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An Evaluation of Rural Electrification Adoption

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An Evaluation of Rural Electrification Adoption AN EVALUATION OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADOPTION DYNAMICS IN MERU-SOUTH SUB-COUNTY, THARAKA-NITHI COUNTY, KENYA Mbaka Charity Kageni (B.Ed) C50/ 20113/2012 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Award of the Master of Geography (Urban and Regional Planning) in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Kenyatta University June, 2015 1 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any other award in any university. Signature………………………….. Date………………2015 Mbaka Charity Kageni (C50/20113/2012) Department of Geography Kenyatta University Supervisors We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate and has been approved for submission with our authority as university supervisors. Signature…………………………… Date……………….2015 Dr. Philomena Muiruri Department of Geography Kenyatta University Signature……………………………… Date………………….2015 Dr. Kennedy Obiero Department of Geography Kenyatta University ii DEDICATION To Dad Mbaka Njeru, Mum Purity Mbaka, my dear sisters Faith and Lillian, and my dear Oscar. I am very grateful for your unending support that has made this degree a reality. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank God for his love, mercy, and protection over me throughout this study. Completion of this work has been made possible through the assistance and cooperation of several people. I thank Kenyatta University for the opportunity to do this Masters degree. I humbly extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Philomena Muiruri and Dr. Kennedy Obiero of Kenyatta University for their unfailing academic and professional guidance and support towards the completion of this thesis. I am greatly indebted to my parents and my sisters for their prayers, encouragement and financial support throughout my studies. May I also acknowledge the assistance received from colleagues; Barbara, Jasper, Ann and Mathenge. To my lecturers in the Department of Geography, I am always grateful to you for laying the foundation for my postgraduate Education in Geography. Finally, I am also grateful to all the field assistants, especially Alfred Kimathi, and also wish to appreciate the support and responses given by household heads, officials from Kenya Power and Rural Electrification Authority, without whom this work would not have been accomplished. God abundantly bless you all. iv TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION.................................................................................................. II DEDICATION..................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... X ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................... XII OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS .............. XIII ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ XV CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the Study Problem .................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................ 2 1.3 Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 3 1.4 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research Hypotheses………………………………………………………...4 1.6 Significance and Justification of the Study ..................................................... 4 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study ................................................................ 5 v 1.8 The Conceptual Framework on Rural Electrification Adoption and Benefits .. 6 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................. 8 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Overview of Rural Electrification Programmes ............................................. 8 2.3 Household Socio-economic Factors Influencing Electricity Connection ..... 10 2.4 Socio-economic Benefits of Electricity to Households ................................ 14 2.5 Uses of Electricity among Households ......................................................... 16 2.6 Effect of Rural Electrification on Public Facilities ....................................... 17 2.7 Spatial Distribution of Electricity Accessibility and Adoption .................... 17 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................ 20 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 20 3.1 Study Area .................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Research Design............................................................................................ 22 3.3 Variables of Study......................................................................................... 22 3.4 Pilot Study ..................................................................................................... 22 3.5 Research Assistant Selection and Training ................................................... 23 vi 3.6 Sampling Method and Procedure .................................................................. 23 3.8 Data Processing and Analysis ....................................................................... 26 3.8.1 Descriptive Statistics Analysis ............................................................ 27 3.8.2 Non-parametric Test ........................................................................... 27 3.9 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................... 30 3.10 Interpretation and Presentation of Results .................................................. 31 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................... 32 RESULTS AND DISCUSSISON ....................................................................... 32 4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 32 4.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of the Respondents .................................... 32 4.2. Household Socio-economic Characteristics Influencing Electricity Adoption in Meru-South Sub-County………………………………………………………34 4.2.1 Status of Electricity Adoption ............................................................. 34 4.2.2 Gender Characteristics of Adopter and Non-Adopter Household Heads …………………………………………………………………….................35 4.2.3 Age Characteristics of Adopters and Non-Adopters Household Heads . ……………………………………………………………………………….35 4.2.4 Educational Characteristics of Adopters and Non- Adopters ............. 36 4.2.5 Occupational Characteristics of the Household Heads ....................... 38 vii 4.2.6 Household Size of Adopters and Non-Adopters ................................. 40 4.2.7 Marital Status of Adopters and Non-Adopters‘ Household Heads ..... 40 4.2.8 Characteristics of Household‘s Dwelling House by Type of Wall Material .................................................................................... …………….41 4.2.9 Main Sources of Income of the Household Heads .............................. 42 4.2.10 Monthly Total Income of Adopters and Non-Adopters ..................... 44 4.3 Extent to which Households‘ Socio-Economic Characteristics Influence Electricity Adoption………………………………………………………………45 4.3.1 Distance from the Transformer ........................................................... 47 4.3.2 Education attainment .......................................................................... 48 4.3.3 Income................................................................................................. 49 4.3.4 Household Size ................................................................................... 49 4.3.5 Gender ................................................................................................ 50 4.4 Socio-economic Benefits and Challenge, of Rural Electrification Adoption among Households ........................................................................................ 51 4.4.1 Uses of Electricity among Households ............................................... 53 4.4.2 Electricity Benefits from Home Business ........................................... 58 4.4.3 Ranking of the welfare benefits of electricity ..................................... 61 4.4.4 Challenges in Electricity Adoption in Meru-South Sub-County ........ 62 4.5 Effect of Rural Electrification on Public Facilities ....................................... 67 4.5.1 Quality of Service Provision in Electrified and Un-electrified Public Facilities .......................................................................................................
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