corpus Prostate spongiosum Bulbourethral Spongy urethra gland Epididymis Anus Glans penis Bulb of penis Prepuce Ductus (vas) Testis External deferens Scrotum urethral orifice Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.1 Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Ductus (vas) deferens Head of epididymis Testis Efferent ductule Seminiferous tubule Rete testis Lobule Straight tubule Septum Tunica albuginea Body of epididymis Tunica vaginalis Duct of epididymis Cavity of Tail of epididymis tunica vaginalis (a) Figure 27.3a Ducts Epididymis Final aspects of sperm development Stored until ejaculation Duct contracts moving sperm into the ductus deferens Ducts Ductus (vas) deferens Passes through the inguinal canal into abdomen Joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct Propels sperm to the urethra Vasectomy Cutting and ligating the ductus deferens Nearly 100% effective form of birth control Urinary bladder Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens Penis Autonomic Middle septum of scrotum nerve fibers Pampiniform Cremaster muscle venous plexus External spermatic Epididymis fascia Tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum) Superficial fascia Tunica albuginea Scrotum containing dartos of testis muscle Internal spermatic Skin fascia Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ducts Ejaculatory duct Right and left join in prostate gland Join urethra Accessory Glands Semen Sperm + testicular fluid + accessory gland fluids Fluid nourishes and activates sperm Neutralizes acidity of urethra and vagina Glands Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Accessory Glands Seminal vesicles Produce viscous alkaline seminal fluid Fructose, coagulating enzyme 60-70% of the volume of semen Duct of seminal vesicle joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Peritoneum Seminal Membranous vesicle urethra Ampulla of Urogenital ductus deferens diaphragm Pubis Ejaculatory Corpus duct cavernosum Rectum Corpus Prostate spongiosum Bulbourethral Spongy urethra gland Epididymis Anus Glans penis Bulb of penis Prepuce Ductus (vas) Testis External deferens Scrotum urethral orifice Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.1 Accessory Glands Prostate Encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder Secretes milky fluid Enzymes play a role in the activation of sperm Enters urethra during ejaculation Diseases Prostatitis Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Prostate cancer Accessory Glands Bulbourethral glands Inferior to the prostate Secrete prior to ejaculation Thick, clear mucus Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra Helps neutralize acidity of vagina Lubricates the glans penis during intercourse Ureter Ampulla of ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Urinary bladder Ejaculatory duct Prostate Prostatic urethra Orifices of prostatic ducts Bulbourethral gland and duct Membranous urethra Urogenital diaphragm Bulb of penis Root of penis Crus of penis Bulbourethral duct opening Ductus deferens Corpora cavernosa Epididymis Corpus spongiosum Shaft (body) of penis Testis Section of (b) Spongy urethra Glans penis Prepuce (foreskin) (a) External urethral orifice Dorsal vessels Corpora cavernosa and nerves Urethra Skin Tunica albuginea of erectile bodies Deep arteries (b) Corpus spongiosum Figure 27.4 The Penis Structure Root and shaft End in the glans penis Prepuce (foreskin) Cuff of loose skin covering the glans Circumcision Surgical removal of the foreskin Ureter Ampulla of ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Urinary bladder Ejaculatory duct Prostate Prostatic urethra Orifices of prostatic ducts Bulbourethral gland and duct Membranous urethra Urogenital diaphragm Bulb of penis Root of penis Crus of penis Bulbourethral duct opening Ductus deferens Corpora cavernosa Epididymis Corpus spongiosum Shaft (body) of penis Testis Section of (b) Spongy urethra Glans penis Prepuce (foreskin) (a) External urethral orifice Dorsal vessels Corpora cavernosa and nerves Urethra Skin Tunica albuginea of erectile bodies Deep arteries (b) Corpus spongiosum Figure 27.4 The Penis Urethra Erection Erectile tissue fills with blood Causes the penis to enlarge and become rigid Parasympathetic reflex The Penis Ejaculation Propulsion of semen from the male duct system Sympathetic spinal reflex Ducts and accessory glands contract and empty their contents Bladder sphincter muscle constricts Prevents the expulsion of urine About 3 -5 ml of semen released 300 million sperm cells Few survive Counts below 20 million/ml = fertility problems The Penis Impotence Erectile dysfunction (ED) Physical abnormalities Psychological causes Affects 50% of American men over 40 to some degree Hormonal Function of the Testes Testosterone Produced by interstitial (Leydig) cells Functions Development of male reproductive system Completion of sperm maturation Secondary sexual characteristics Body hair Bone and muscle growth Aggressive behavior 1 GnRH Anterior Via portal pituitary blood 8 7 2 Inhibin 2 LH FSH Interstitial 3 4 cells 6 Testosterone Somatic and Sustentacular psychological cell effects at Spermatogenic 5 other body cells sites Seminiferous tubule Stimulates Inhibits Figure 27.9 .
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