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O Tupi-Guarani Na Nomenclatura Das Serpentes Do Brasil

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O Tupi-Guarani Na Nomenclatura Das Serpentes Do Brasil Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú - Coleção Nicolai www.etnolinguistica.org ( PAGINAS DE CRiTICA QUESTÕES VERNÁCULAS IV - LINGUAGEM INDIANISTA 1 O Tupi-Guarani na nomenclatura das serpentes do Brasil . AFIU.NIO DO AMARAL * INTRODUÇÃO O presente tentame de interpretação da pronúncia e possível forma de inúmeras e estranhas vozes e vocábulos ameríndios aplicados à dife­ renciação de nossos ofídios procura associar o conhecimento biológico haurido do contacto direto de cerca de 70 anos com a ofiofauna ame­ ricana aos ensinamentos colhidos da consulta da extensa e dispersa bibliografia relativa às línguas indígenas, sobretudo o Guarani (G) e o Tupi (T) antigos, além de dialetos deste como Nhêengatu (Nh) e o Brasiliano (Br) de fase menos recuada de nossa História, a par da Língua Geral (LG) e do Botocudo (Botoc.). Essa consulta devia necessariamente abranger as obras de numero­ sos autores que, pela ordem alfabética sobrenominal, podem ser assim lembrados: C. d'Abbeville, pe. J. de Anchieta, fr. Arronches, P. Ayrosa, pe. L. Barbosa, M. Bertoni, B. Caetano, F. Cardim, A. de Casal, C. Dru­ mond, Saint-Hilaire, A. v. Humboldt, J. Laet, J. Léry, C. Magalhães, G. Marcgrave, F. Martius, C. Monteiro, A. Montoya, fr. Onofre, W. Piso, P. Restivo, B. Rodrigues, T. Sampaio, G. Soares. v. d. Stein, S. Stradelli, G. Tastevin, C. Teschauer. A. Thévet. K. Varnhagen e M. Wied. 1 A parte l foi publicada no n.0 72 (nov. de 1968} desta Revista. A parte II foi publicada no n.Q 82 (dez. de 1973) desta Revista. A parte III foi publicada no n. Q 72 (IOut. de 1972) desta Revista. ··-:::.. \ !.1 • Diretor da Secção de L exicografia (APL). 196 REVISTA DA ACADEMIA PAULISTA DE LETRAS As dificuldades inerentes à percepção do justo sentido das vozes íncolas, ouvidas de pequenos grupos humanos disseminados pela imen­ sidão de nosso território - agravadas pela falta de linguagem escrita e de continuidade lingüística e populacional e, ainda, interpretada di­ versamente de acordo com a origem de cada interlocutor, fosse ele simples viajante, devotado historiógrafo, piedoso catequista. ou meti­ culoso pesquisador - essas dificuldades (que já haviam sido postas de manifesto desde a obra pioneira de Anchieta em sua memorável Grammatica, tendo-se agravado com a progressiva extinção de tribos de autóctones), continuam a impedir a confeccão de trabalhos quP sejam bem aceitos pelos leitores mais exigentes. Insatisfeito com os resultados colhidos nos primeiros anos de nosso interesse pelo dito assunto - quando em nossa infância demos de anotar as inflexões da linguagem do Nhêengatu (cuja ofionimia, como a do Tupi em geral, é bastante objectiva e de carácter descritivo') - tentamos, desde os idos de 1910 quando éramos mero docente de Grego e Latim de nível ginasial, de estabelecer novos contactos pessoais com luminares da Tupinologia, quais, entre os brasileiros, Theodoro Sam­ paio, Plínio Ayrosa, Lemos Barbosa e, por último, com Carlos Dru.. mond, Egon Schaden, Herbert Baldus, Aryon Rodrigues e Frederico Edelweiss, e, entre os estrangeiros, os nossos amigos paraguaios: dr. Juan F. Recalde, prof. Díaz Bordenave e engQ Daumas Ledouce. A todos eles somos agradecido pela orientação e esclarecimentos de cuja falta tanto nos ressentíamos. E que nos levaram a aproveitar tão feliz ensejo para pôr-nos em dia com o progresso que, desde o nosso primeiro ensaio realizado em 1925 (in Bol. Museu Nacional, Rio, 2 (2) : 1-13 .1926), se registou no conhecimento de novas sutilezas no Tu­ pi-Guarani em nosso meio. Ao culminar nesta monografia a nossa desvaliosa obra no domínio da Herpetologia resolvemos nela deixar consignadas as impressões que resultaram de nosso renovado interesse pela Ofionimia dos indígenas brasilienses, na esperança de que elas possam porventura despertar a atenção das novas e futuras gerações. - Esclarecimento - Aos interessados neste assunto cabe-nos escla­ recer que, para evitar qualquer mal-entendido ou confusão·, preferimos aplicar a cada ofídio a denominação de 'serpente' em lugar de 'cobra'. Isto, porque 'serpente' tem o sentido geral de 'ser que serpenteia'. en­ quanto 'cobra', por sua própria origem, oferece conotação restrita e PÃGIXAS DE CRf TlCA 197 especial, ligado, como se acha, à idéia de 'venenosidade' , segundo de­ corre do s~guinte: u u A) - O tern10 cobra resultou da evolução do Lat. colnh-er: colnb- -ris > col~l.Jra / col~l> ra e, por síncope, coobra, donde 'cobra'. Se­ gundo se apura pela mctrificação, a 2'.l síl aba de colnlJ passou a longa, por anteposi<:ão do u, (ou o) ao grupo da explosiva -!- líquida (/J-r). E longa ocorre, por exen1plo, no pé espondcu, final dos seguintes ver­ sos hexàn1etros, respcctivamentci de Horácio e de Vergílio: · - V u _ u lt V u _ a) V tque lnpi barbani ·i;arice e uni dente colilbrce. 1 --'-- ----· _ _ \.J \a lJ U _ . \.J V b) Ca1ididlt von'it a vi::>} long·i::; 'invú:;a colubrís. B) - No período dos clescobrin1entos, os lusitanos, estabelecendo-se na índia, ao seguirerr1 a tradição do latim clássico reinante en1 Co.imbra, a qual, desde o tempo de Lucrécio, associava ao terrno colúbra ('cobra') aquela idéia de venenosidade, deran1 de rebatizar con1 <cobra' a espécie de tanatofídio, tiue ali era conhecida eo1no 'naga': en1 Sânscri lo, ;J f JT. C) - ·- Na zona nordestina da índia, este non1e, de origem assami, possuía sentido mitológico: achava-se ligado a Vislinu, (deus preser­ vador, partícipe da 'frilnúrti), visto que a 'naga', e1n se irritando, alça­ va-se para a defesa ou a taque e inflava o chamado pescoço (toda a re­ gião subjacente à cabeça), deixando, pela distensão das escan1as, bcn1 patentes duas n1anchas ocelarcs, em que a superstic;ão popular teimava en1 discernir os 'olhos da divindade'. Essa lenda, difundida por toda a índia continental, era também popular no Ceilão, onde o noinc c1n- galá da 'cobra' ainda hoje é 'naya'. D) - Tal non1e con1 ligeiras a lterações inorfo-prosódicas era tüo comum- e usado nos vúrios dialetos índicos, que acabou sendo intro­ duzido em Ofiologia: o famoso biólogo C. Linnaeus (Lincu) tanto o conhecia, que dele se serviu no 'Systen1a Natura0', sua obra histórica e fundamental em Nomenclatura Zoológica ; sob a forma de Naja; esse ofiônimo passou a definir um género, com várias espécies : o gcnótipo de Naja) depois de se chamar tri]Ylldians - que significa 'dançante' ou 'bailadora' - acabou repetindo o nome naja. E) - A designação tr'ipu,dians (que lembra o compasso ternário córeo-musical: 3 batidas de pé) serviu de registo descritivo do há- 198 REVISTA DA ACADEMIA PAULISTA DE LETRAS bito dessa serpente (a célebre 'cobra de capelo', em Ingl. 'hooded-co­ bra') de noctivagar em busca de pequenos animais, de que se nu ~ re. Sendo noturna, como é, ela se alça ao ser exposta à luz do dia quando se abre o receptáculo em que os mercadores costumam alojá-la para que lhes sirva de chamariz da freguesia; em se erguendo, essa serpen­ te - que é desprovida de ouvido externo como as demais - irrita-se e passa a acompanhar os movimentos dos mercadores propagandistas. que, por todo o Oriente, costumam tocar, em compasso ternário; flauta ou outro instru.mento musical; assim alertada, a 'cobra', inflando o pescoço, começa a acompanhar, com oscilações sucessivas da cabeça de um para o outro lado, a própria movimentação do flautista (ou mú­ sico) ; esse volteio é chamado de 'dança da cobra' (em Ingl. 'snake dance') pelos espertos vendedores, useiros e vezeiros em iludir a igno .. rância e a curiosidade de turistas e viandantes. F) - O mecanismo de reação da 'cobra' é acionado pela neuro­ -transmissão dos influxos - facilitada pela agitação do ar - através da mucosa das narinas (fenômeno de xenestesia) ou de órgãos juxta­ -nasais (fenômeno de termestesia) das serpentes, à simples aproxi­ mação de algum corpo ou animal. VOCABULARIO (VOCABULARY) Nomes indígenas aportuguesados de serpentes do Brasil Legenda: T = Tupi G = Guarani T (Br) = Brasiliano Nh = Nheengatu LG = Língua Geral N/ c = Nome científico Nota: Sobre Sistemática e Nomenclatura: vide Afrânio do Amaral - Lista Remissiva das Serpentes do Brasil in Mem. Instituto Butantan, 1929, IV:65-125 et 1935, X:87-181. - Acutimbóia, Nh: akuti-(cutia)-mboia(serpente) =serpente de cotia: N/ c Chironius carinatus (L.). English (meaning and/ or name): aguti-snake. - Arabóia ou Ararambóia, T/ G: ara(r)-(arara) (m)-bóia (serpente= serpente de arara; N/ c Boa canina L. English (meaning and/ or name) : macaw-snake. PAGINAS DE CR1TICA 199 - Bõiaçu, Bõiuçu ou Boiguaçu *, T/ LG: boi-(serpente)-asú/ usú ou wasú (grande) =serpente grande; N/ c Constrictor constrictor cons­ trictor (L.), Constrictor constrictor amaralii Stull. English (mea­ ning and/or name): big-snake/ boa. - Bõichumbeguaçu (Bõichimbeguaçu ou Bõitimbeguaçu), LG: 'mbói• (serpente) -chin ou tí-(nariz ou focinho)-bé ou pé(ba) (chato) wasú (grande) = serpente grande, de focinho chato; N/ c Micrurus lem­ niscatus (L.) e Micrurus spixii Wagler. English (meaning and/ or name): flat-snouted big (coral) snake. - Bõícininga, T ou Bõicinim, G: Bóí-ou (')mbóí-(serpente)-sin,ina/ sinim ( tininte ou que tine) = serpente que tine; N /e Crotalus du­ rissus cascavella (Wagler), Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Ama­ ral). English (meaning and/ or name): rattle-snake. - Bõworá (Bõcorá), G: {')bõi-(serpente)- korá (do Port. coral?) = serpente coral; N/ c Pseudoboa trigemina (D., B. & D.) e [Erythro­ lamprus aesculapii (L.)] *. English (meaning and/ or name): (fal­ se) coral-snake. - Boicotiara, G ou Boicoatiara, T: ('m)bóí-(serpente)-kwatiara (de­ senhada) = serpente desenhada; N/ c Bothrops cotiara (Gomes), [Bothrops alternata D., B. & D.]*. English: (meaning and/ or name): adorned snake. - Boiguaçu - Vide Boiaçu. - Bmété, T: ('m)bóí-(serpente)-été (verdadeira)= (serpente verda- deira; N/c Crotalus durissus (terrificws e outras subespécies). English (meaning and/ or name): Treal snake (rattler). - Boiobi ou Boiobu, T/ G: ('m)bói-(serpente-obi/ obú (verde)= ser­ pente verde; N/ c Philodryas aestivus D., B.
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