DOCSLIB.ORG

The Association Between Religiosity and Tobacco Use Among Muslim Students at Primary Schools in Irbid, Jordan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Association Between Religiosity and Tobacco Use Among Muslim Students at Primary Schools in Irbid, Jordan The Association between Religiosity and Tobacco Use among Muslim Primary School Students in Irbid, Jordan Tariq Nayef Al-Shatanawi A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Biostatistics and Epidemiology School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences 1 Abstract Background: The smoking of tobacco, by the use of cigarettes and water pipe, among children and adolescents has reached epidemic levels in the Middle East. There is evidence of a relationship between religiosity and tobacco use, namely that Muslim youth with higher religiosity engagement are less likely to smoke tobacco, which is in line with some of the Islamic doctrine on tobacco use. However, previous research has only focused on the number of days of religious engagement and has not examined the multiple factors of religiosity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between religiosity and tobacco use among Muslim primary school students in Irbid, Jordan. Methods: A pilot repeated cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 among Muslim school children enrolled in the 5th and 6th grades in the Irbid Governorate in the north of Jordan and followed up one year later. This thesis has developed a multidimensional measure of religiosity for Muslim youth in Jordan adapted from one developed for Muslim adults (El-Menouar, 2014) itself based on the Glock (1962) model of religiosity. This tool was utilised in the repeated cross-sectional study of Muslim youth in Irbid, Jordan. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to measure the association between religiosity and tobacco smoking, both in 2015 only and pooling data from 2015 and 2016. Results: Nine hundred and twenty-six youth enrolled at baseline. The rates of ever- smoked for cigarettes and water pipes in 2015 were 15% and 36% respectively. This research developed statistical models of tobacco use to examine recognised demographic, family and peer influences, and family attitudes on tobacco use. The ii models then included of religiosity factors to examine their impact on the smoking outcomes. A four-factor model of Muslim children’s religiosity was developed comprised of Experience & Orthopraxis; Knowledge; Belief; and Devotion & Practice. Statistical analysis indicates that the scales are reliable and internally valid. The religiosity factor of Devotion and Practice demonstrated a protective effect, as did perceptions of the ruling on smoking in Islam. In addition, there was evidence that different factors, sex and parental attitudes in particular, related to cigarette and water pipe use within this population. Conclusions: This is the first repeated cross-sectional study to examine the association between religiosity and prevalence of smoking cigarettes and/or WP among adolescents using a modified multidimensional religiosity scale for Muslim primary school children in Islamic societies. The results indicate that religion can be a protective factor in child smoking behaviour. Religiosity therefore can be used at this stage as an anchor to guide behaviour. In summary, this research has demonstrated that religiosity can be an important anchor for this population to develop programs to assist in guiding tobacco use behaviour. iii Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii List of figures .......................................................................................................................... ix List of tables ............................................................................................................................. x List of appendices .................................................................................................................. xii List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xiii List of Islamic Glossary .........................................................................................................xiv Attestation of authorship ........................................................................................................ xv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................xvi Prelude ................................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1 : Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Rationale .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Significance .............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Objectives, research question and hypothesis .......................................................... 3 Chapter 2 : Literature review ................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Tobacco use ............................................................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Definitions and forms of tobacco use............................................................... 6 2.2.2 International tobacco consumption trends ....................................................... 8 2.2.3 WP smoking trends ........................................................................................ 10 2.3 Prevalence of cigarette and WP smoking in Arab countries .................................. 14 2.4 Tobacco use and health effects in Jordan ............................................................... 16 2.4.1 Cigarettes smoking in Jordan ......................................................................... 20 2.4.2 WP smoking in Jordan ................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 Youth smoking prevalence in Jordan ............................................................. 23 2.5 Theoretical explanations of tobacco smoking habits among youths ...................... 26 2.5.1 Relevant theories ............................................................................................ 27 2.6 The religion of Islam .............................................................................................. 30 2.6.1 Islam as a governing factor ............................................................................ 30 2.6.2 Islamic juristic ruling on tobacco smoking (smoking laws in Muslim countries)31 2.6.3 Historical Muslim actions against smoking ................................................... 34 2.6.4 Current Islamic practice and tobacco use ....................................................... 34 2.6.5 Islam, second-hand smoke, and advertising ................................................... 36 2.7 Links between religiosity and tobacco use among Muslims .................................. 37 2.8 Chapter summary ................................................................................................... 43 iv Chapter 3 : Methods ............................................................................................................... 44 3.1 Pilot study methodology/design ............................................................................. 44 3.1.1 Repeated cross-sectional design ..................................................................... 44 3.1.2 Grade .............................................................................................................. 45 3.1.3 Entry criteria .................................................................................................. 45 3.1.4 Geographical location .................................................................................... 45 3.1.5 Local population characteristics ..................................................................... 46 3.1.6 Sample size .................................................................................................... 46 3.1.7 School sampling ............................................................................................. 47 3.2 Procedure at baseline ............................................................................................. 48 3.2.1 School recruitment ......................................................................................... 48 3.2.2 Student recruitment (Inclusion/exclusion criteria) ......................................... 48 3.2.3 Questionnaire development ............................................................................ 49 3.2.4 Questionnaire protocol for 2015 .................................................................... 50 3.2.5 Study onset date ............................................................................................. 52 3.2.6 Confidentiality and linkage ............................................................................ 52 3.3 Procedure at 12-month follow-up .......................................................................... 53 3.4 Measures/survey instrument .................................................................................. 55 3.4.1 Religiosity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Socioeconomic Determinants of Smoking in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Socioeconomic Determinants of Smoking in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ameerah M.N. Qattan 1,2 , Micheal Kofi Boachie 3,4 , Mustapha Immurana 5 and Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi 1,2,* 1 Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia 3 Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Private Mail Bag 31, Ho, Ghana; [email protected] 4 SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa 5 Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Private Mail Bag 31, Ho, Ghana; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +966-556522222 Abstract: Tobacco consumption, or smoking, is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, including in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In order to reduce the consumption of tobacco products, it is necessary to understand the factors that drive it. However, little is known about the socioeconomic determinants of tobacco smoking in the KSA. This study, therefore, investigates the socioeconomic factors that influence tobacco smoking in the KSA. Using a national health survey, the study employs logistic and negative binomial regressions to examine the socioeconomic factors associated with smoking. Moreover, the inequality concentration indices (CIs) are used to Citation: Qattan, A.M.N.; Boachie, assess inequalities in smoking.
    [Show full text]
  • 38 2000 Tobacco Industry Projects—A Listing (173 Pp.) Project “A”: American Tobacco Co. Plan from 1959 to Enlist Professor
    38 2000 Tobacco Industry Projects—a Listing (173 pp.) Project “A”: American Tobacco Co. plan from 1959 to enlist Professors Hirsch and Shapiro of NYU’s Institute of Mathematical Science to evaluate “statistical material purporting to show association between smoking and lung cancer.” Hirsch and Shapiro concluded that “such analysis is not feasible because the studies did not employ the methods of mathematical science but represent merely a collection of random data, or counting noses as it were.” Statistical studies of the lung cancer- smoking relation were “utterly meaningless from the mathematical point of view” and that it was “impossible to proceed with a mathematical analysis of the proposition that cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer.” AT management concluded that this result was “not surprising” given the “utter paucity of any direct evidence linking smoking with lung canner.”112 Project A: Tobacco Institute plan from 1967 to air three television spots on smoking & health. Continued goal of the Institute to test its ability “to alter public opinion and knowledge of the asserted health hazards of cigarette smoking by using paid print media space.” CEOs in the fall of 1967 had approved the plan, which was supposed to involve “before-and-after opinion surveys on elements of the smoking and health controversy” to measure the impact of TI propaganda on this issue.”113 Spots were apparently refused by the networks in 1970, so plan shifted to Project B. Project A-040: Brown and Williamson effort from 1972 to 114 Project AA: Secret RJR effort from 1982-84 to find out how to improve “the RJR share of market among young adult women.” Appeal would 112 Janet C.
    [Show full text]
  • Cigarette Smoking Among Female Students in Five Medical and Nonmedical Colleges
    International Journal of General Medicine Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORigiNAL RESEARCH Cigarette smoking among female students in five medical and nonmedical colleges Hamza M Abdulghani1 Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking, knowledge Norah A Alrowais2 about the ill effects of smoking on health, and the influence of family members’ smoking habits Ali I Alhaqwi3 among Saudi female students. Ahmed Alrasheedi2 Methods: This is a type of cross-sectional study. A sample of 1,070 female students was selected Mohammed Al-Zahir2 by a nonrandom and convenient sampling method from five colleges (Medicine, Business and Ahmed Al-Madani2 Administration, Computer Sciences, Education, and Languages and Translation) of King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to determine the Abdulaziz Al-Eissa2 personal, social, and educational characteristics of the respondents. In addition, questions about Bader Al-Hakmi2 their smoking types, status, duration of smoking, knowledge about the ill effects of smoking, Redwan Takroni2 For personal use only. daily cigarette consumption, and reasons for quitting smoking were included. 1 Farah Ahmad Results: The students’ response rate was 85%. The prevalence of current smoking was 4.3% 1Department of Medical Education, and 5.6% for cigarettes and water-pipes, respectively, whereas 3.9% of the participants were 2 Department of Family and ex-smokers. The prevalence of current smoking was highest in the College of Business and Community Medicine, King Saud University, 3Department of Family Administration (10.81%) and lowest in the College of Medicine (0.86%).
    [Show full text]
  • Zainab Algharrash* Zainab Alhaid Rabel Khawaja ABSTRACT
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Volume-7 | Issue-12 | December-2018 | PRINT ISSN No 2277 - 8179 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PARENTAL RISK PERCEPTIONS OF CHILD EXPOSURE TO SECOND-HAND TOBACCO SMOKE IN AL-AHSAA Medicine Fatimah Alluwaim Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Zainab Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding Algharrash* Author Mariya Alhashim Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Zahraa Alghadeer Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Zainab Alhaid Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Assistance Professor, Department Of Family & Community Medicine, College Of Rabel Khawaja Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Parental smoking has been linked with increased rates of sudden infant death syndrome, otitis media, chronic middle ear effusion, acute respiratory infections, asthma, and decreased lung growth. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the perception of parents regarding passive smoking . To understand if awareness has any effect on their smoking behavior. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted In 2018 from the community of Al- Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. A total of 429 participants participated in the study. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 22. RESULTS: Showed that 25% of children exposed to second hand smoking. Also, low level of awareness about the risks of second-hand smoking. P- value <0.05. CONCLUSION: Children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, which was made evident by the data. As well, a lack of knowledge regarding second-hand smoking and the adverse effects on their children's health. KEYWORDS passive smoking, parents, risk, Al-Ahsa INTRODUCTION conducted in Tehran, fathers were the sole habitual smokers in most Smoking is a leading preventable cause of death in developed families.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th Annual Claims Symposium
    6th Annual Claims Symposium May 23rd, 2019 The Country Club of Harrisburg 401 Fishing Creek Valley Road Harrisburg, PA 17112 (717) 237-7100 www.tthlaw.com Thomas, Thomas & Hafer LLP 6th Annual Claims Symposium Thursday, May 23rd, 2019 At The Country Club of Harrisburg 401 Fishing Creek Valley Road, Harrisburg, PA 17112 (717) 599‐5712 Agenda and Outline 8:00 a.m. – 8:30 a.m. Registration and Breakfast 8:30 a.m. – 8:40 a.m. Introduction & Welcome Hugh P. O’Neill, III, Esq. of Thomas, Thomas & Hafer, LLP 8:40 a.m. – 9:30 a.m. Forensic Surveillance – Use of Surveillance Video in Litigation and Accident Reconstruction Presented by: Robert T. Lynch, P.E., DJS Associates, Inc. and Laurence R. Penn, Forensic Animation/Video Specialist, DJS Associates, Inc. 9:30 a.m. – 9:40 a.m. Break 9:40 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Smokeless ≠ riskless: Emerging risks with the rise of e‐ cigarettes and vaping Presented by: Peter C. Biberstein, Esq., CPCU, Thomas, Thomas &Hafer, LLP 10:30 a.m. – 10:40 a.m. Break 10:40 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. Concussion, mTBI and PTSD Presented by: Dr. Christopher D. Royer, Psy.D., Widener University,Clinica lNeuro psychologist 11:30 a.m. – 11:40 a.m. Break 11:40 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Mitigating Risk by Effectively Communicating to a Concerned Public in a Time of Crisis Presented by: Keith G. Dorman, Vice President, Communication and Community Relations, UGI Utilities, Inc. 12:30 p.m. – 12:35 p.m. Questions and Conclusion 12:35 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco Consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
    Moradi-Lakeh et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:611 DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-1902-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: findings from a national survey Maziar Moradi-Lakeh1, Charbel El Bcheraoui1, Marwa Tuffaha1, Farah Daoud1, Mohammad Al Saeedi2, Mohammed Basulaiman2, Ziad A. Memish2, Mohammad A. AlMazroa2, Abdullah A. Al Rabeeah2 and Ali H. Mokdad1* Abstract Background: Tobacco consumption is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The Saudi Ministry of Health started a national tobacco control program in 2002 with increased and intensified efforts after joining the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in 2005. Methods: In order to assess the status of tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), we conducted a survey on 10735 individuals aged 15 years or older (5253 men and 5482 women) which was performed between April and June 2013. The Saudi Health Interview Survey had a multistage sampling and was nationally representative. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The survey included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity, health care utilization, different health-related behaviors, and self-reported chronic conditions. Results: Overall prevalence of current smoking was 12.2 % and males were more likely to smoke than females (21.5 % vs. 1.1 %). Mean age of smoking initiation was 19.1 years (±6.5 years) with 8.9 % of ever smokers starting before the age of 15 years. Daily shisha smoking was reported by 4.3 % of the population (7.3 % of men and 1.3 % of women).
    [Show full text]
  • Original Research Article Prevalence of Smoking Among the High School
    Original Research Article Prevalence of Smoking among the High School Students in Thimphu,Bhutan ABSTRACT Due to increasing pace of modernisation, smoking is common among the youth today. It is also a major public health problem worldwide. Smoking is the most important cause of preventable death. Moreover it gives various socio-economic burdens to the society. Despite strict surveillance and smoking control act in Bhutan, youth are increasingly found smoking. Having said that, very limited studies have been conducted in Bhutan, particularly focussing on the smoking by high school students. Thus, this study aims to determine the prevalence of smoking among high school students of Thimphu, Bhutan as there is maximum number of high school students comprising of different culture. The self- structured questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 357 students of the total determined using Yamane formula. The overall prevalence of smoking were 48.5% (n=164) while 51.5% (n=193) were non-smokers. In comparison with both of the gender male 63.6% (n=113) smoke more than female 28.3% (n=51). Students smoke different forms of tobacco product such as Cigarette, Cigars, Hookah, Bidis but the most commonly used tobacco product was found to be Cigarette 63.4% (n = 102).The most common reasons cited for children to start using tobacco are peer pressure, parental tobacco habits, etc.The risks of tobacco use are highest among those who start early and continue its use for a long period. The early age of initiation underscores the urgent need to intervene and protect this vulnerable group from falling prey to this addiction.
    [Show full text]
  • Smokers' and Non-Smokers' Attitudes Towards Smoking Cessation In
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Smokers’ and Non-Smokers’ Attitudes towards Smoking Cessation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review Mansour Tobaiqy 1,* , Dennis Thomas 2, Andrew MacLure 3 and Katie MacLure 3 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 45311, Jeddah 21512, Saudi Arabia 2 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; [email protected] 3 Independent Researcher, Aberdeen AB32 6RU, UK; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (K.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 September 2020; Accepted: 4 November 2020; Published: 6 November 2020 Abstract: Literature on smoking in Saudi Arabia is extensive. However, studies capturing the attitudes of both smokers and non-smokers towards smoking cessation are few. A PRISMA-P protocol guided systematic searches in MEDLINE and CINAHL on MeSH terms (smoking cessation AND Saudi Arabia). Peer reviewed articles in English were included in the narrative analysis. Screening reduced the 152 articles identified to 15 and independent critical appraisal identified 10 final articles for review. Few adopted validated survey tools or mentioned the best practice to be followed. There was considerable variation in the prevalence of smoking reported (13.7–49.2%) and survey response rates (8.9–100%). There was a paucity of quality evidence but it is clear that the smoking pandemic is still resonant in Saudi Arabia. Despite support for education programs to prevent the uptake of smoking, policy-driven action to reduce environmental second-hand smoking, and provision of support for smoking cessation, more needs to be done.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of COVID-19 on Smoking Behaviours and Support for Smoke-Free Zones in Saudi Arabia
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article The Impact of COVID-19 on Smoking Behaviours and Support for Smoke-Free Zones in Saudi Arabia Mansour Tobaiqy 1,* , Andrew MacLure 2, Dennis Thomas 3 and Katie MacLure 4 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 45311, Jeddah 21512, Saudi Arabia 2 Independent Researcher, Aberdeen AB32 6RU, UK; [email protected] 3 School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; [email protected] 4 Independent Research Consultant, Aberdeen AB32 6RU, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This article focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on smoking and smoking cessation be- haviours and support for smoke-free zones in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A pre-tested structured survey was distributed by email in October–November 2020 to students and staff at the University of Jed- dah. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics with summative content analysis of open text. Participants providing open text comments (n = 374/666; 56.4%) were non-smokers (n = 293; 78.3%), former smokers (n = 26; 7.0%) and current smokers (n = 55; 14.7%). Some had household members (n = 220; 58.8%) and friends who smoke (n = 198; 52.9%) plus daily exposure to secondhand smoke at home (n = 125; 33.4%). There was an awareness during COVID-19 of: smoking inside cafes/restaurants and other indoor and outdoor public places; exposure to warnings in the media both against and promoting smoking; widespread support for smoke-free zones.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(12), 2697-2702
    ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(12), 2697-2702 Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/2695 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/2695 RESEARCH ARTICLE EFFECT OF DISCUSSING FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE ON SMOKE CESSATION: PILOT RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL Amr Jamal, Abdullah Alrajhi, Abdullah Aldubaib, Abdulaziz Alsuwailem, Rayan Alzuhairi and Abdulaziz Alonazy. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History Introduction: Smoking has an obvious effect on cardiovascular diseases. We tried to find an effective way for smoking cessation Received: 31 October 2016 strategy.Our aim was to determine the probability of smoking- Final Accepted: 01 December 2016 cessationafter discussing cardiovascular risk with and without Published: December 2016 smoking during family medicine clinic visits using the Framingham score. Key words:- Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted at Framingham score, smoking, cessation, cardiovascular disease, clinical trial, family medicine outpatient clinics in two hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Saudi Arabia. Arabia. Sixty-four participants were recruited in to the study and were randomized into two arms: Framingham score (experimental) and traditional (control) groups.Allocation was concealed. There were three follow up sessions, once every two weeks. Structured interviews were used to fill validated questionnaire in each follow up. Result: We found (4/25; 16%) participants quit smoking in the intervention group, while only (2/30; 16%) participants in control group quit smoking after six-week follow up (P-value= 0.251). However, (13/25; 52%) (number of cigarettes) on the intervention group and (19/30; 63%) patients on the control group reduced the number of consumed cigarettes after six-week follow up.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Perceived Basic Psychological Needs For
    THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERCEIVED BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS FOR HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN SAUDI ARABIAN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Abdulaziz Almarwani December 2019 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERCEIVED BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS FOR HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN SAUDI ARABIAN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE. Abdulaziz Almarwani Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ___________________________ ___________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Linda Shanks Dr. Marlene Huff ___________________________ ___________________________ Committee Member Interim Dean of the College Dr. Sheau-Huey Chiu Dr. Elizabeth A. Kennedy ___________________________ ___________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Marlene Huff Dr. Marnie Saunders ___________________________ ___________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Patricia Vermeersch ______________________________ Committee Member Judith A. Juvancic-Heltzel ii ABSTRACT Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in Saudi Arabia. Health behaviors contributing to CAD are inactivity, diet, smoking, and medication nonadherence. In Saudi Arabia, these health behaviors were not examined through the lens of the self-determination theory, which emphasizes on patients' perceived psychological needs (PPN) (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Therefore,
    [Show full text]
  • Factors of Smoking Among Saudi Youth in the Northern Border Region
    Journal of Social Welfare and Human Rights 1(1); June 2013 pp. 22-35 Ajoud Factors of Smoking Among Saudi Youth in the Northern Border Region Dr. Mohamed Eid Kilase Ajoud Assistant Professor Department of Public Administration Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia Abstract Background: Smoking is the most important Keywords: cigarettes, Saudi Arabia, tobacco, avoidable cause of premature morbidity and youth, quitters mortality in the world. The estimated annual death rate of 4.9 million people in 1999 is Introduction expected to rise to 10 million by the 2020s and Smoking is a major worldwide public health 2030s, 7 million of which will occur in problem. It is the most important avoidable developing countries. Objectives: The present cause of premature morbidity and mortality in study aims to determine the factors of smoking the world, occupying the heaviest burden of among the Saudi youth in the Northern Border morbidity and mortality compared to any other Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, besides risk factor on people. Each day in the United studying the impact of Smoking on expenses, States, over 3,800 young people less than 18 savings and smoker sensitivity to price. years of age smoke their first cigarette, and over Methods &Materials: Across-Sectional study 1,000 youth under age 18 become daily cigarette was conducted of 1022 among the secondary smokers. The estimated death rate of smoking schools students 656 for males, Northern was 4.9 million people in 1999 and is expected Border University students 139 for males, to rise to 10 million by the 2020s, 7 million of Northern Border University students 153 for which will occur in developing countries.
    [Show full text]