INVASIVE PLANTS of British Columbia
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The Geranium Family, Geraniaceae, and the Mallow Family, Malvaceae
THE GERANIUM FAMILY, GERANIACEAE, AND THE MALLOW FAMILY, MALVACEAE TWO SOMETIMES CONFUSED FAMILIES PROMINENT IN SOME MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE AREAS The Geraniaceae is a family of herbaceous plants or small shrubs, sometimes with succulent stems • The family is noted for its often palmately veined and lobed leaves, although some also have pinnately divided leaves • The leaves all have pairs of stipules at their base • The flowers may be regular and symmetrical or somewhat irregular • The floral plan is 5 separate sepals and petals, 5 or 10 stamens, and a superior ovary • The most distinctive feature is the beak of fused styles on top of the ovary Here you see a typical geranium flower This nonnative weedy geranium shows the styles forming a beak The geranium family is also noted for its seed dispersal • The styles either actively eject the seeds from each compartment of the ovary or… • They twist and embed themselves in clothing and fur to hitch a ride • The Geraniaceae is prominent in the Mediterranean Basin and the Cape Province of South Africa • It is also found in California but few species here are drought tolerant • California does have several introduced weedy members Here you see a geranium flinging the seeds from sections of the ovary when the styles curl up Three genera typify the Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, and Pelargonium • Erodiums (common name filaree or clocks) typically have pinnately veined, sometimes dissected leaves; many species are weeds in California • Geraniums (that is, the true geraniums) typically have palmately veined leaves and perfectly symmetrical flowers. Most are herbaceous annuals or perennials • Pelargoniums (the so-called garden geraniums or storksbills) have asymmetrical flowers and range from perennials to succulents to shrubs The weedy filaree, Erodium cicutarium, produces small pink-purple flowers in California’s spring grasslands Here are the beaked unripe fruits of filaree Many of the perennial erodiums from the Mediterranean make well-behaved ground covers for California gardens Here are the flowers of the charming E. -
Some Biological Observations on Pale Fruit, a Viroid-Incited Disease of Cucumber
Neth.J . PI.Path . 80(1974 )85-9 6 Some biological observations on pale fruit, a viroid-incited disease of cucumber H. J. M. VAN DORST1 and D. PETERS2 1 Glasshouse CropsResearc han d Experiment Station, Naaldwijlk 2 Laboratory ofVirology ,Agricultura l University, Wageningen Accepted 13 December 1973 Abstract A viroid-incited disease characterized by palefruits , crumpledflowers, an d rugosity and chlorosis on the leaves of cucumber, occurs occasionally in cucumber crops grown in glasshouses in the Nether lands. The disease is found primarily in crops planted in spring, rarely in those planted in summer but not in those planted in late summer. The pathogen can be transmitted with sap, during pruning, bygraftin g and with dodder to cucumber and a number of other cucurbitaceous species,but not with M. persicae.Ther e is no evidence for seed or nematode transmission. The incubation period js 21 daysa thig htemperature s(3 0°C )bu tshorte r after inoculationb yrazorblad eslashing . The number of glasshouses with the disease has increased since 1965,bu t the number of diseased plants is usually low. The initial distribution of diseased plants in the glasshouses suggests that the pathogeni sintroduce db ya ninsect . Introduction In 1963a disease in cucumber especially attracting attention by a light green colour on the fruits, but also with affectedflowers an d young leaves, occurred in two glass houses in the western part of the Netherlands. The disease, now calledpal efrui t dis ease,ha ssinc ebee n observed indifferen t places overth ewhol e country. The number ofaffecte d plantsi na glasshous ei smostl yles stha n0. -
Illinois Exotic Species List
Exotic Species in Illinois Descriptions for these exotic species in Illinois will be added to the Web page as time allows for their development. A name followed by an asterisk (*) indicates that a description for that species can currently be found on the Web site. This list does not currently name all of the exotic species in the state, but it does show many of them. It will be updated regularly with additional information. Microbes viral hemorrhagic septicemia Novirhabdovirus sp. West Nile virus Flavivirus sp. Zika virus Flavivirus sp. Fungi oak wilt Ceratocystis fagacearum chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma ulmi late blight Phytophthora infestans white-nose syndrome Pseudogymnoascus destructans butternut canker Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Plants okra Abelmoschus esculentus velvet-leaf Abutilon theophrastii Amur maple* Acer ginnala Norway maple Acer platanoides sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus common yarrow* Achillea millefolium Japanese chaff flower Achyranthes japonica Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens climbing fumitory Adlumia fungosa jointed goat grass Aegilops cylindrica goutweed Aegopodium podagraria horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum fool’s parsley Aethusa cynapium crested wheat grass Agropyron cristatum wheat grass Agropyron desertorum corn cockle Agrostemma githago Rhode Island bent grass Agrostis capillaris tree-of-heaven* Ailanthus altissima slender hairgrass Aira caryophyllaea Geneva bugleweed Ajuga genevensis carpet bugleweed* Ajuga reptans mimosa -
(Amaranthaceae) in Italy. V. Atriplex Tornabenei
Phytotaxa 145 (1): 54–60 (2013) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Article PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.145.1.6 Studies on the genus Atriplex (Amaranthaceae) in Italy. V. Atriplex tornabenei DUILIO IAMONICO1 1 Laboratory of Phytogeography and Applied Geobotany, Department PDTA, Section Environment and Landscape, University of Rome Sapienza, 00196 Roma, Italy. Email: [email protected] Abstract The typification of the name Atriplex tornabenei (a nomen novum pro A. arenaria) is discussed. An illustration by Cupani is designated as the lectotype, while a specimen from FI is designated as the epitype. Chorological and morphological notes in comparison with the related species A. rosea and A. tatarica are also provided. A nomenclatural change (Atriplex tornabenei subsp. pedunculata stat. nov.) is proposed. Key words: Atriplex tornabenei var. pedunculata, epitype, infraspecific variability, lectotype, Mediterranean, nomenclatural change, nomen novum Introduction Atriplex Linnaeus (1753: 1054) is a genus of about 260 species distributed in arid and semiarid regions of Eurasia, America and Australia (Sukhorukov & Danin 2009). Several names (at species, subspecies, variety and form ranks) were described related to the high phenotipic variability of this critical genus (Al-Turki et al. 2000). As conseguence, misapplication of names and nomenclatural disorders exist and need clarification. In this paper, the identity of the A. tornabenei Tineo ex Gussone (1843: 589) is discussed as part of the treatment of the genus Atriplex for the new edition of the Italian Flora (editor, Prof. S. Pignatti) and within the initiative “Italian Loci Classici Census” (Domina et al. -
(Asteraceae) on the Canary Islands
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Evolutionary Comparison of the Chloroplast Genome in the Woody Sonchus Alliance (Asteraceae) on the Canary Islands Myong-Suk Cho 1, Ji Young Yang 2, Tae-Jin Yang 3 and Seung-Chul Kim 1,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; [email protected] 2 Research Institute for Ulleung-do and Dok-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-299-4499 Received: 11 February 2019; Accepted: 11 March 2019; Published: 14 March 2019 Abstract: The woody Sonchus alliance consists primarily of woody species of the genus Sonchus (subgenus Dendrosonchus; family Asteraceae). Most members of the alliance are endemic to the oceanic archipelagos in the phytogeographic region of Macaronesia. They display extensive morphological, ecological, and anatomical diversity, likely caused by the diverse habitats on islands and rapid adaptive radiation. As a premier example of adaptive radiation and insular woodiness of species endemic to oceanic islands, the alliance has been the subject of intensive evolutionary studies. While phylogenetic studies suggested that it is monophyletic and its major lineages radiated rapidly early in the evolutionary history of this group, genetic mechanisms of speciation and genomic evolution within the alliance remain to be investigated. We first attempted to address chloroplast (cp) genome evolution by conducting comparative genomic analysis of three representative endemic species (Sonchus acaulis, Sonchus canariensis, and Sonchus webbii) from the Canary Islands. -
The Mallows of Ohio
Feb., 1912.] The Mallows of Ohio. 465 THE MALLOWS OF OHIO. MARY B. LINNELL. MALVACEAE Mallow Family. Mucilaginous, innocent herbs or shrubs with alternate, pal- mately-veined leaves and small deciduous stipules. Flowers hypogynous, regular, often large and showy, usually bisporangiate; calyx usually of 5 sepals more or less united, often with bracts at the base; corolla of 5 petals, convolute; andrecium of numerous stamens, the filaments united into a tube around the gynecium and also united with the base of the petals; ovulary with several cavities, styles united below, distinct above; stigmas usually as many as the cavities of the ovulary. Fruit a capsule with several cavities; the carpels falling away entire or else loculicidally dehiscent. Synopsis of Genera. I. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the tip; carpels 5-20 in a ring around a prominent central axis from which they separate when ripe. A. Carpels 1-seeded. 1. Flowers bisporangiate. (1) Stigmas linear, on the inner face of the styles. a. Involucre of 1-3 bracts. (a) Carpels beakless; petals obcordate. Malva. (b) Carpels beaked; petals truncate. Callirrhoe. b. Involucre of 6-9 bracts. Althaea. (2) Stigmas terminal, capitate. Sida. 2. Flowers monosporangiate, diecious. Napaea. B. Carpels 2—several seeded. Abutilon. II. Stamen-column naked at the 5-toothed tip; carpels forming a loculi- cidal capsule. A. Involucre of many bracts. Hibiscus. Key. 1. Flowers without an involucre. 2. 1. Flowers with involucre below the calyx. 4. 2. 'Leaves not lobed; flowers bisporangiate. 3. 2. Leaves deeply lobed; flowers diecious. Napaea. 3. Leaves broadly cordate, abruptly acuminate. Abutilon. -
Malva Arborea
Malva arborea COMMON NAME Tree mallow SYNONYMS Lavatera arborea; Malva dendromorpha M.F.Ray (1998) FAMILY Malvaceae AUTHORITY Malva arborea (L.) Webb & Berthel. FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Exotic STRUCTURAL CLASS Herbs - Dicotyledons other than Composites NVS CODE MALARB Malva dendromorpha. Photographer: John Barkla HABITAT Terrestrial. Waste places, cultivated land, Coastal sites. FEATURES Stout biennial herb, usually with a single stem up to 2 m tall. Stems hairy when young, becoming hairless and woody at base when older. Leaves velvety to the touch, with 5-7 lobes, up to 20 cm across. Lilac to purple flowers arranged in clusters at end and along upper parts of the stem. 6-8 seeds per fruit. SIMILAR TAXA There are several other large Malva species that have naturalised in New Zealand. FLOWERING August, September, October, November, January, February, March, April, May. FLOWER COLOURS Violet/Purple LIFE CYCLE Spreads by seed, 6-8 seeds produced by each fruit. Dispersed by soil Pauatahanui Inlet. Jun 2006. Photographer: movement. Jeremy Rolfe YEAR NATURALISED 1870 ORIGIN W. and S. Europe, N. Africa REASON FOR INTRODUCTION Ornamental TOLERANCES Prefers high light, thrives in disturbed sites and can tolerate salt. ETYMOLOGY arborea: From the Latin arbor ‘tree’, meaning tree-like TAXONOMIC NOTES Long known as Lavatera arborea, in 1998 this species was transferred to Malva by Ray (1998). REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Ray, M.F. 1998: New combinations in Malva (Malvaceae: Malveae). Novon 8: 288-295. Hill, S.R. 2009: Notes on California Malvaceae including nomenclatural changes and additions to the flora. Madroño 5. MORE INFORMATION https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/malva-arborea/. -
Common Weed Hosts of Insect-Transmitted Viruses of Florida Vegetable Crops1 Gaurav Goyal, Harsimran K
ENY-863 Common Weed Hosts of Insect-Transmitted Viruses of Florida Vegetable Crops1 Gaurav Goyal, Harsimran K. Gill, and Robert McSorley2 Weed growth can severely decrease the commercial, virus attacks bell pepper, tomato, spinach, cantaloupe, recreational, and aesthetic values of crops, landscapes, and cucumber, pumpkin, squash, celery, and watercress. waterways. More information on weeds can be found in References to appropriate publications are provided for Hall et al. (2009i). Other than affecting crop production easy cross-reference and more details about the virus by reducing the amount of nutrients available to the main under consideration. Common viruses with their family crop, weeds can also influence crop production by acting as and genus names are provided in Table 2. Information is reservoirs of various viruses that are transmitted by insects. also provided for each vegetable that was reported infected Several insects transmit different viruses in different crops, by the virus, and on the insect vectors that transmit the but aphids and whiteflies are among the most important virus. Some viruses, such as Tomato mosaic virus, are not virus vectors (carriers of viruses) on vegetable crops in transmitted by vectors. Others, such as Bean common Florida. The insect vectors feed on various parts of weeds mosaic virus, can be transmitted by vectors or through seed. that are infected by a virus and acquire the virus in the Detailed information about viruses and their transmission process. They then can feed on uninfected agricultural has been summarized by Adams and Antoniw (2011). crops and transmit the virus to them. Insects are often Common and scientific names of weeds that act as virus attracted to weeds and survive on them because weeds can sources are listed in Table 3. -
Common Sowthistle/Milk Thistle (Sonchus Oleraceus)
focus onweeds Common sowthistle/milk thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) What makes sowthistle difficult to control? Herbicide control in fallow • A prolific seed producer, up to 25,000 per plant; • Target small seedlings; • No innate dormancy, able to germinate straight away; • Mix glyphosate with group I such as, Starane®, • 30-50 per cent of seed buried below 2cm will persist Grazon DS® or Cadence®; and remain viable; • Double knock with glyphosate followed by • Flourishes in no till situations; Spayseed® or paraquat (Group L) 7-10 day gap; • Increasing levels of herbicide resistance, groups M • Double knock with glyphosate followed by Sharpen® (Glyphosate), B(Chlorsulfuron) & Group I resistant (saflufenacil); populations, including cross resistance to 2,4-D and • Basta® (glufosinate) followed by paraquat (optical Dicamba; sprayer). • Seed readily dispersed by wind; • Able to germinate and set seed year round, requires Further reading: multiple control efforts; • QDAF FTRG Northern IWM Factsheet: https:// • Surface germinating. weedsmart.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ Common-Sowthistle-Sonchus-oleraceus-L_-ecology- Levels of glyphosate resistance in cotton fields are and-management.pdf consistent with findings from surveys conducted in broad acre grain farming systems, on average a quarter of all • CRDC: DAQ123C Technical Report. http:// populations’ tested exhibit glyphosate resistance. www.insidecotton.com/xmlui/bitstream/ handle/1/3795/DAQ123C%20Technical%20Report. Table1.Glyphosate resistance of sowthistle in Australian pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y -
Hibiscus - Name of the Rose by Dennis Hinkamp
Hibiscus - Name Of The Rose By Dennis Hinkamp If you don’t know what art is but you know what you like, you will love hibiscus. Sometimes it is confused with a Rose-of-Sharon, which is sometimes confused with a perennial hollyhock which is sometimes called a mallow. “Believe it or not, I have been asked to settle arguments between neighbors on the "correct" name of a plant,” says Jerry Goodspeed, Utah State University Extension horticulturist. "Is it a hibiscus or a Rose-of-Sharon?" To avoid trouble by taking sides, I look at the plant and say, in what I hope sounds like Latin, ‘Why that's a Hibisc-of-course who-careseae.’As long as it blooms and looks pretty, call it whatever you want. Just don't call me to referee a disagreement.” Hibiscus is a confusing plant because it is called many other names, Goodspeed explains. It is actually a genus of over 200 different species of plants. They range in size from small trees to annuals, and are grown in tropical to warm-temperate climates such as ours. Most hibiscus are noted for their large pink, purple, white, rose or yellow flowers, that can also come in about any imaginable combination of these colors, he says. Most of the flowers are quite large, measuring anywhere from 6 to 12 inches in diameter. Their size, color, and the fact that they bloom in the late summer, make them a favorite in many gardens. Generally, two different hibiscus varieties grow in northern Utah--a shrub hibiscus and a perennial hibiscus, Goodspeed says. -
Sonchus-Oleraceus.Pdf
http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/organicweeds The biology and non-chemical control of Smooth Sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) W Bond, G Davies, R Turner HDRA, Ryton Organic Gardens, Coventry, CV8, 3LG, UK Smooth sow-thistle (annual sow-thistle, common sow-thistle, dindle, hare’s colewort, hare’s lettuce, milk- thistle, milkweed, milky dashel, milky dickles, sow-dingle, sow-thistle, swine thistle) Sonchus oleraceus L. Occurrence Smooth sow-thistle is a native summer or winter annual found throughout the UK (Clapham et al., 1987). It is abundant in lowland Britain on waste and cultivated ground, roadsides and on arable land on most soils (Stace, 1997). It is a common garden weed (Copson & Roberts, 1991). Smooth sow-thistle prefers open ground and likes nutrient-rich soils that are not too dry (Hanf, 1970). It is largely absent from acidic sites (Grime et al., 1988). Smooth sow-thistle has a broad tolerance of climatic variation but is not recorded above 1,250 ft in Britain (Salisbury, 1961). It is a pioneer species that establishes in disturbed areas (Weber, 2003). Bare soil exposed by rabbits or opened up by burning, felling or other human activity offers favourable conditions for smooth sow-thistle to develop (Lewin, 1948). It is considered invasive because it grows in dense patches that crowd out other plants but is shade intolerant itself. It is more abundant than prickly sow-thistle (S. asper) (Salisbury, 1962). Smooth sow-thistle shows considerable variation in leaf form (Hutchinson et al., 1984). A number of ecotypes and varieties occur differing in leaf shape and flower colour (Lewin, 1948). -
Protection of Melon Plants Against Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection Using Pseudomonas Fluorescens Biofertilizer
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(100), pp. 16579-16585, 13 December, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.2308 ISSN 1684–5315 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Protection of melon plants against Cucumber mosaic virus infection using Pseudomonas fluorescens biofertilizer Rakib A. Al-Ani and Mustafa A. Adhab* Department of Plant Protection, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Accepted 26 September, 2012 This study was carried out to characterize a virus causing severe mosaic, yellowing, stunting and leaf deformation on melon (Cucumis melo L.), and evaluate the capacity of Pseudomonas fluorescens as biofertilizer to improve plant growth and restrict the accumulation of the virus in the plant. The virus was identified as an isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by means of symptoms on indicator plants, serological characteristics using double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and immunochromatography, and molecular weight of coat protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The source of the virus infection was also determined by the same means. P. fluorescens was used as seed treatment and soil applications. The seedling grown from bacterial treated seeds in non-treated soil and those grown from non-treated seeds in bacterial treated soil were mechanically inoculated with CMV extract at the primary leaf stage. Two proteins representing CMV coat protein appeared on 10% SDS-PAGE of 24 and 26 kD. It has been found that 9 of 35 weed plants harbor CMV. Treatment seeds and soil with P. fluorescens suspension induced significant reduction in virus accumulation in the plants as proved by absorbance values of ELISA-reactions.