· l_·,-t e_'f(X\j h~s1:o"{J of Sctn~k"(:t C-\ Y'\c\ B \.A J J 'n·; ~ 'rr'> OFFERED

AS A TRIBUTE OF APPRECIATION

TO

Sir RABINDRANATH TAGORE THE POET SCHOLAR OF AWAKENING oRiENT. CONTENTS.

FOREWORD. PAGEt. Introductory ... - 1 CHAPTER I. The two schools of 8 Essence of .•• ... 5 CHAPTER II. Buddhist canon 7 CHAPTER III. Mahavastu ...... 11 Importance of Mahavastu ' IS Its Jatakas 14 Mabavastu and Puranos 15 More Mahayana affinities ... 17 Antiquity of Mabavastu ...... 17 CHAPTER IV. Lalitavistara ... 19 Extravagant imagery ... 20 Conception and Birth of Buddha 20 Sin of unbelief 22 and Sanskrit go back to an older source ... 28 The Buddha at school ...... 28 Acts of the Buddha ...... 24 Component elements of Lalitnvistara H Translation into Chinese and Tibetan . 25 Relation to ... - ... !6 No image in primitive Uuddbism ...... ~6 General estimate of Lalitnvistara ...... 27 ii.

CHAPTER V. PAGil. Ashvaghosha and his school ...... 28 Life of Ashvaghosha ... 29 Ashvagbosha's great work: the Buddha's biography ... 80 Buddhacarita and Kalidasa 82 Statecraft, erotic art and warl'aie - 88 Love and religion ... s' Synthesis of Schools ...... 88 Sutralankara ...... 86 Vajrasuci; polemic against caste ... 88 Other works of Asbvaghosha ... 89 Matriceta ...... 40 Buddhist poet Shum 41 Master's selfiess love - 42

CHAPTER VI. Literature of A vadanas ...... 45 Veneration for the Buddha ... 45 What is ? ...... 46 Tbe fixed model ... 48 Culture evidences ...... 49 Maiden disciple: Story 28 ...... 30 Extreme Compassion : Story 84 ...... 50 Dismter.Sted pity : Story 36 ...... 60 Princess devout : Story 54 61 Guerdon of service to Buddha: Story 100 ... 61 Avadanasbataka and cognate tales ... 62 Tibetan and Chinese analogies ...... 62 Cbamcteristics ... 58 Anaiysis of components ...... ,- 54 Sbardulakama : love of the untouchable ... 65 Ashokavadana ...... 67 Kunala: Queen mother and step son ... ·~· ...... 38 Pali parallels ...... 58 Rupavati's oacrifice •• ...... u liL PAGB.

Kalpadrumavadanamala ...... •.•• ... 59 Unequivocal lllabayanism ...... 60 Miscellaneous ...... 61 Avadanas in Chinese and Tibetan 62

CHAPTER VII.

Mabayanasutras ...... 6~ Worship of Books in Nepal ...... s~ Saddharmapundarika ...... 64 Parable of house on fire ... 67 Reclaimed son: a parable 68 Figurative language ...... 69 Exaggeration of phrase and figure 69 In praise of 70 Persistence of Puranic infiueoce ' ...... 71 Elements of diverse epochs ...... 71 Age of the Sutra ...... 78 Karandavyuha: its Theistic tendency ... 74, Potency of Avalokitesbvara ... 75 His peregrinations 76 Sukhavativyuba: the Land of Bliss 77 M•njushri ...... 79 Kurunapundarika Sutra so LUlkavatrua ...... 80 ~amadhiraja ...... 82 Suvarnaprabhasa Sutra ... 82 Rashtrapala Sutra ...... 88 Prevision of degeneracy ...... 8~

CHAPTER VIII, ...... 89 Vindication of middle doctrine ...... 90 Other works attributed to Nagarjuna ...... 91 iY.

PAGE. Nagarjuna's life ...... 92 Aryadeva ...... 9' ...... 9' More philosopher than poet ...... 95 Asanga- ...... 96 Buddhist humour ...... 98 Opponent of Samkhya philosophy ... 99 Candragomi ...... 100 Shantideva ...... 100 Core of doctrine ... 101 Importance of the hook ... 102 Other virtues ...... 108 Quotations from previoUS-works ... lOB Moral ideal ... 105 Books contrasted ...... 105 The aspinmfs obligations 107 Self and other : the difference .. ... 107 Psychic identity lOS Philosophical doubt ...... 108 Reaction 109 CHAPTER IX. Stotras, Dharanis, 110 Hymns : Buddhist and Hindu ... ltO and her poet devotees ...... ll1 Dharanis or Necromantic fonnulre 112 Sanskrit Dharanis in Japan ...... 116 Antiquity of Dharanis 117 The Adikarmapradipa ...... 118 Varieties of Tantras : Yogi's training ...... 118 Degrading instructions ...... 113 Supreme Yogiship ...... 120 The authorship ...... 121 Printed literature ...... 122 Christianity and Buddhism ...... 128 v.

CHAPTER. X. PAGL Are Similarities accidental ? ...... ••• 128 Seydel's hypothesis ...... 124 " LClllns " from Buddhism ...... 124 American scholar's researches ...... 125 Parallel texts ... - ... 12& Legends ...... 126 Miracles 127 Resurrection and ...... 128 Jlesults of comparison ...... 129 Vitality of Suddhism 181 CHAPTER XI. Ancient Indian National Literature ...... ISS Importance and extent of Indian literature ...... 1S3 Peculiar traits of Indian genius ... 134 Aryan unity of speech ...... 186 Impact of Indian genius on German thought ...... 138 CHAPTER XII.. Beginnings of Indian Studies in Europe ...... 141 Great Britain and Brahmanic learning 142 Early English scholars us Jones and Colebrooke ... "' 14S Sanskrit learning and Germany ... U7 Dara Sbukoh's Persian Upanishad ...... 150 Seginnings of Vedic studies ... 153 Leader of research in three great religions ... 15ll Christian Lassen ... 158 The Great Dictionary ...... 158 Histories of literature ...... 154. Catalogues of Mss. ... '" ...... 154, Encyclopredia of Sanskrit knowledge ...... 155' CHAPTER XIU. The Chronology of Indian Literature ...... 156 A few dated events ...... 167 • . "' PAGB. Extr&·Indian helps ...... 158 Indian's sense of history - ...... 160 APPENDIX L

Constitution of the Buddhist Canon, by Sylvain Levi ... 162 APPENDIX n.

Sutralankara ...... 177 Prefatory ...... 177 The outraged Pandit ...... 178 Buddhist and Brahmanic controversy ... 179 Chinese Aid ...... 180 Japanese co-operation ...... 181 In seareb of treasure ...... 188 Life of Ashvaghosba...... 184 Chinese reverence for Sanskrit texts ... ' ... 185 Was he a King? ...... 187 His method ...... 189 Authorship established ... 191 The persorue of the Story Book ... 196 The gra.de of civilisation ...... 198 The Arts ...... 200 Vindication of a neglected school ...... 201 Preserved in China though lost in India ...... 202 His renowned predecessors ...... 203 APPENDIX lll,

Most ancient Buddhist records, by M. \'{intemitz 207 The Pali Canon ...... ~· ... 207 APPENDIX IV. I B11ddhist Drama, by M, Wintemitz ...... 219 'Vii.

APPENDIX V.

Treasure-Trove of Ancient Literatures 224 The discovery-Scientific expeditions ... ••• 224: New old toDgUes-Resurrection or dead languages-tho last creed or lllanes-Pahlavi the religious and secular idiom of medi:eval Iran 280 EnormoUs Buddhist Sanskrit literature in original lind · vernacular versions-Great discovery or the century; Pali not the mother tongue or Buddhism ; . Pa1i represents translation from perished vernacular • 285 The hiatus in classical Sanskrit supplied- or drama in Sanskrit-Mairiceta and Ashvaghosha the forerunners or Kalidasa-Authenticity and verification or Tibetan ~res 240

APPENDIX VI.

The Inscription of Ara. By Prof. H. Uders, Ph.D~ (Berlin) ·••• ••• U5 Postscript 255 APPENDIX VII.

The Sources or the . Chinese translation or Sanskrit-Buddhi•t Literature 257 How Chinese helps Sanskrit .•• 260

APPENDIX VIII.

Inscribed frescos of Turfan, by Ed. Huber ... 264 A Bharhut Sculpture ...... ••• ••• 269 King Kanishka and the Mula Sarvastivadis ... .•• 27, ' APPENDIX IX.

The Medical Science of the Buddhists ••• ... 276 APPENDIX X.

Tbe Abbidharma Kosba Vyakhya ...•

APPENDIX XI.

Reference to Buddhism in Brahmanical and Jain "Writings. 287

APPENDIX XIL Notes on the Divyawdan& ... 293 Notes ••• ... 8111 lndex ••• ... SH ABBREVIATIONS.

BEFEO-Bull~tin de !'Ecole fran~aise d'Extreme Orient. Bib!. Jnd-Bibliotbeca Indica. Ep. Jnd.-Epigrapbia Indica. ERE-Encrclopredia of Religion and Ethics, edited by James Hastings, Edinburgh. GGA-Gottinger Gelebrte Anzeigen. Grundriss-Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertums­ kunde, founded by G. Bahler, continued by F. Kielhom, edited by H. Loders and IV ackemage~ Strassburg, Tro bner. · Ind. Ant-Indian Antiquary (Bombay). JA-Joumal Asiatique. JAOS-Joumal of the American Oriental Society. JASB-Joumal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

~RAS-Joum&l of the Bombay Brnncb of the Royal Asiatic Society. · • JRAS-Journal of the P&li Text Scciety. NGGW-Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenscbaften zu GOttingen.

OC-Orientalistenkongresse (Verbandlungen, Transactions. Acts.) .. PTS-P&Ii Text Society. RHR-Revue de l'histoire des Religions, Paris. SBA-Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften. SBE-Sacred Books of the East, edited by F. Max Muller. SIV A-Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, WZKM-Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes. ZDMG-Zeitscbrift der Deutcben Morgenlllndischen Gesellscbaft. FOREWORD.

The works with which our standard literary histories of Sanskrit Iiteratnrc deal nrc almost exclusively conpned to Brahmanic texts. Weber, Barth and Hopkins and after them even Barnett and Keath have scarcely assigned its due place in the history of Sanskrit literatnre to the contribution made by the Buddhist authors. The brilliant and outstanding exception in English is still the Renaissance chapter of l11dia: ll'llat can it teac/• us by Max Mnllcr. That there was a vast literature embodied in Sanskrit by Buddhist thinkers is attested even by the spnrec references in classical Sans­ . krit to them and by an occasional find of a Buddhist work in a Jain bllandara. The late Dr. Peterson came upon the Nyayabindutika in a Jain library, and the various papers rend before the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society by Telnng and Professor K. B. Pathak demonstrate the de­ posits of B!Jddhist works in extensive quotations, if not in entire texts, to be found in the libraries of the J a ins of Knnara. The Jllahnvyutpatti in one place (p. 51) mentions thirty-eight famous writers, the names even of some ~f whom have grown strange to us. The works of others have perished and there are hardly any of the lives and complete literary remains of whom we have positive knowledge. For a search of Sanskrit Buddhistic texts in Jain libraries the public mny look up to enlightened Jain religious preceptors like the Jninaeharyn Vijnyadhnrmasuri who combines ancient traditional prnetiees,_:_the Jain saint did nil his journies to Benares, Calcutta and other sacred places in Northern India on foot from Surnt,-with a broad religious outlook nnd n Western method of organised research, Thus there is a gap in our knowledge of Sanskrit literature which this book is intended to supply. I have ' . xi entirely depended upon Winternitz in the first thirteen chapters. It was my intention to bring up·to.date the work which appeared originally in 1913; hut commercial Bombay has evinced small care for literary research and the best of its libraries arc yet innocent of the learned series like the SBA. SWA. and tou11g pao, not to mention a host of other continental periodicals, without which it is impos.•ihle to continue Wintcrnitz's laborious history. Winternitz is by no means a new name to Engli•h renders. He prepared for :!\fax Muller the voluminous index to the forty.nine volumes of his Sacred Books of tire East. I l1ave endeavoured to embody all his valuable notes and cite all the authoritit•s which he has most industriously collected; but it is possible that some may have been left out since the chapters were fin;t prepared for the literary columns of the Bombay Cltro11icle which had naturally to be kept free f•·om learned overloading. Next after Winternitz the reader will have to feehg1·nte· ful to M. Sylvain Levi, of the College de France, of some of whose charming studies I have attempted to produce o fuint reflex. The "Constitution of the Buddhist cunon," wu• turned by me into English for the Ra11goon Gazette nii soon as I received a copy of it from the distinguished savant. It created a mild sensation in the Asiatic sent of Poli learning where my efforts at the appreciation of Buddhism as incor­ po~ated in SaJJBkrit literature were combated with a fury familiar to those who have a practical acquaintance with odium tlteologicum. The romance of Sutralanka•·a is a brilliant essay of Sylvain Levi's for the accidental defects in which the responsibility must be borne by myself. The .Appe,ndix (III) on the Pall canon gives a foretnHlc of the splendid pages of Wintcrnitz which I hope it will not take me long to bring out in English. Ail a supplement to the his­ tory I have added as .Appendix IV the weighty contribution xii

to the Buddhist drama by Winternitz (VOJ. 1913, p. 38). While these chapters will more or less appeal to the special­ ist, Appendix V on the "Treasures of ancient liter;ttures" by Luders will interest any one susceptible to the importance of the revival and resuscitation of a dead past and, in some cases, of a past neither the existence nor the death of. which wns suspected. It was prepared in the first instance for· one of l\1rs. Besant 's literary periodicals. The number of works which hn'Vc been brought ngain to unanticipated li~ht from Central Asia includes not only Sausl

'fHE AUTHOR.

B~mbay, November 1919.