DOCSLIB.ORG

Tobacco Price Increase and Consumption Behaviour Among Male Smokers in Saudi Arabia: a Community-Based Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tobacco Price Increase and Consumption Behaviour Among Male Smokers in Saudi Arabia: a Community-Based Study Research article EMHJ – Vol. 26 No. 12 – 2020 Tobacco price increase and consumption behaviour among male smokers in Saudi Arabia: a community-based study Mohamad Al-Tannir,1 Amani Abu-Shaheen,2 Youssef Altannir 3 and Mustafa Altannir 3 1Research Monitoring Department, Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (Correspondence to: Mohamad Al- Tannir: [email protected]). 1King Fahad Medical City, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2Scientific Writing Department, Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 3Research Monitoring Department, Research Center, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract Background: Saudi Arabia doubled its tobacco tax in June 2017. Aims: To examine the association between an increase in tobacco prices and consumption behaviour among current male smokers in Riyadh. Methods: We conducted a community-based study using a self-administered questionnaire distributed to current male smokers aged 15+ years in Riyadh in 2018. The survey included questions on sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco consumption and self-reported chronic health conditions. Results: A total of 1481 participants were included in the final data analysis. After the tobacco tax was doubled, 25.6% of the participants reduced their cigarette consumption and 1.0% quit smoking. The average daily cigarette consumption af- ter enforcing the tobacco tax [19.77, standard deviation (SD) 10.7], was statistically significantly lower than before taxation (21.19, SD 10.8) (P < 0.0001). The calculated price elasticity of demand was −0.20 (inelastic). Employment status (P = 0.002) and per capita gross domestic product purchasing power parity (P = 0.001) were the only statistically significant factors associated with the change in smoking habits. Conclusions: Increasing tobacco prices reduced tobacco consumption by 26.6% among Saudi Arabian male smokers. Keywords: tobacco tax, tobacco consumption, male smokers, smoking habits, Saudi Arabia Citation: Abu-Shaheen A; Altannir Y; Altannir M. Tobacco price increase and consumption behaviour among male smokers in Saudi Arabia: a communia- ty-based study. East Mediterr Health J. 2020;26(12):1518–1524. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.20.066 Received: 12/05/19, accepted: 30/12/19 Copyright © World Health Organization (WHO) 2020. Open Access. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Introduction increase their utilization because of a lack of social support, costs and access constraints (8). Also, clinicians Tobacco consumption is one of the biggest contributors were not likely to advise patients to quit or use smoking to public health problems, killing approximately 7 million cessation alternatives due to either time constraints with people worldwide each year (1). An average of 6 million deaths is attributable to the direct use of tobacco, while patients or inadequate training in delivering smoking an average of 890 000 deaths result from second-hand cessation services (8). smoking. According to global health observational data, Imposing taxes on tobacco products has proven to more than 1 billion people smoked tobacco in 2015, and be the most effective policy to reduce tobacco use and nearly 80% of them lived in low- and middle-income its adverse effects on health, the economy and society countries (1). (9–13). After joining the WHO Framework Convention for In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Control in 2005, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of reported that the overall rate of tobacco use in Saudi Health initiated a national tobacco control programme Arabia among those aged 15+ years was 12.2%, with a rate with remarkable efforts. Saudi Arabia announced the of 23.7% among males compared with 1.5% among females doubling of tobacco tax on June 10, 2017 following the (2). In a previous survey of Saudi Arabian adolescents decision of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. aged 13–15 years, the prevalence of tobacco use was 21.2% Increasing the price of tobacco products is considered among males and 9.1% among females (3). to be a highly effective policy to reduce tobacco use, Tremendous efforts have been made to reduce which eventually decreases the associated morbidity tobacco consumption all over the world in the form and mortality (14). Indeed, reducing tobacco use is a key of bans on smoking in public places, anti-smoking component of the Healthy People 2030 vision, part of the advertising campaigns, and comprehensive tobacco national action plan for improving the health of all Saudi control programmes (4–7). Arabians. The Gulf Cooperation Council governments provide This study aimed to assess the association between access to smoking cessation treatments such as nicotine the tobacco price increase due to higher tobacco taxes and replacement therapy (e.g. patch, inhaler, gum). However, consumption behaviour among current male smokers in the availability of these smoking alternatives did not Riyadh. 1518 Research article EMHJ – Vol. 26 No. 12 – 2020 Methods ulation across all districts of Riyadh and considering an incomplete and non-response rate of 20%, we would need Participants and questionnaire a sample of 1534 male smokers. The sample collected was A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted almost equal across the 5 districts: North 310, South 303, between April and October 2018 in all 5 districts of Riyadh East 308, West 308, Central 305. The sampling frame in- city (North, South, East, West, Central). Male smokers cluded coffee shops that had a seated smoking area. Site (current and those who quit after the tobacco tax in- visits and meetings with coffee shops managers were crease) aged 15+ years were eligible to participate. Males done in advance to acquire their approval for data col- below the age of 15 years, females, and males over 15 years lection. A convenience sample of 107 coffee shops was old who had never smoked were excluded. The study was reviewed for eligibility; 10 (9%) were determined ineligi- approved by the institutional review board at King Fahad ble due to the absence of an outdoor space designated for Medical City in Riyadh. smoking. An additional 5 (4.5%) coffee shops did not allow us to collect data on their premises. Therefore, data col- Participants were approached in coffee shops lection took place in 92 coffee shops: North 20, East 19, and other public places to take part in this study by South 18, West 18, Central 17. completing a self-administered questionnaire that was created based on an in-depth review of the literature (3,9– Statistical analysis 13). Considering the age categories, the sample size was Demographic characteristics of study participants were equally distributed across the 5 districts. The following reported as mean and standard deviation (SD) of a con- procedures were followed to ensure the validity of the tinuous variable, and categorical variables were reported questionnaire. First, the literature was reviewed and as number and percentage. previous instruments were examined to develop drafts of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was then reviewed Chi-squared was used to measure the association by 4 experts in research methodology and epidemiology. between the change in smoking habit (stopping, reducing, the average number of cigarettes per day) and Finally, to ensure the questionnaire was clear and well the covariates, including age, marital status, education, understood by the target population, a pilot study was employment status, and yearly income based on the GDP conducted on 50 Saudi Arabian males aged 15+ years per capita PPP in Saudi Arabia (US$ < 45821.61, ≥ 45821.61). recruited in coffee shops and other public places. Based For the multivariate analysis, a backward-elimination on the experts’ recommendations and the outcome of approach in a multiple logistic regression model was the pilot study, a few questions were reformulated and performed. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals amended to enhance the questionnaire’s validity. The were reported. The correlation coefficient, the standard pilot survey data were not included in the final analysis. deviation of the coefficient, and P-values were reported. The reliability, measured using Cronbach’s alpha, was We used SPSS, version 22, for data analysis and accounted 0.72. for the complex sampling design. A 2-tailed P-value of The questionnaire had 3 parts covering sociodemo- 0.05 was considered significant. graphic characteristics, tobacco consumption and self-re- The effect of increasing the tobacco tax on ported chronic health conditions. It took an average of 10 consumption behaviour was evaluated by calculating the minutes to complete. tobacco price elasticity. Sociodemographic characteristics included age group, The price elasticity of demand for tobacco was education level, marital status, employment status, and estimated using the ratio between the percent change in yearly income based on Saudi Arabia’s gross domestic the quantity demanded and the corresponding percent product (GDP) per capita purchasing power parity (PPP), change in price as in the formula below: equal to US$ 45 821 (14). Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in Tobacco consumption was assessed using 9 questions: quantity/percentage change in price opinion regarding the increase in tobacco prices, type of Percentage change in quantity = (Q − Q )/[(Q + Q )/2] tobacco consumed, change in consumption behaviour 2 1 2 1 × 100 based on the tax increase, change of cigarette brand to one with a cheaper price, number of cigarettes smoked Percentage change in price = (P2 − P1)/[(P2 + P1)/2] × 100 before and after taxation, number of years as a smoker, place where cigarettes are purchased, price of preferred Results type of tobacco, and current tobacco use. The final data set included 1481 out of 1534 male partici- pants since 53 questionnaires were excluded because of Sample size estimate extensive missing data. A total of 694 participants (47.0%) According to a 2016 census of the population of Riyadh, were in the 25–34 years age group, 821 (55.7%) were single, there were 3 747 557 males aged 15+ years.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Socioeconomic Determinants of Smoking in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Socioeconomic Determinants of Smoking in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ameerah M.N. Qattan 1,2 , Micheal Kofi Boachie 3,4 , Mustapha Immurana 5 and Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi 1,2,* 1 Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia 3 Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Private Mail Bag 31, Ho, Ghana; [email protected] 4 SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa 5 Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Private Mail Bag 31, Ho, Ghana; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +966-556522222 Abstract: Tobacco consumption, or smoking, is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, including in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In order to reduce the consumption of tobacco products, it is necessary to understand the factors that drive it. However, little is known about the socioeconomic determinants of tobacco smoking in the KSA. This study, therefore, investigates the socioeconomic factors that influence tobacco smoking in the KSA. Using a national health survey, the study employs logistic and negative binomial regressions to examine the socioeconomic factors associated with smoking. Moreover, the inequality concentration indices (CIs) are used to Citation: Qattan, A.M.N.; Boachie, assess inequalities in smoking.
    [Show full text]
  • 38 2000 Tobacco Industry Projects—A Listing (173 Pp.) Project “A”: American Tobacco Co. Plan from 1959 to Enlist Professor
    38 2000 Tobacco Industry Projects—a Listing (173 pp.) Project “A”: American Tobacco Co. plan from 1959 to enlist Professors Hirsch and Shapiro of NYU’s Institute of Mathematical Science to evaluate “statistical material purporting to show association between smoking and lung cancer.” Hirsch and Shapiro concluded that “such analysis is not feasible because the studies did not employ the methods of mathematical science but represent merely a collection of random data, or counting noses as it were.” Statistical studies of the lung cancer- smoking relation were “utterly meaningless from the mathematical point of view” and that it was “impossible to proceed with a mathematical analysis of the proposition that cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer.” AT management concluded that this result was “not surprising” given the “utter paucity of any direct evidence linking smoking with lung canner.”112 Project A: Tobacco Institute plan from 1967 to air three television spots on smoking & health. Continued goal of the Institute to test its ability “to alter public opinion and knowledge of the asserted health hazards of cigarette smoking by using paid print media space.” CEOs in the fall of 1967 had approved the plan, which was supposed to involve “before-and-after opinion surveys on elements of the smoking and health controversy” to measure the impact of TI propaganda on this issue.”113 Spots were apparently refused by the networks in 1970, so plan shifted to Project B. Project A-040: Brown and Williamson effort from 1972 to 114 Project AA: Secret RJR effort from 1982-84 to find out how to improve “the RJR share of market among young adult women.” Appeal would 112 Janet C.
    [Show full text]
  • Cigarette Smoking Among Female Students in Five Medical and Nonmedical Colleges
    International Journal of General Medicine Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORigiNAL RESEARCH Cigarette smoking among female students in five medical and nonmedical colleges Hamza M Abdulghani1 Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking, knowledge Norah A Alrowais2 about the ill effects of smoking on health, and the influence of family members’ smoking habits Ali I Alhaqwi3 among Saudi female students. Ahmed Alrasheedi2 Methods: This is a type of cross-sectional study. A sample of 1,070 female students was selected Mohammed Al-Zahir2 by a nonrandom and convenient sampling method from five colleges (Medicine, Business and Ahmed Al-Madani2 Administration, Computer Sciences, Education, and Languages and Translation) of King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to determine the Abdulaziz Al-Eissa2 personal, social, and educational characteristics of the respondents. In addition, questions about Bader Al-Hakmi2 their smoking types, status, duration of smoking, knowledge about the ill effects of smoking, Redwan Takroni2 For personal use only. daily cigarette consumption, and reasons for quitting smoking were included. 1 Farah Ahmad Results: The students’ response rate was 85%. The prevalence of current smoking was 4.3% 1Department of Medical Education, and 5.6% for cigarettes and water-pipes, respectively, whereas 3.9% of the participants were 2 Department of Family and ex-smokers. The prevalence of current smoking was highest in the College of Business and Community Medicine, King Saud University, 3Department of Family Administration (10.81%) and lowest in the College of Medicine (0.86%).
    [Show full text]
  • The Association Between Religiosity and Tobacco Use Among Muslim Students at Primary Schools in Irbid, Jordan
    The Association between Religiosity and Tobacco Use among Muslim Primary School Students in Irbid, Jordan Tariq Nayef Al-Shatanawi A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Biostatistics and Epidemiology School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences 1 Abstract Background: The smoking of tobacco, by the use of cigarettes and water pipe, among children and adolescents has reached epidemic levels in the Middle East. There is evidence of a relationship between religiosity and tobacco use, namely that Muslim youth with higher religiosity engagement are less likely to smoke tobacco, which is in line with some of the Islamic doctrine on tobacco use. However, previous research has only focused on the number of days of religious engagement and has not examined the multiple factors of religiosity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between religiosity and tobacco use among Muslim primary school students in Irbid, Jordan. Methods: A pilot repeated cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 among Muslim school children enrolled in the 5th and 6th grades in the Irbid Governorate in the north of Jordan and followed up one year later. This thesis has developed a multidimensional measure of religiosity for Muslim youth in Jordan adapted from one developed for Muslim adults (El-Menouar, 2014) itself based on the Glock (1962) model of religiosity. This tool was utilised in the repeated cross-sectional study of Muslim youth in Irbid, Jordan. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to measure the association between religiosity and tobacco smoking, both in 2015 only and pooling data from 2015 and 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Zainab Algharrash* Zainab Alhaid Rabel Khawaja ABSTRACT
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Volume-7 | Issue-12 | December-2018 | PRINT ISSN No 2277 - 8179 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PARENTAL RISK PERCEPTIONS OF CHILD EXPOSURE TO SECOND-HAND TOBACCO SMOKE IN AL-AHSAA Medicine Fatimah Alluwaim Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Zainab Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding Algharrash* Author Mariya Alhashim Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Zahraa Alghadeer Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Zainab Alhaid Intern, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Assistance Professor, Department Of Family & Community Medicine, College Of Rabel Khawaja Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Parental smoking has been linked with increased rates of sudden infant death syndrome, otitis media, chronic middle ear effusion, acute respiratory infections, asthma, and decreased lung growth. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the perception of parents regarding passive smoking . To understand if awareness has any effect on their smoking behavior. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted In 2018 from the community of Al- Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. A total of 429 participants participated in the study. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 22. RESULTS: Showed that 25% of children exposed to second hand smoking. Also, low level of awareness about the risks of second-hand smoking. P- value <0.05. CONCLUSION: Children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, which was made evident by the data. As well, a lack of knowledge regarding second-hand smoking and the adverse effects on their children's health. KEYWORDS passive smoking, parents, risk, Al-Ahsa INTRODUCTION conducted in Tehran, fathers were the sole habitual smokers in most Smoking is a leading preventable cause of death in developed families.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th Annual Claims Symposium
    6th Annual Claims Symposium May 23rd, 2019 The Country Club of Harrisburg 401 Fishing Creek Valley Road Harrisburg, PA 17112 (717) 237-7100 www.tthlaw.com Thomas, Thomas & Hafer LLP 6th Annual Claims Symposium Thursday, May 23rd, 2019 At The Country Club of Harrisburg 401 Fishing Creek Valley Road, Harrisburg, PA 17112 (717) 599‐5712 Agenda and Outline 8:00 a.m. – 8:30 a.m. Registration and Breakfast 8:30 a.m. – 8:40 a.m. Introduction & Welcome Hugh P. O’Neill, III, Esq. of Thomas, Thomas & Hafer, LLP 8:40 a.m. – 9:30 a.m. Forensic Surveillance – Use of Surveillance Video in Litigation and Accident Reconstruction Presented by: Robert T. Lynch, P.E., DJS Associates, Inc. and Laurence R. Penn, Forensic Animation/Video Specialist, DJS Associates, Inc. 9:30 a.m. – 9:40 a.m. Break 9:40 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Smokeless ≠ riskless: Emerging risks with the rise of e‐ cigarettes and vaping Presented by: Peter C. Biberstein, Esq., CPCU, Thomas, Thomas &Hafer, LLP 10:30 a.m. – 10:40 a.m. Break 10:40 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. Concussion, mTBI and PTSD Presented by: Dr. Christopher D. Royer, Psy.D., Widener University,Clinica lNeuro psychologist 11:30 a.m. – 11:40 a.m. Break 11:40 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Mitigating Risk by Effectively Communicating to a Concerned Public in a Time of Crisis Presented by: Keith G. Dorman, Vice President, Communication and Community Relations, UGI Utilities, Inc. 12:30 p.m. – 12:35 p.m. Questions and Conclusion 12:35 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco Consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
    Moradi-Lakeh et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:611 DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-1902-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: findings from a national survey Maziar Moradi-Lakeh1, Charbel El Bcheraoui1, Marwa Tuffaha1, Farah Daoud1, Mohammad Al Saeedi2, Mohammed Basulaiman2, Ziad A. Memish2, Mohammad A. AlMazroa2, Abdullah A. Al Rabeeah2 and Ali H. Mokdad1* Abstract Background: Tobacco consumption is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The Saudi Ministry of Health started a national tobacco control program in 2002 with increased and intensified efforts after joining the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in 2005. Methods: In order to assess the status of tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), we conducted a survey on 10735 individuals aged 15 years or older (5253 men and 5482 women) which was performed between April and June 2013. The Saudi Health Interview Survey had a multistage sampling and was nationally representative. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The survey included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity, health care utilization, different health-related behaviors, and self-reported chronic conditions. Results: Overall prevalence of current smoking was 12.2 % and males were more likely to smoke than females (21.5 % vs. 1.1 %). Mean age of smoking initiation was 19.1 years (±6.5 years) with 8.9 % of ever smokers starting before the age of 15 years. Daily shisha smoking was reported by 4.3 % of the population (7.3 % of men and 1.3 % of women).
    [Show full text]
  • Original Research Article Prevalence of Smoking Among the High School
    Original Research Article Prevalence of Smoking among the High School Students in Thimphu,Bhutan ABSTRACT Due to increasing pace of modernisation, smoking is common among the youth today. It is also a major public health problem worldwide. Smoking is the most important cause of preventable death. Moreover it gives various socio-economic burdens to the society. Despite strict surveillance and smoking control act in Bhutan, youth are increasingly found smoking. Having said that, very limited studies have been conducted in Bhutan, particularly focussing on the smoking by high school students. Thus, this study aims to determine the prevalence of smoking among high school students of Thimphu, Bhutan as there is maximum number of high school students comprising of different culture. The self- structured questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 357 students of the total determined using Yamane formula. The overall prevalence of smoking were 48.5% (n=164) while 51.5% (n=193) were non-smokers. In comparison with both of the gender male 63.6% (n=113) smoke more than female 28.3% (n=51). Students smoke different forms of tobacco product such as Cigarette, Cigars, Hookah, Bidis but the most commonly used tobacco product was found to be Cigarette 63.4% (n = 102).The most common reasons cited for children to start using tobacco are peer pressure, parental tobacco habits, etc.The risks of tobacco use are highest among those who start early and continue its use for a long period. The early age of initiation underscores the urgent need to intervene and protect this vulnerable group from falling prey to this addiction.
    [Show full text]
  • Smokers' and Non-Smokers' Attitudes Towards Smoking Cessation In
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Smokers’ and Non-Smokers’ Attitudes towards Smoking Cessation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review Mansour Tobaiqy 1,* , Dennis Thomas 2, Andrew MacLure 3 and Katie MacLure 3 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 45311, Jeddah 21512, Saudi Arabia 2 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; [email protected] 3 Independent Researcher, Aberdeen AB32 6RU, UK; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (K.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 September 2020; Accepted: 4 November 2020; Published: 6 November 2020 Abstract: Literature on smoking in Saudi Arabia is extensive. However, studies capturing the attitudes of both smokers and non-smokers towards smoking cessation are few. A PRISMA-P protocol guided systematic searches in MEDLINE and CINAHL on MeSH terms (smoking cessation AND Saudi Arabia). Peer reviewed articles in English were included in the narrative analysis. Screening reduced the 152 articles identified to 15 and independent critical appraisal identified 10 final articles for review. Few adopted validated survey tools or mentioned the best practice to be followed. There was considerable variation in the prevalence of smoking reported (13.7–49.2%) and survey response rates (8.9–100%). There was a paucity of quality evidence but it is clear that the smoking pandemic is still resonant in Saudi Arabia. Despite support for education programs to prevent the uptake of smoking, policy-driven action to reduce environmental second-hand smoking, and provision of support for smoking cessation, more needs to be done.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of COVID-19 on Smoking Behaviours and Support for Smoke-Free Zones in Saudi Arabia
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article The Impact of COVID-19 on Smoking Behaviours and Support for Smoke-Free Zones in Saudi Arabia Mansour Tobaiqy 1,* , Andrew MacLure 2, Dennis Thomas 3 and Katie MacLure 4 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 45311, Jeddah 21512, Saudi Arabia 2 Independent Researcher, Aberdeen AB32 6RU, UK; [email protected] 3 School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; [email protected] 4 Independent Research Consultant, Aberdeen AB32 6RU, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This article focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on smoking and smoking cessation be- haviours and support for smoke-free zones in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A pre-tested structured survey was distributed by email in October–November 2020 to students and staff at the University of Jed- dah. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics with summative content analysis of open text. Participants providing open text comments (n = 374/666; 56.4%) were non-smokers (n = 293; 78.3%), former smokers (n = 26; 7.0%) and current smokers (n = 55; 14.7%). Some had household members (n = 220; 58.8%) and friends who smoke (n = 198; 52.9%) plus daily exposure to secondhand smoke at home (n = 125; 33.4%). There was an awareness during COVID-19 of: smoking inside cafes/restaurants and other indoor and outdoor public places; exposure to warnings in the media both against and promoting smoking; widespread support for smoke-free zones.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(12), 2697-2702
    ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(12), 2697-2702 Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/2695 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/2695 RESEARCH ARTICLE EFFECT OF DISCUSSING FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE ON SMOKE CESSATION: PILOT RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL Amr Jamal, Abdullah Alrajhi, Abdullah Aldubaib, Abdulaziz Alsuwailem, Rayan Alzuhairi and Abdulaziz Alonazy. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History Introduction: Smoking has an obvious effect on cardiovascular diseases. We tried to find an effective way for smoking cessation Received: 31 October 2016 strategy.Our aim was to determine the probability of smoking- Final Accepted: 01 December 2016 cessationafter discussing cardiovascular risk with and without Published: December 2016 smoking during family medicine clinic visits using the Framingham score. Key words:- Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted at Framingham score, smoking, cessation, cardiovascular disease, clinical trial, family medicine outpatient clinics in two hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Saudi Arabia. Arabia. Sixty-four participants were recruited in to the study and were randomized into two arms: Framingham score (experimental) and traditional (control) groups.Allocation was concealed. There were three follow up sessions, once every two weeks. Structured interviews were used to fill validated questionnaire in each follow up. Result: We found (4/25; 16%) participants quit smoking in the intervention group, while only (2/30; 16%) participants in control group quit smoking after six-week follow up (P-value= 0.251). However, (13/25; 52%) (number of cigarettes) on the intervention group and (19/30; 63%) patients on the control group reduced the number of consumed cigarettes after six-week follow up.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Perceived Basic Psychological Needs For
    THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERCEIVED BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS FOR HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN SAUDI ARABIAN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Abdulaziz Almarwani December 2019 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERCEIVED BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS FOR HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN SAUDI ARABIAN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE. Abdulaziz Almarwani Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ___________________________ ___________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Linda Shanks Dr. Marlene Huff ___________________________ ___________________________ Committee Member Interim Dean of the College Dr. Sheau-Huey Chiu Dr. Elizabeth A. Kennedy ___________________________ ___________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Marlene Huff Dr. Marnie Saunders ___________________________ ___________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Patricia Vermeersch ______________________________ Committee Member Judith A. Juvancic-Heltzel ii ABSTRACT Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in Saudi Arabia. Health behaviors contributing to CAD are inactivity, diet, smoking, and medication nonadherence. In Saudi Arabia, these health behaviors were not examined through the lens of the self-determination theory, which emphasizes on patients' perceived psychological needs (PPN) (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Therefore,
    [Show full text]