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Prey Preferences of Parasitoid Rove Beetles Aleochara Bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) in Hungarian Agroecosystems

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Prey Preferences of Parasitoid Rove Beetles Aleochara Bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) in Hungarian Agroecosystems North-Western Journal of Zoology Vol. 4, No. 1, 2008, pp.6-15 [Online: Vol.4, 2008: 03] Patterns in distribution, abundance and prey preferences of parasitoid rove beetles Aleochara bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) in Hungarian agroecosystems Adalbert BALOG 1, 2*, Viktor MARKÓ 2 and László FERENCZ 1 1. Sapientia University Târgu-Mureş, Faculty of Technical Science, Department of Horticulture, Ro-540485, PO 9, Cp.4, Tg-Mures/Corunca, Sighisoara str. 1C. Romania. 2. Corvinus University Budapest, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Department of Entomology, H-1052, POB 53, Hungary. * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], Tel: (40) 0740-562240, Fax: (40) 0265-206211. Abstract. The abundance, habitat preference, seasonal dynamics and prey preferences of parasitoid rove beetles Aleochara bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) were investigated in 16 Hungarian agricultural fields. Aleochara bipustulata was the 7th most frequent species in the cumulative samples, and widely occurred in woodland areas of mountains with medium height. The species has no particular soil preferences and its activity density was high in conventionally treated crops. Under laboratory conditions we observed that the adults may consume up to five root maggot larvae (Delia radicum) per day. Laboratory studies revealed that adults are often cannibalistic, eating their own eggs. Adults also consume other fly pests as D. platura and D. florilega. Aleochara bipustulata consumed significantly more D. radicum than D. platura and D. florilega. Aleochara bipustulata may be important biological control agent against Delia species in Hungarian agricultural fields because of its widespread distribution, high host specificity and host acceptance, and a development time which is well synchronised with its host. Key words: abundance, activity density, dynamics, prey preferences Introduction 1964, 1974, Ádám 1998, Klimaszewski & Maus 1999). Several scientific names The Central and Eastern European used in the literature differ from those fauna of Aleochara genus is rich in considered valid today; in these cases species but is very poorly known. the original name of the most There are some 50 described species widespread species of Alocharianae but probably the majority of species from Hungary is given following the remains undescribed. The original citation: Aleochara bipustulata (L.) species descriptions are scattered in the named Coprochara bipustulata by Ádám literature and are difficult to use (1998). Aleochara brevipennis Graven- because their authors failed to study horst, named Euryodma brevipennis by the genitalic structures so crucial for Ádám (1998). Aleochara lanuginosa species identification (Freude et al. Gravenhorst, named Polychara lanu- North-West J Zool, 4, 2008 Oradea, Romania Aleochara bipustulata in Hungarian agro ecosystems 7 ginose by Ádám (1998). Aleochara discrimination in this species was not ripicola Mulsant et Rey. Aleochara based on the presence of visual or ruficornis Gravenhorst, named Ceranota tactile cues (e.g. entrance holes) but ruficornis by Ádám (1998). Aleochara rather on chemical cues (Royer et al. sparsa Heer, named Polychara sparsa by 1999, Prasad & Snyder 2004). Ádám (1998), (Ádám 1998, Merkl 2001). No sexual dimorphism in weight The Eurasian parasitoid Aleochara was observed at the emergence of bipustulata is a prospective biological adults. The weight of adults was control agent for different dipteran strongly correlated with the size of the pests. Researchers have found the pupa in which the parasitoid parasitoid in fifteen different habitats developed. Newly emerged adults and reported complete development increased in weight after feeding, and within puparia of fly species from this increase was greater in females seven families of Diptera, Cyclorrapha than in males, reflecting the beginning (Finch 1995, 1996, Maus et al. 1998, of oogenesis (Langlet et al. 1998). Andreassen et al. 2005). Adults prey The mortality, egg production and mainly on eggs, larvae, and pupae of fertility were also studied on Aleochara Delia species, while larvae feed on species. Insecticides increased the pupae inside puparia. mortality; the egg production and The female beetles lay eggs where fertility were also affected. Generally, there is general evidence of hosts insecticides/acaricides had a (Godfray 1994). However, the precise pronounced effect on the beetles finding and selection of hosts is whereas fungicides and herbicides performed only by the mobile first- were less detrimental. Exceptions were instar larva, which starts to search for the insecticides Tedion V 18 and Kilval, hosts immediately after hatching. classified as harmless, and the Therefore, in comparison with most fungicides Morestan, Pomarsol forte hymenopteran parasitoids, adult and Afugan rated as moderately coleopteran parasitoids are considered harmful. Among growth regulators to have only a minor influence on the Prosevor 85 was highly detrimental parasitism success and fitness of their while Cycocel Extra and Rhodofix had progeny, as they do not directly select no effects. Excepting Morestan, and evaluate host suitability (Godfray Pomarsol forte and Ustinex PA the 1994). Other studies demonstrated that pesticides did not affect the hatching of larvae were able to discriminate eggs (Samsøe-Petersen 1993, 1995 a, between unparasitized hosts and hosts 1995 b). parasitized by conspecifics in a choice experiment. Such behaviour has never Materials and methods been described previously for a coleopteran parasitoid or for a Farms and sampling procedures parasitoid species whose larvae perform host searching. Host Studies were performed in wheat fields and its alternation crops in 2006 and 2007 in North-West J Zool, 4, 2008 8 Balog A. et al. eight conventionally farmed plots of 5 ha each. etc. D. platura (seedcorn maggots) can be The soil structure was sandy-loam and the serious pests of sown seeds of beans and treatments consisted of foliar fungicides maize. Additional crops attacked include corn, during the vegetation period. The crop cucumber, green beans, lettuce, onion, peas, rotation consisted of cruciferous crops, seed potatoes, spinach. D. florilega (bean seed especially brassicas, for four farms and beans fly) can damage sea-spurrey beans and other for other four. Samples collected between 2000 large seeded vegetables. Damaged plants by and 2003 in eight apple orchards were also these pests are weak and may not develop. As considered. Four investigated orchards were a result, stands can be thinned, sometimes as located on sand, whereas four on clay. Six high as 80% (Jonasson et al. 1995). apple plantations were treated with mainly The experiments lasted ten days with two organophosphate insecticides (methidation, repetitions. Partially and/or fully consumed fosalon, fosfamidon) and named individuals were considered and the log10 “conventionally treated orchards” (CON). transformed prey numbers were computed. These insecticides were applied on average of 10 times during the vegetation period. Two apple plantations were untreated – named Data analyses “abandoned” (ABA) - and neither pesticides nor fertilizers had been used for five years The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were before we started our investigation. The performed and similarities were compared investigated agroecosystems were placed in with O’Brien and Levene tests to determine three geographical regions with different whether there were any differences in habitat environmental conditions. These were and prey preferences and in disturbance agricultural lowland environment (ALE), tolerance of Aleochara species in Hungarian regularly flooded area (RFA) and woodland agroecosystems. Back-transformed means and area from medium height mountains (WAM). P < 99% confidence limits were considered as Ten covered pitfall traps (300 cm³ in size, 8 cm statistically significant differences in diameter, half-filled with ethylene glycol (Tóthmérész, 1993, 1995). The following 30% solution) were placed in transect from a standardizations were used for the test: the field margin towards the field centre at 10m cumulative data from two sites for WAM were intervals within each site. All staphylinidae compared with cumulative data from other were sorted and identified up to species level two sites for ALE and two for RFA. For with a stereomicroscope. Species identification treatments effects, cumulative data from the was based on the works of Freude et al. (1964, two abandoned orchards were compared with 1974), Tóth (1982, 1984) and Zerche (1994). cumulative data from two conventionally treated orchards, all located on sand in ALE. The habitat preferences of the species were Laboratory studies of prey preferences compared with DECORANA, which is able to detect relationships between species and The prey preferences of adult A. external (environmental) variables. These bipustulata were studied under laboratory relationships can be “unimodal”, rising and conditions, at room temperature. Five living falling again as the optimum environmental individuals were placed in 90 mm diameter conditions for a species are approached and Petri dishes and for each three types of prey passed. DECORANA avoids the arch or were offered daily, each in three exemplars horseshoe problem where the second axis is (larvae of Delia radicum (L.), D. platura frequently a quadratic distortion of the first (Meigen) and D. florilega Zetterstedt). axis. For this method A. bipustulata were D. radicum
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