A Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection export seed of Zea mays, Cynodon spp., Service Festuca spp., Lolium spp., Oryza spp., Plant Protection and Panicum spp., Paspalum spp., Solanum Quarantine lycopersicum, Brassica spp. Capsicum spp., Lactuca spp., Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., November 18, 2013 and Citrullus spp. from the United States to the Republic of Vietnam

Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Ste. 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 DRAFT

Executive Summary The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST) has evaluated the potential introduction of quarantine pests into the Republic of Vietnam with the importation of commercially produced Zea mays, Cynodon spp., Festuca spp., Lolium spp., Oryza spp., Panicum spp., and Paspalum spp. (Poaceae plant species) and Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica spp., Capsicum spp., Lactuca spp., Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., and Citrullus spp. (non- Poaceae plant species) seeds from the United States.

A total of 580 pests were evaluated as potential pests that could be introduced with the importation of Zea mays, Cynodon spp., Festuca spp., Lolium spp., Oryza spp., Panicum spp., and Paspalum spp. (Poaceae) and Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica spp., Capsicum spp., Lactuca spp., Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp.,and Citrullus spp. (non-Poaceae) seeds into the Republic of Vietnam. From this analysis, we identified 46 pests of quarantine significance to the Republic of Vietnam that can follow the seed pathway; these include nine bacteria, 22 fungi, three insects, one nematode, and 11 viruses.

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Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... ii 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 2. Pest List and Pest Categorization ...... 1 3. Acknowledgements ...... 7 4. Literature Cited ...... 7 5. Appendices ...... 9 Appendix A. Pest list for Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica spp., Capsicum spp., Lactuca spp., Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., and Citrillus spp. (non-Poaceae) seeds from the United States...... 9 Appendix B. Pest list for Zea mays, Cynodon spp., Festuca spp., Lolium spp., Oryza spp., Panicum spp., and Paspalum spp. (Poaceae) seeds from the United States...... 37

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1. Introduction We prepared this commodity-based, pathway-initiated pest risk assessment in response to a request by U.S. seed producers to allow the export of seed of several commodities into the Republic of Vietnam.

1.1 Background The request is for the importation of dry seed of Zea mays, Cynodon spp., Festuca spp., Lolium spp., Oryza spp., Panicum spp., and Paspalum spp. (Poaceae) and Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica spp., Capsicum spp., Lactuca spp., Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., and Citrillus spp. (non-Poaceae) plant species.

There will be controls to avoid contamination with noxious weeds. Normal phytosanitary controls should be used as in the commercial production of the same species.

2. Pest List and Pest Categorization The pest list of these seeds commodities was developed based on the information obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (MARD, 2005). Some pests can be expected to follow the pathway in commercial shipments of these seeds. A pest is considered able to follow the pathway if it is associated with the commodity and likely to survive with and remain on the commodity until entry into the Republic of Vietnam.

• Pests of quarantine significance for Vietnam are listed in Tables 1 and 2. These pests were selected based on the following criteria: a) they have been reported to be present in the United States, b) they are absent or are not known to be present in the Republic of Vietnam, and c) they are seed borne and have been proven to be seed transmitted. Species highlighted in gray are pests that regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (MARD, 2005). • Additional organisms that are not identified as quarantine pests by MARD but that meet the criteria for quarantine pests described here are also included in Tables 1 and 2. • Pests of no quarantine significance for the republic ofVietnam are listed in the appendices

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Table 1. Pests of quarantine significance for the Republic of Vietnam on seeds of non-Poaceae plant genera.

Solanum Pest Brassica spp. Capsicum spp. Lactuca spp. Cucurbita spp. Cucumis spp. Citrullus spp. lycopersicum

Bacteria Acidovorax citrulli (Schaad Seed Seed Seed et al.) Schaad et al. transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Clavibacter michiganensis Seed subsp. michiganensis transmitted (Smith) Davis et al. (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas corrugata Seed Roberts & Scarlett, emend. transmitted Sutra et al. (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas syringae pv. Seed lachrymans (Smith & transmitted Bryan) Young Dye & (CABI, 2013) Wilkie Pseudomonas syringae pv. Seed Seed Seed transmitted Seed Seed Seed syringae transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas syringae pv. Seed tomato (Okabe) Young, transmitted Dye & Wilkie (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas viridiflava Seed Seed Seed transmitted Seed Seed Seed (Burkholder) Dowson transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Rhodococcus fascians Seed Seed Seed (Tilford) Goodfellow transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Fungi Albugo candida (Pers.) Seed Kuntze transmitted (CABI, 2013) Alternaria brassicicola Seed Seed Seed Seed (Schwein.) Wiltshire transmitted transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Alternaria dauci (J.G. Seed Seed Seed Seed

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Solanum Pest Brassica spp. Capsicum spp. Lactuca spp. Cucurbita spp. Cucumis spp. Citrullus spp. lycopersicum

Kühn) J.W. Groves & transmitted transmitted transmitted transmitted Skolko (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Alternaria japonica Yoshii Seed Seed transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Gibberella avenacea R.J. Seed Seed Seed Seed Cook transmitted transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Leptosphaeria maculans Seed (Desm.) Ces. & de Not. transmitted (CABI, 2013) Sarocladium strictum (W. Seed Gams) Summerb transmitted (CABI, 2013) Virus Alfalfa mosaic virus Seed Seed transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Arabis mosaic virus Seed Seed Seed transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Bean yellow mosaic virus Seed transmitted (CABI, 2013) Lettuce mosaic virus Seed transmitted (CABI, 2013) Potato spindle tuber viroid Seed transmitted (CABI, 2013) Squash mosaic virus Seed Seed Seed transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Tobacco streak virus Seed Seed Seed transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013)

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Solanum Pest Brassica spp. Capsicum spp. Lactuca spp. Cucurbita spp. Cucumis spp. Citrullus spp. lycopersicum

Tomato bushy stunt virus Seed (Lycopersicon virus 4) transmitted (CABI, 2013) Tomato mosaic virus Seed transmitted (CABI, 2013

Conclusion for seeds of the analyzed non-Poaceae genera (Table 1)

We identified a total of 24 pests of quarantine significance on all these commodities; these include eight bacteria, seven fungi, and nine viruses. From this list, we identified 16 pests on Solanum lycopersicum, 11 on Cucumis spp., eight each on Brassica spp. and Lactuca spp., seven on Cucurbita spp., three on Citrillus spp., and two on Capsicum spp.

Based on the list of pests that are regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Vietnam (MARD, 2005), only Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomato would be considered a quarantine pest.

Table 2. Pests of quarantine significance for the Republic of Vietnam on seeds of Poaceae plant genera.

Pest Zea mays Cynodon spp. Festuca spp. Lolium spp. Oryza spp. Panicum spp. Paspalum spp.

Bacteria Acidovorax citrulli (Schaad Seed et al.) Schaad et al. transmitted (CABI, 2013) Seed Clavibacter michiganensis transmitted subsp. nebraskensis (CABI, 2013) Seed Pantoea stewartii (Smith) transmitted Mergaert et al. (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas corrugata Seed Roberts & Scarlett, emend. transmitted Sutra et al. (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas syringae pv. Seed

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Pest Zea mays Cynodon spp. Festuca spp. Lolium spp. Oryza spp. Panicum spp. Paspalum spp. pisi (Sackett) Young et al. transmitted (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas syringae pv. Seed Seed Seed syringae transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas viridiflava Seed (Burkholder) Dowson transmitted (CABI, 2013) Rathayibacter rathayi Seed (Smith) Zgurskaya et al. transmitted (CABI, 2013) Fungi Balansia oryzae-sativae Seed Seed Seed Hashioka transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Cochliobolus spicifer Seed Nelson transmitted (CABI, 2013) Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Seed Sm.) Sacc. transmitted (CABI, 2013) Gibberella avenacea R.J. Seed Seed Seed Cook transmitted transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Glomerella graminicola Seed Seed Politis transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Monographella nivalis Seed transmitted Seed Seed (Schaffnit) E.Müll. (CABI, 2013) transmitted transmitted Anamorph: Micronectriella (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) nivalis (Schaffnit) C. Booth Neotyphodium Seed transmitted coenophialum (Morgan- (CABI, 2013) Jones & W. Gams) Glenn, C.W. Bacon & Hanlin Phaeosphaeria nodorum Seed Seed (E. Müll.) Hedjar transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013)

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Pest Zea mays Cynodon spp. Festuca spp. Lolium spp. Oryza spp. Panicum spp. Paspalum spp.

Pyrenophora Seed transmitted chaetomioides Speg. (CABI, 2013) Pyrenophora tritici- Seed transmitted repentis (Died.) Drechsler (CABI, 2013) Sarocladium strictum (W. Seed Gams) Summerb transmitted (CABI, 2013) Stenocarpella macrospora Seed (Earle) B.Sutton transmitted (CABI, 2013) Stenocarpella maydis Seed (Berk.) B. Sutton transmitted (CABI, 2013) Trichoconiella padwickii Seed (Ganguly) B.L. Jain transmitted (CABI, 2013) Urocystis agropyri (Preuss) Seed transmitted Seed A.A. Fisch. Waldh (CABI, 2013) transmitted (CABI, 2013) Nematodes Anguina agrostis Seed transmitted Seed (Steinbuch) Filipjev, (CABI, 2013) transmitted (CABI, 2013) Viruses Maize chlorotic mottle Seed virus transmitted (CABI, 2013) Maize dwarf mosaic virus Seed Seed transmitted transmitted (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013)

Conclusion for seeds of analyzed Poaceae genera (Table 2)

We identified a total of 26 pests of quarantine significance on all these commodities; these include three insects, eight bacteria, 15 fungi, one nematode, and two viruses. From this list, we identified 11 pests on Zea mays, seven on Cynodon spp., six each on Festuca spp. and Lolium spp., five on Oryza spp., three on Panicum spp., and one on Paspalum spp.

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Based on the list of pests that regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Vietnam (MARD, 2005), only Pantoea stewartii on corn would be considered a quarantine pest.

3. Acknowledgements Author: Walter A. Gutierrez, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

Reviewers: Scott C. Redlin, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

James Smith, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

4. Literature Cited Brcák, J., and J. Pozdena. 1976. Some Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Tobacco, Tomato, Papaya, and Rubber Tree in Vietnam and Cambodia. Biological Plantarum (PRAHA) 18(4):290-292. Burgess, L. W., T. E. Knight, L. Tesoriero, and H. T. Phan. 2008. Diagnostic manual for plant diseases in Vietnam. CABI. 2013. Crop protection compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI). http://www.cabi.org/cpc/. (Archived at PERAL). Cuong, N. M., H. Wilhelm, A. Porzel, and et.al. 2008. 1-O-Substituted derivatives of murrayafoline A and their antifungal properties. . Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 22(11):950-954. Díaz-Pendón, J. A., M. C. Cañizares, E. Moriones, E. R. Bejarano, H. Czosnek, and J. Navas-Castillo. 2010. Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses: ménage à trois between the virus complex, the plant and the whitefly vector. Molecular Plant Pathology 11(4):441- 450. FAO. 2008. Cucumber Integrated Pest management: An Ecological Guide. FAO Regional Vegetable IPM Programme. Bangkok. Luong, T. M., L. M. T. Huynh, T. V. Le, L. W. Burgess, and H. T. Phan. 2010. First report of Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Quang Nam, Vietnam. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 5:42-44. MARD. 2005. The list of Plant Quarantine Pests of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. in M. o. A. a. R. Development, ed. Mehta, N., M. S. Sangwan, and G. S. Saharam. 2005. Fungal diseases of rapeseed-mustard. in G. S. Saharam, N. Mehta, and M. S. Sangwan, (eds.). Diseases of Oilseed crops. Indus Publishing Company, New delhi. Minh, T. D., T. D. Long, and T. T. Ngu. 1997. Screening wheat for Bipolaris sorokiniana resistane in Vietnam. E. Duveiller, H. J. Dubin, J. Reeves, and A. McNab, (eds.). Helminthosporium Blights of Wheat: Spot Blotch and Tan Spot : Proceedings of an International Workshop Held at CIMMYT, February 1997, El Batan, Mexico.

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Nguyen, T. H. P., O. Vinnere Pettersson, P. Olsson, and E. Liljeroth. 2010. Identification of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose disease of coffee in Vietnam. European Journal Plant Pathology 27(1):73-87. PestID. 2013. Pest Report - reportable status for Insects and Mites. in A. a. P. H. I. S. United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection and Quarantine, ed., Riverdale, Maryland. Pham, T. T., D. D. Le, and G. V. Nguyen. 1994. Research on multiplication of Beauveria bassiana fungus and preliminary utilisation of Bb bioproduct for pest management in stored products in Vietnam. E. Highley, E. J. Wright, H. J. Banks, and B. R. Champ, (eds.). Proceedings of the 6th International Working Conference on Stored-product. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom,, Canberra, Australia. Quang, D. N., J. Schmidt, A. Porzel, L. Wessjohann, M. Haid, and N. Arnold. 2010. Ampullosine, a new isoquinoline alkaloid from Sepedonium ampullosporum (Ascomycetes). Natural Product Communications 5(6):869-872. RBG, and Domain Trust. 2013. Fusarium wilt - Fusarium oxysporum. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust. http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/plant_pathology_research/Soilborne_plant_disease... Than, p. p., H. Prihastuti, S. Phoulivong, P. W. J. Taylor, and K. D. Hyde. 2008. review: Chilli anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 9(10):764-778. Vien, T. D. 2005. Overview on tomato production and tomato varieties in Vietnam. Hanoi Agricultural University, Hanoi – Vietnam. Werkman, A. W., and C. E. Sansford. 2010. Pest Risk Analysis for Pepino mosaic virus for the EU. Deliverable Report 4.3. EU Sixth Framework Project Project PEPEIRA. http://www.pepeira.com. Women Union of Vinh Chau District. 2010. Developing a community-based model on onion-based cultivation crops to adapt to climate change impact (droughts and saline intrusion) in Vinh Chau Commune, Vinh Chau District, Soc Trang Province - CBA/VN/SPA/09/07. in D. o. A. o. V. C. District, ed.

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5. Appendices

Appendix A. Pest list for Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica spp., Capsicum spp., Lactuca spp., Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., and Citrillus spp. (non-Poaceae) seeds from the United States. Below we list a group of organisms that cannot be considered of quarantine significance for the Republic of Vietnam due to the following reasons: a) pest is present in Vietnam, b) pest is not seedborne, c) there is no reliable evidence of seed transmission, and d) pest is present and regulated in the United States. Species highlighted in gray are pests regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) of the Republic of Vietnam, species bolded are pests regulated by the United States, and pest with limited distribution are shown with the state abbreviation in brackets [AB].

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Mites Aculops lycopersici Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No (Tryon) (CABI, 2013) External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Acarus siro Linnaeus (CABI, 2013) Mononychellus Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No tanajoa (CABI, 2013) Petrobia latens (O.F. Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Müller) (CABI, 2013) Phytonemus pallidus Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No (Banks) (CABI, 2013) Polyphagotarsonemus Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No latus Banks (CABI, 2013) Tetranychus Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No cinnabarinus (CABI, 2013) (Boisduval) Tetranychus pacificus Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No McGregor (CABI, 2013) Tetranychus urticae Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Koch (CABI, 2013)

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Tyrophagus External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes putrescentiae (CABI, 2013) (Schrank) Insects Acalymma vittatum External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Fabricius) (CABI, 2013) Achaea janata CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No (Linnaeus) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Acrosternum hilare External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Say) (CABI, 2013) Acyrthosiphon kondoi Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Shinji (CABI, 2013) Adelphocoris External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No lineolatus Goeze (CABI, 2013) Host status Agriotes lineatus unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No 2013); root and leaf (Linnaeus) feeder (CABI, 2013) Agrotis ipsilon CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Hufnagel) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Ahasverus advena External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Waltl) (CABI, 2013) Aleurodicus dispersus CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Russell 2013 (CABI, 2013) Anthonomus eugenii Fruit feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Cano 2013) Aonidiella orientalis [FL] (CABI, Foliage feeder Not known No (Newstead) 2013) (CABI, 2013) CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Aphis craccivora Koch 2013 (CABI, 2013) External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Aphis fabae Scopoli (CABI, 2013) CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Aphis gossypii Glover 2013 (CABI, 2013) Aphis spiraecola Patch CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, No External feeder

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

2013 (CABI, 2013) Araecerus fasciculatus CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No (De Geer) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Aspidiotus destructor CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Signoret 2013 (CABI, 2013) Atherigona orientalis Internal feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Schiner (CABI, 2013) Aulacaspis CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 No tubercularis Newstead 2013 (CABI, 2013) Aulacorthum solani External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Kaltenbach (CABI, 2013) Bemisia tabaci CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Gennadius) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Bemisia tabaci (B External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No biotype) (Gennadius) (CABI, 2013) Brachycaudus Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No helichrysi Kaltenbach (CABI, 2013) Cacoecimorpha [OR] (CABI, [OR] (CABI, External feeder Not known No pronubana Hübner 2013) 2013) (CABI, 2013) Ceroplastes ceriferus External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Indian wax scale) (CABI, 2013) Ceutorhynchus External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes assimilis (Paykull) (CABI, 2013) Chaetocnema confinis External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Crotch (CABI, 2013) Chrysodeixis eriosoma [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, CABI, External feeder No Doubleday 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Chrysodeixis includens External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Walker) (CABI, 2013) Circulifer tenellus External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Baker) (CABI, 2013) Coccus hesperidum CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Linnaeus 2013 (CABI, 2013)

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Contarinia nasturtii Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No (Kieffer) (CABI, 2013) Corcyra cephalonica CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No (Stainton) 2013 (CABI, 2013) [CA, FL, LO, NM, Crocidosema Foliage feeder NC, SC, TX] Not known No (CABI, 2013) plebejana Zeller (CABI, 2013) Chromatomyia CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 No horticola Goureau 2013 (CABI, 2013) Internal feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Delia floralis (Fallén) (CABI, 2013) Underground Women feeder; especially Union of germinating seeds; CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Vinh Chau Yes Delia platura (Meigen) not associated with District, flowering structures 2010 (CABI, 2013) Delia radicum Internal feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Linnaeus (CABI, 2013) Diabrotica balteata External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Leconte (CABI, 2013) Diabrotica barberi External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Smith & Lawrence, (CABI, 2013) (Krysan et al.) Diabrotica External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No undecimpunctata (CABI, 2013) Mannerheim Diabrotica virgifera External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No virgifera LeConte (CABI, 2013) Diaphania indica [FL] (CABI, [FL] (CABI, [FL] (CABI, [FL] (CABI, CABI, External feeder No (Saunders) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Diaphania nitidalis External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Stoll) (CABI, 2013) Diaprepes abbreviatus [FL, MS] External feeder Not known No (Linnaeus) (CABI, (CABI, 2013)

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

2013) Duponchelia fovealis External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Zeller (CABI, 2013) CA, FL, HI, CA, FL, HI, External feeding [CA, FL, HI, [CA, FL, HI, Dysmicoccus brevipes LA] (CABI, LA] (CABI, CABI, (CABI, 2013); US LA] (CABI, LA] (CABI, No 2013 2013 2013 regulated pest (Cockerell) 2013) 2013) (PestID, 2013) Elasmopalpus CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 No lignosellus (Zeller) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Empoasca fabae Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Harris (CABI, 2013) Epitrix cucumeris External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Harris) (CABI, 2013) Internal feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Epitrix tuberis Gentner (CABI, 2013) Eudocima fullonia [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, CABI, Fruit feeder (CABI, No (Clerck 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013 2013) Ferrisia virgata CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Cockerell 2013 (CABI, 2013) Frankliniella fusca Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Hinds) (CABI, 2013) Frankliniella intonsa External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Trybom) (CABI, 2013) Frankliniella External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No occidentalis (CABI, 2013) (Pergande) Frankliniella schultzei Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Trybom) (CABI, 2013) Gryllotalpa africana CABI, Root feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 No Palisot de Beauvois 2013 2013) Gryllotalpa Root feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No gryllotalpa (Linnaeus) 2013) Helicoverpa zea External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Boddie) (CABI, 2013) Heliothis virescens CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No External feeder

13 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

(Fabricius) (CABI, 2013) Hellula undalis [HI] (CABI, CABI, Foliage feeder No (Fabricius) 2013) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Hercinothrips External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No femoralis (Reuter) (CABI, 2013) Hydraecia micacea Foliage and root CABI, 2013 Not known No feeder (CABI, (Esper) 2013) Hypera postica Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Gyllenhal) (CABI, 2013) Hyperomyzus lactucae External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Linnaeus (CABI, 2013) Keiferia lycopersicella Foliage and fruit CABI, 2013 Not known No feeder (CABI, Walsingham 2013) Pest of dried Lasioderma serricorne products; especially CABI, 2013 Not known Ye a pest of cured Fabricius tobacco (CABI, 2013) Latheticus oryzae External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Waterhouse (CABI, 2013) Regulated Leptitarsa Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 (MARD, No (CABI, 2013) decemlineata Say 2005) Limonius californicus Root feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Mannerheim) 2013) Limothrips cerealium External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Haliday) (CABI, 2013) Limothrips denticornis External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Haliday (CABI, 2013) Lipaphis erysimi Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Kaltenbach (CABI, 2013) Liposcelis External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes bostrychophila (CABI, 2013) (Badonnel) Liriomyza brassicae CABI, 2013 Not known No Foliage feeder

14 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Riley (CABI, 2013) Liriomyza sativae CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Blanchard 2013 (CABI, 2013) Liriomyza trifolii Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Burgess et al., 2008 (CABI, 2013) Listroderes costirostris External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Schönherr (CABI, 2013) Lygus lineolaris External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Palisot de Beauvois (CABI, 2013) Macrosiphum External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No euphorbiae Thomas (CABI, 2013) Macrosteles Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No quadrilineatus (CABI, 2013) (Forbes) Manduca Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No quinquemaculata (CABI, 2013) (Haworth) Manduca sexta Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Linnaeus) (CABI, 2013) Melanoplus bivittatus External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No (Say) (CABI, 2013) Melanoplus External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No sanguinipes (CABI, 2013) (Fabricius) Melanotus communis Root feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Gyllenhal 2013) Meligethes aeneus External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Fabricius (CABI, 2013) Murgantia histrionica Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Hahn) (CABI, 2013) Mythimna unipuncta External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Haworth Syn: (CABI, 2013) Pseudaletia unipuncta

15 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

(Haworth) CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Myzus persicae Sulzer 2013 (CABI, 2013) Foliage and fruit Nesidiocoris tenuis CABI, CABI, 2013 No feeder (CABI, 2013 (Reuter) 2013) Nasonovia ribisnigri Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No (Mosley) (CABI, 2013) Nezara viridula External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Linnaeus) (CABI, 2013) Noctua pronuba External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Linnaeus) (CABI, 2013) Foliage feeding [FL, HI] Opogona sacchari (CABI, 2013); US (CABI, Not known No regulated pest Bojer 2013) (PestID, 2013) Orthezia insignis External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Browne (CABI, 2013) Oryzaephilus mercator External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Fauvel) (CABI, 2013) Ostrinia nubilalis External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Hübner) (CABI, 2013) External feeding Parabemisia myricae [CA, FL, HI] CABI, (CABI, 2013); US No (Kuwana (CABI, 2013) 2013 regulated pest (PestID, 2013)

Paracoccus External feeding [FL, HI] marginatus Williams [FL, HI] (CABI, (CABI, 2013); US (CABI, Not known No 2013) regulated pest & Granara de 2013) (PestID, 2013) Willink

Parasaissetia nigra CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Nietner) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Perkinsiella No Foliage feeding [FL, HI, TX] CABI, saccharicida (CABI, 2013); US

16 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Kirkaldy, G.W. (CABI, 2013) 2013 regulated pest (PestID, 2013)

Pentalonia CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No nigronervosa Coquerel 2013 (CABI, 2013) Peridroma saucia External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Hübner) (CABI, 2013) Phenacoccus External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No madeirensis Green (CABI, 2013) Phenacoccus CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No solenopsis Tinsley 2013 (CABI, 2013) Philaenus spumarius Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Linnaeus (CABI, 2013) Phyllotreta cruciferae External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Goeze) (CABI, 2013) Phyllotreta striolata CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No (Fabricius) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Phthorimaea CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No operculella (Zeller) 2013 (CABI, 2013) External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Pieris napi (Linnaeus) (CABI, 2013) CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No Pieris rapae Linnaeus 2013 (CABI, 2013)

Piezodorus guildinii External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No (Westwood) (CABI, 2013) Planococcus citri CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No (Risso) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Platynota stultana Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Walsingham (CABI, 2013) Pseudaulacaspis CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No pentagona (Targioni 2013 (CABI, 2013) Tozzetti) Pseudococcus External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No calceolariae (Maskell) (CABI, 2013)

17 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Pseudococcus External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No jackbeardsleyi (Jack (CABI, 2013) Beardsley mealybug) Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 Not known No Psila rosae (Fabricius) (CABI, 2013) Rhopalosiphum External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No rufiabdominale (CABI, 2013) (Sasaki) Rhyzopertha dominica CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 Yes (Fabricius) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Saissetia coffeae CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Walker) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Solenopsis geminata CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Fabricius) 2013 (CABI, 2013) [CA, HI] Sophonia orientalis Foliage feeder (CABI, Not known No (CABI, 2013) (Matsumura) 2013) Spodoptera eridania External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Stoll (CABI, 2013) [CA, HI, [CA, HI, External feeding KS, OR, KS, OR, Spodoptera exempta CABI, (CABI, 2013); US WA, WI] WA, WI] No 2013 regulated pest Walker (CABI, (CABI, (PestID, 2013) 2013) 2013)

Spodoptera exigua CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Hübner) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Spodoptera frugiperda External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No J.E. Smith (CABI, 2013) Spodoptera mauritia CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No acronyctoides Guenée 2013 (CABI, 2013) Spoladea recurvalis CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 No (Fabricius) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Stegobium paniceum External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Linnaeus) (CABI, 2013)

18 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Symmetrischema Foliage and fruit CABI, 2013 Not known No feeder (CABI, tangolias (Gyen) 2013) Internal feeding [CA] Thaumatotibia (CABI, 2013); US (CABI, Not known Yes regulated pest leucotreta Meyrick 2013) (PestID, 2013)

Thrips hawaiiensis CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Morgan) 2013 (CABI, 2013) External feeding [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, CABI, (CABI, 2013); US No Thrips palmi Karny 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013 regulated pest (PestID, 2013)

Thrips tabaci CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Lindeman 2013 (CABI, 2013) Trialeurodes Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No vaporariorum (CABI, 2013) Westwood Tipula paludosa Root feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Meigen 2013) Tribolium castaneum CABI, Internal feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Herbst 2013 (CABI, 2013) Tribolium confusum CABI, Internal feeder Yes Jacquelin du Val 2013 (CABI, 2013) Trichoplusia ni CABI, Foliage feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 201 CABI, 2013 No (Hübner) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Trogoderma variabile External feeder CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Ballion (CABI, 2013) Unaspis citri CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 No (Comstock) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Xestia c-nigrum CABI, External feeder CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Linnaeus) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Bacteria

19 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Acidovorax avenae CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Yes subsp. avenae (Manns) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Willems et al. Burkholderia Not seed andropogonis (Smith CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, 1911) Gillis et al. 2013) Burkholderia cepacia Not seed (ex Burkholder) CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Yabuuchi et al. 2013) Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Spieckermann & 2013) Kotthoff) Dye & Kemp Dickeya chrysanthemi Not seed (Burkholder et al.) CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Samson et al. 2013) Dickeya dianthicola Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Samson et al.) 2013) Dickeya zeae Samson Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, et al. 2013) Erwinia tracheiphila Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Smith) 2013) Pantoea ananatis pv. No evidence of seed transmission in Zea CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No ananatis (Serrano) maydis (CABI, Mergaert et al. 2013) Pectobacterium Not seed CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, atrosepticum (van 2013 Hall) Gardan et al. 2013) Seed borne (Huang Erwinia rhapontici 2003); seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Millard) Burkholder transmitted (CABI, 2013). No evidence

20 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

of seed transmission in tomato or Cucumis sp. Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, carotovorum (Jones) 2013) Hauben et al. Pseudomonas cichorii Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Swingle) Stapp 2013) Pseudomonas marginalis pv. Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known transmitted (CABI, marginalis (Brown) 2013) Stevens Host status Pseudomonas syringae Burgess et CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No unknown (CABI, al., 2008 van Hall 2013) Pseudomonas syringae No evidence of seed transmission in CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No pv. aptata (Brown & Capsicum spp. Jamieson) Young et al. (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (McCulloch ) Young 2013) et al. Pseudomonas syringae CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes pv. tabaci (Wolf & 2013 (CABI, 2013) Foster) Young et al., Ralstonia Not seed CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, solanacearum (Smith) 2013 Yabuuchi et al. 2013) Ralstonia Not seed solanacearum race 1 CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013 (Smith ) Yabuuchi et 2013) al. Rhizobium radiobacter Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Beijerinck & van transmitted (CABI,

21 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Delden) Young et al. 2013) Rhizobium rhizogenes Not seed (Riker et al.) Young et CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, al. 2013) Xanthomonas Not seed CABI, No transmitted (CABI, albilineans (Ashby) 2013 Dowson 2013)

Xanthomonas Not seed campestris pv. transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No armoraciae 2013) in Brassica (CABI, 2013) (McCulloch) Dye Xanthomonas campestris pv. CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Yes campestris (Pammel) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Dowson Xanthomonas Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Vien, 2005 Yes vesicatoria (Doidge) (CABI, 2013) Dowson Fungi Alternaria brassicae CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Berk.) Sacc 2013 (CABI, 2013) Alternaria tomato Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Cooke) L.R. Jones 2013) Aspergillus flavus CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Link 2013 (CABI, 2013) Aspergillus niger CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Tiegh 2013 (CABI, 2013) Not seed Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013 C. C. Tu & Kimbr 2013) Botryotinia fuckeliana Luong et Seed transmitted on CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (de Bary) Whetzel al., 2010 beans (CABI, 2013) Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No Bremia lactucae Regel transmitted (CABI,

22 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

2013) Not seed Ceratocystis fimbriata CABI, CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013 Ellis & Halst. 2013) Cercospora apii Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Fresen. 2013) Cercospora nicotianae Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Ellis & Everh. 2013) Chalara elegans Nag Seed transmission CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes reported in peanuts Raj & W.B. Kendr (CABI, 2013) Choanephora Not seed cucurbitarum (Berk. & CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Ravenel) Thaxt. 2013) Cladosporium Cuong et al., 2008; Seedborne (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes cucumerinum Ellis & Quang et 2013) Arthur al., 2010 Cochliobolus lunatus CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes R.R. Nelson & Haasis 2013 (CABI, 2013) Cochliobolus sativus Minh et al., Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (S. Ito & Kurib.) 1997 (CABI, 2013) Drechsler ex Dastur Colletotrichum Than et al., Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 No acutatum Simmonds 2008 2013) ex Simmonds Colletotrichum capsici Unconfirmed Than et al., reports on cowpea CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Syd.) E.J. Butler & 2008 and Capsicum Bisby (CABI, 2013) Colletotrichum Nguyen et Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes dematium (Pers.) al., 2010 (CABI, 2013) Grove Colletotrichum CABI, Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No orbiculare (Berk. & 2013 2013) Mont.) Arx Colletotrichum CABI, 2013 CABI, Yes Seed transmission

23 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. truncatum (Schwein.) 2013 reported in soybeans (CABI, Andrus & W.D. Moore 2013) Diaporthe Host status phaseolorum (Cooke CABI, 2013 Not known Yes unknown (CABI, & Ell.) Sacc 2013)

Diaporthe Seed transmission phaseolorum var. reported in CABI, 2013 Not known Yes meridionalis F.A. soybeans (CABI, 2013) Fern.

Diaporthe Seed transmission phaseolorum var. reported in CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes sojae (Lehman) soybeans (CABI, 2013) Wehm. Didymella bryoniae Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 FAO, 2008 Yes (Auersw.) Rehm 2013) Not known Didymella ligulicola Not seed (Baker, Dimock & CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, Davis) v. Arx 2013) Didymella lycopersici Not known Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, Kleb 2013) Erysiphe cruciferarum Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Opiz ex L. Junell 2013) RBG and Fusarium oxysporum Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Domain No 2013) Schlechtendahl Trust, 2013 Fusarium oxysporum Not known Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 Yes f.sp. cucumerinum J.H. 2013) Owen Fusarium oxysporum Not known f.sp. radicis- Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 No lycopersici Jarvis & 2013) Shoemaker CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Yes Fusarium oxysporum 2013 (CABI, 2013)

24 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. f.sp. niveum (E.F. Sm.) Snyder & H.N. Hansen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (G.F. CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Yes Atk.) W.C. Snyder & 2013 (CABI, 2013) H.N. Hansen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis Not seed Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Sacc.) v. Arx & 2013) Olivier Gibberella fujikuroi CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes var. fujikuroi (Sawada) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Wollenw RBG and Gibberella zeae Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Domain Yes (CABI, 2013) (Schwein.) Petch Trust, 2013 Glomerella cingulata CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Stonem.) Spauld. & 2013 (CABI, 2013) Schrenk Golovinomyces Not seed cichoracearum (DC.) CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, V.P. Heluta 2013) Golovinomyces orontii Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Castagne) V.P. Heluta 2013) Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, & Broome) Samuels & 2013) Rossman Hyaloperonospora Mehta et Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Yes parasitica (downy al., 2005 (CABI, 2013) mildew) Not seed Khuskia oryzae Huds. CABI, 2013 Not known Yes transmitted (CABI, 2013) Lasiodiplodia CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, Yes Seed transmitted

25 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. theobromae (Pat.) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Griffiths & Maubl. Leveillula taurica Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Lév.) G. Arnaud 2013) Macrophomina Not seed phaseolina (Tassi) CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes transmitted (CABI, Goid 2013) Microdochium panattonianum (Berl.) Seed borne (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes B.Sutton, Galea & 2013) T.V. Price Monosporascus [AR, CA, [AR, CA, KS, TX] KS, TX] Unknown (CABI, Not known No cannonballus Pollack (CABI, (CABI, 2013) & Uecker 2013) 2013) Oidium neolycopersici Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, L. Kiss 2013) Olpidium brassicae Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Woronin) P.A. Dang. 2013) Passalora fulva CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Yes (Cooke) U. Braun & 2013 (CABI, 2013) Crous Penicillium digitatum CABI, Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Pers.) Sacc. 2013 2013) Penicillium expansum Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Link 2013) Penicillium expansum Unknown (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Link 2013) Not seed Penicillium italicum CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013 Stoll 2013) Unconfirmed report Phomopsis longicolla on Capsicum and CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Hobbs tomato (CABI, 2013)

26 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Phytophthora Not seed CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, cactorum (Lebert & 2013 Cohn) J. Schröt. 2013) Not seed Phytophthora capsici CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013 Leonian 2013) Phytophthora citrophthora (R.H. CABI, Seed transmitted on CABI, 2013 No Sm. & E. Sm.) 2013 citrus (CABI, 2013) Leonian Phytophthora Not seed cryptogea Pethybr. & CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Laff. 2013) Phytophthora erythroseptica var. Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, erythroseptica 2013) (Waterhouse Phytophthora infestans CABI, Seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Yes (Mont.) de Bary 2013 (CABI, 2013) Phytophthora Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, megasperma Drechsler 2013) Phytophthora Not seed CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, nicotianae (black 2013 shank) 2013) Phytophthora porri Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Foister 2013) Plasmodiophora Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, brassicae Woronin 2013) Podosphaera fusca Not seed CABI, CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, (Fr.) U. Braun & 2013 Shishkoff 2013) Podosphaera xanthii Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, (Castagne) U. Braun & 2013)

27 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Shishkoff Pseudocercospora Not seed CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, fuligena (Roldan) 2013 Deighton 2013) Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, M.A. Curtis) 2013) Rostovtzev Pythium CABI, Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No aphanidermatum 2013 (CABI, 2013) (Edson) Fitzp Pythium Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 Not known No arrhenomanes (CABI, 2013) Drechsler Pythium debaryanum Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Hesse (CABI, 2013) Pythium graminicola Soil borne pathogen Not known No Subram. (CABI, 2013) Pythium irregulare CABI, Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Buisman 2013 (CABI, 2013) Pythium myriotylum Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Drechsler (CABI, 2013) Pythium oligandrum Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Drechsler (CABI, 2013) Pythium splendens CABI, Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Braun 2013 (CABI, 2013) Pythium vexans de CABI, Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Bary 2013 (CABI, 2013) Rosellinia necatrix Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 Not known No Prill. (CABI, 2013) Sclerotinia Seed transmission CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes unknown (CABI, sclerotiorum (Lib.) de 2013 Bary 2013)

28 DRAFT

Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Spongospora Not seed subterranea f.sp. CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, subterranea J.A. Toml 2013) Stemphylium Not seed vesicarium (Wallr.) CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, E.G. Simmons 2013) Streptomyces Not seed scabies(ex Thaxter) CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Lambert & Loria 2013) Thanatephorus Seedborne, seed CABI, transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes cucumeris (Frank) 2013 unknown (CABI, Donk 2013) Ulocladium atrum Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, Preuss 2013) Reported in Verticillium albo- Regulated Brassica seeds, but atrum Reinke & CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 (MARD, No transmission is 2005) unknown (CABI, Berthold 2013) Reported in Verticillium dahliae Brassica seeds, but CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmission is Kleb. unknown (CABI, 2013) Nematodes Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi Foliar nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No (Chrysanthemum (CABI, 2013) foliar eelworm) Belonolaimus Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No longicaudatus Rau (CABI, 2013) Regulated Ditylenchus destructor Foliage nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 (MARD, No (CABI, 2013) Thorne 2005) Regulated Ditylenchus dipsaci Foliage nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 (MARD, No (Kühn) Filip'ev 2005) (CABI, 2013)

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Regulated Globodera pallida Foliage nematode CABI, 2013 (MARD, No (CABI, 2013) (Stone) Behrens 2005) Globodera rostochiensis Root nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No (Wollenweber) (CABI, 2013) Behrens Globodera tabacum Root nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No (Lownsbery & (CABI, 2013) Lownsbery) Behrens Helicotylenchus CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No dihystera (Cobb) Sher 2013 (CABI, 2013) Helicotylenchus CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No multicinctus (Cobb) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Golden Helicotylenchus CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No pseudorobustus 2013 (CABI, 2013) (Steiner) Golden Hemicycliophora Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No arenaria Raski (CABI, 2013) Heterodera glycines Root nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No Ichinohe (CABI, 2013) Hirschmanniella CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 No oryzae (van Breda de 2013 (CABI, 2013) Haan) Luc&Goodey Longidorus elongatus CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (de Man) Micoletzky 2013 (CABI, 2013) Meloidogyne arenaria Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Neal) Chitwood (CABI, 2013) Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, Root nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No O'BanNon, Santo & (CABI, 2013) Finley Meloidogyne CABI, 2013 Not known No Root nematode

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. floridensis (CABI, 2013) Meloidogyne CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 No graminicola Golden & 2013 (CABI, 2013) Birchfield Meloidogyne hapla Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Chitwood (CABI, 2013) Meloidogyne incognita CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Kofoid & White) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Chitwood Meloidogyne javanica CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (sugarcane eelworm) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Meloidogyne [FL, PR] [FL, PR] [FL, PR] [FL, PR] (CABI, Root nematode (CABI, (CABI, (CABI, Not known No mayaguensis Rammah 2013) (CABI, 2013) & Hirschmann 2013) 2013) 2013) [AR, CO, [AR, CO, [AR, CO, [AR, CO, [AR, CO, [AR, CO, KS, Root nematode Nacobbus aberrans KS, MT, KS, MT, KS, MT, KS, MT, KS, MT, MT, NE, SD, (CABI, 2013); US NE, SD, UT, NE, SD, UT, NE, SD, UT, NE, SD, UT, NE, SD, UT, Not known No (Thorne) Thorne & UT, WY] regulated pest WY] (CABI, WY] (CABI, WY] (CABI, WY] (CABI, WY] (CABI, (CABI, 2013) (PestID, 2013) Allen 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) Paratrichodorus CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No porosus (Allen) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Siddiqi Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Filipjev & 2013 (CABI, 2013) Schuurmans Stekhoven Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 No Filipjev & 2013 (CABI, 2013) Schuurmans Steckhoven Pratylenchus CABI, Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No penetrans (Cobb) 2013 (CABI, 2013)

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven Pratylenchus thornei Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Sher & Allen (CABI, 2013) Pratylenchus vulnus Root nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No Allen & Jensen (CABI, 2013) [AR, FL, [AR, FL, GA, HI, LA, GA, HI, LA, Pratylenchus zeae CABI, Root nematode MS, NC, MS, NC, No 2013 (CABI, 2013) Graham TX] (CABI, TX] (CABI, 2013) 2013) Regulated Radopholus similis Root nematode CABI, 2013 (MARD, No (CABI, 2013) (Cobb) Thorne 2005) Rotylenchulus restricted restricted restricted restricted restricted restricted restricted (CABI, CABI, Root nematode (CABI, (CABI, (CABI, (CABI, (CABI, (CABI, No reniformis Linford & 2013) 2013 (CABI, 2013) Oliveira 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) Trichodorus primitivus Root nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No (de Man) Micoletzky (CABI, 2013) Scutellonema Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No brachyurus Steiner. (CABI, 2013) Andrássy Scutellonema bradys [AR, FL] (CABI, Root nematode Not known No (Steiner & Le Hew) 2013) (CABI, 2013) Andrássy Tylenchorhynchus Root nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No claytoni Steiner (CABI, 2013) Xiphinema Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No americanum Cobb (CABI, 2013) Xiphinema index [CA] (CABI, root nematode Not known No Thorne & Allen 2013) (CABI, 2013) Xiphinema rivesi Root nematode CABI, 2013 Not known No Dalmasso (CABI, 2013) Root nematode CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Zygotylenchus (CABI, 2013)

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. guevarai (Tobar Jiménez) Braun & Loof Phytoplasmas aster yellows Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, phytoplasma group 2013) Grapevine yellows Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, phytoplasmas 2013) Not seed Spiroplasma citri CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Viruses Not known Not seed Beet mosaic virus CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Not known Not seed Beet curly top virus CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Beet pseudoyellows Not known No evidence of seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmission virus (CABI, 2013) Not known Not seed Beet western yellows No (CABI, CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) virus 2013) Not known Not seed Broad bean wilt virus CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Not known Not seed Carnation mottle virus CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Cauliflower mosaic Not known Not seed CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, virus 2013) CABI, Not seedborne CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Citrus exocortis viroid 2013 (CABI, 2013) Clover yellow vein Not seed CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, virus 2013) Seed borne, seed Cucumber green CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted (CABI, 2013 mottle mosaic virus 2013)

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Cucumber mosaic CABI, Not reported in Zea CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No virus 2013 mays (CABI, 2013) [AZ, CA, [AZ, CA, [AZ, CA, Not known Not seed Cucurbit yellow FL, TX] FL, TX] FL, TX] No transmitted (CABI, (CABI, (CABI, (CABI, stunting disorder virus 2013 2013) 2013) 2013) Impatiens necrotic Not known Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, spot virus (TSWV-I) 2013) Not known Not reported CABI, 2013 No Lettuce big-vein virus (CABI, 2013) Lettuce infectious Not known Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, yellows virus 2013) Papaya ringspot virus CABI, Unconfirmed record CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (papaya PRSV - strain 2013 (CABI, 2013) P: papaya) Not seed Peanut stunt virus CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Werkman Seed borne, seed and CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted (CABI, PepiNo mosaic virus Sansford, 2013) 2010 Not known Not seed Pepper golden mosaic [AZ, TX] (CABI, No transmitted (CABI, 2013) virus 2013) Pepper mild mottle Not known Seed borne, seed CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted (CABI, virus 2013) Not known Not seed Potato leafroll virus CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Not known Not seed Potato virus X CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Not seed CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, Potato virus Y 2013 2013) Potato yellow dwarf Not known Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, nucleorhabdovirus 2013) Not known Seed borne, seed CABI, 2013 Yes Prunus necrotic transmitted in

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. ringspot virus Prunus (CABI, 2013) Werkman Not seed and CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, Rice hoja blanca virus Sansford, 2013) 2010 [AZ, CA, [AZ, CA, [AZ, CA, Not known Not seed Squash leaf curl virus TX] (CABI, TX] (CABI, TX] (CABI, No transmitted (CABI, 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) Not known Seed borne, seed Squash mosaic virus CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted (CABI, 2013) Not seed Sweet potato feathery CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013 mottle virus 2013) Not known Not seed Tobacco etch virus CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Not known Not seed Tobacco leaf curl virus CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Brcák and Seed borne, seed Tobacco mosaic virus CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Pozdena, Yes transmitted (CABI, 1976 2013) Not known Not seed Tobacco necrosis virus CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Not known Seed transmission reported in Allium, Viola, Myosotis, Lamiun, Capsella, Polygonum, Tobacco rattle virus CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Papaver, Portulaca, Solanum sarachoiudes, Xanthium, and Aponaria (CABI, 2013) Not known Reported in Solanum tuberosum, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Tobacco ringspot virus soybean, and Amaranthus (CABI, 2013) Not known Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Tomato chlorosis virus transmitted (CABI,

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Solanum Brassica Capsicum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Citrillus Pest Vietnam Seed Comments lycopersicum spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

2013) Tomato infectious Not known Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, chlorosis virus 2013) [AL, FL, SC, Not known Not seed Tomato mottle virus TN, VI] (CABI, No transmitted (CABI, 2013) 2013) Not known Not seed Tomato ringspot virus CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, 2013) Tomato spotted wilt Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, virus 2013) Tomato yellow leaf Díaz- Not seed CABI, 2013 Pendón et No transmitted (CABI, curl virus al., 2010 2013) Not seed CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted (CABI, Turnip mosaic virus 2013 2013) Watermelon mosaic Not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted (CABI, virus 2013) Not seed Zucchini yellow CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted (CABI, 2013 mosaic virus 2013)

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Appendix B. Pest list for Zea mays, Cynodon spp., Festuca spp., Lolium spp., Oryza spp., Panicum spp., and Paspalum spp. (Poaceae) seeds from the United States. Below we list a group of organisms that are not considered of quarantine significance for the Republic of Vietnam due to the following reasons: a) pest is present in Vietnam, b) pest is not seedborne, c) there is no reliable evidence of seed transmission, and d) pest is present and regulated in the United States. Species highlighted in gray are pests regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) of the Republic of Vietnam, species bolded are pests regulated by the United States, and pest with limited distribution are shown with the state abbreviation in brackets [AB].

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Mites Aceria tosichella Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Keifer 2013) Aceria tulipae Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (Keifer, 2013) Acarus siro External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Linnaeus 2013) Brevipalpus Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No phoenicis 2013) (Geijskes) Penthaleus major Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Dugès 2013) Tetranychus Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No cinnabarinus 2013) (Boisduval) Tetranychus Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No pacificus McGregor 2013) Tetranychus urticae Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Koch 2013) Typhaea stercorea External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Linnaeus) 2013) Insect Acalymma vittatum External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (Fabricius) 2013)

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Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Acanthoscelides Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes obtectus Say 2013) Aceria tosichella External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Keifer 2013) Acrosternum hilare External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (Say) 2013) Agriotes lineatus CABI, 2013 Not known No Leaf feeder (CABI, 2013) (Linnaeus) Agrotis ipsilon External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Hufnagel) 2013) Ahasverus advena External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Waltl) 2013) Alphitobius External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes diaperinus (Panzer) 2013) Anaphothrips External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No obscurus Müller 2013) Aphis craccivora External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Koch 2013) External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Aphis fabae Scopoli 2013) Aphis gossypii External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Glover 2013) Aphis spiraecola External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Patch 2013) Araecerus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No fasciculatus (De 2013) Geer) Atherigona Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No orientalis Schiner 2013) Blissus leucopterus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI. 2013 Not known No (Say) 2013) Brevennia rehi External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI. 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Lindinger) 2013)

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Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Cadra cautella External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Walker 2013) Carpophilus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes hemipterus 2013) (Linnaeus) Carpophilus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No humeralis 2013) (Fabricius) Caulophilus oryzae This is a pest of stored grain and does not CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Gyllenhal) infest seeds in the field. (CABI, 2013). Chaetanaphothrips External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No orchidii (Moulton) 2013) Chaetocnema External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No confinis Crotch 2013) Chaetocnema pulicaria CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Leaf feeder (CABI, 2013) Melsheimer Chilo suppressalis [HI] (CABI, External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Walker) 2013) 2013) Chlorophorus [HI] (CABI, Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 No annularis 2013) 2013) (Fabricius) Chrysodeixis [HI] (CABI, External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 No eriosoma 2013) 2013) Doubleday Chrysodeixis External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No includens (Walker) 2013) Corcyra External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No cephalonica (rice 2013) meal moth) Not known No External feeder (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, Cryptoblabes 2013); US regulated

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Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. gnidiella Millière 2013) 2013) pest (PestID, 2013)

Cryptolestes Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes ferrugineus 2013) (Stephens) Cryptolestes Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes pusillus Schönherr 2013) Cydia pomonella Affects fruits, including CABI, 2013 Not known No Linnaeus pods (CABI, 2013)

Dalbulus maidis CABI, 2013 Not known No Leaf feeder (CABI, 2013) DeLong & Wolcott Women Union of Delia platura Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Vinh Chau Yes 2013) (Meigen) District, 2010 Diabrotica balteata External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Leconte 2013) Diabrotica barberi External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Smith & Lawrence, 2013) (Krysan et al.) Diabrotica External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No undecimpunctata 2013) Mannerheim Diabrotica External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No virgifera virgifera 2013) LeConte Diaprepes External feeder (CABI, [FL, MS] Not known No 2013); US regulated abbreviatus (CABI, 2013) (Linnaeus) pest (PestID, 2013)

Diatraea External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No grandiosella Dyar 2013)

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Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Diatraea External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No saccharalis 2013) Fabricius Dinoderus minutus [CA, FL] CABI, 2013 No Stem feeder (CABI, 2013 (Fabricius) (CABI, 2013) Dysmicoccus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No brevipes 2013) (Cockerell) Elasmopalpus Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No lignosellus (Zeller) 2013) Epitrix cucumeris External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (Harris) 2013) Exomala orientalis External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Waterhouse) 2013) Ferrisia virgata External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Cockerell 2013) Fimbristylis [HI] (CABI, Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 No littoralis Gaud. 2013) 2013) Frankliniella fusca Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (Hinds) 2013) Frankliniella External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No intonsa (Trybom) 2013) Foliage feeder (CABI, Frankliniella [CO, FL, HI] Not known No 2013); US regulated (CABI, 2013) schultzei (Trybom) pest (PestID, 2013)

Gryllotalpa External feeder (CABI, [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated africana Palisot de 2013) 2013) Beauvois pest (PestID, 2013)

Gryllotalpa External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No gryllotalpa 2013) (Linnaeus)

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Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Helicoverpa zea External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Boddie) 2013) Heliothis virescens External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (Fabricius) 2013) Hydraecia immanis Root feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Guenée 2013) [IA, NY, OH, Hydraecia micacea Foliage and root feeder WI] (CABI, Not known No (CABI, 2013) (Esper) 2013) Hydrellia griseola Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Fallén 2013) Hydrellia Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No philippina Ferino 2013) Hypera zoilus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (Fabricius) 2013) Lasioderma Host status unknown CABI, 2013 Not known Ye serricorne (CABI, 2013) Fabricius Latheticus oryzae External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Waterhouse 2013) Limonius External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes californicus 2013) (Mannerheim) Limothrips External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes cerealium (Haliday) 2013) Limothrips External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No denticornis Haliday 2013) Liriomyza sativae Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Blanchard 2013) Lissorhoptrus Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No oryzophilus 2013) Kuschel Lygus lineolaris External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Palisot de Beauvois 2013)

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Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Maconellicoccus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated hirsutus (Green) pest (PestID, 2013)

Macrosiphum External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No euphorbiae Thomas 2013) Macrosteles Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No quadrilineatus 2013) (Forbes) Mamestra External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes configurata Walker 2013) Mayetiola External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No destructor (Say) 2013) Melanaphis Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No sacchari (Zehntner) 2013) Melanoplus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No bivittatus (Say) 2013) Melanoplus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No sanguinipes 2013) (Fabricius) Melanotus Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No communis 2013) Gyllenhal Meromyza saltatrix [AK] CABI, Foliage feeder (CABI, Not known No (Linnaeus) 2013 2013) Metamasius Foliage feeder (CABI, [FL] (CABI, Not known No 2013); US regulated hemipterus 2013) Linnaeus pest (PestID, 2013)

Metopolophium Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No dirhodum (Walker) 2013) Murgantia Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No histrionica (Hahn) 2013)

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Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Mythimna External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes unipuncta Haworth 2013) Myzus persicae External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Sulzer 2013) Nezara viridula External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Linnaeus) 2013) Noctua pronuba External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (Linnaeus) 2013) Oebalus insularis [FL] CABI, External feeder (CABI, Not known No Stål, 2013 2013) Foliage feeder (CABI, Opogona sacchari [FL, HI] Not known No 2013); US regulated (CABI, 2013) Bojer pest (PestID, 2013)

Orgyia leucostigma External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No (J.E. Smith) 2013) Oryzaephilus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes mercator (Fauvel) 2013) Oryzaephilus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes surinamensis 2013) (Linnaeus) Oscinella frit External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Linnaeus 2013) Ostrinia nubilalis External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Hübner) 2013) Oulema melanopus Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Linnaeus) 2013) Perkinsiella [FL, HI, Foliage feeder (CABI, [FL, HI, TX] [FL, HI, TX] TX] (CABI, CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated saccharicida (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Kirkaldy, G.W. 2013) pest (PestID, 2013)

Peregrinus maidis Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Ashmead) 2013)

44 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Peridroma saucia External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Hübner) 2013) Piezodorus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes guildinii (stink bug) 2013) Phenacoccus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No solenopsis Tinsley 2013) Platynota stultana Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Walsingham 2013) Plodia External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes interpunctella 2013) (Hübner) Plutella xylostella External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Linnaeus 2013) Prostephanus This is a pest of stored grain and does not infest truncatus (Horn) seeds in the field. Proper CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No storage of harvested seeds may be sufficient to prevent infestation with this pest (CABI, 2013). Pseudococcus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No calceolariae 2013) (Maskell) Pseudococcus External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No jackbeardsleyi 2013) Gimpel and Miller Popillia japonica Regulated External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 (MARD, No 2013); US regulated Newman 2005) pest (PestID, 2013)

Rhabdoscelus Foliage feeder (CABI, [HI] (CABI, Not known No 2013); US regulated obscurus 2013) (Boisduval) pest (PestID, 2013)

External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Rhopalosiphum 2013)

45 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. insertum (Walker) Rhopalosiphum External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No maidis (Fitch) 2013) Rhopalosiphum External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No padi Linnaeus 2013) Rhopalosiphum External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No rufiabdominale 2013) (Sasaki) Rhyzopertha External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes dominica 2013) (Fabricius) Saccharicoccus [FL, HI, TX] External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 No sacchari CABI, 2013 2013) (Cockerell) Scirtothrips External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated dorsalis Hood pest (PestID, 2013)

Foliage feeder (CABI, Sesamia inferens [HI] (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated 2013) (Walker) pest (PestID, 2013)

Sipha maydis External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No 2013); US regulated Passerini pest (PestID, 2013)

Sipha flava External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Forbes) 2013) Sitobion avenae External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Fabricius) 2013) Sitobion miscanthi [HI] (CABI, External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Takahashi) 2013) 2013) Regulated Sitophilus Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 (MARD, Yes 2013) granarius Linnaeus 2005) Sitophilus zeamais CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Internal feeder (CABI,

46 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Motschulsky 2013) Sitotroga cerealella Pham et al., Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Olivier) 1994 2013) Solenopsis External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No geminata 2013) (Fabricius) [AL, AR, FL, External feeder (CABI, Solenopsis invicta GA, LA, MS, CABI, 2013 Not known No 2013); US regulated NC, SC, TX] Buren pest (PestID, 2013) (APHIS)

Sophonia orientalis [CA, HI] Foliage feeder (CABI, Not known No (Matsumura) (CABI, 2013) 2013) Spodoptera External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No eridania Stoll in 2013) Cramer [CA, HI, [CA, HI, Spodoptera [CA, HI, KS, KS, OR, [CA, HI, KS, KS, OR, External feeder (CABI, OR, WA, WI] WA, WI] OR, WA, WI] WA, WI] CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated exempta Walker (CABI, 2013) (CABI, (CABI, 2013) (CABI, pest (PestID, 2013) 2013) 2013)

Spodoptera exigua External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Hübner) 2013) Spodoptera External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No frugiperda J.E. 2013) Smith External feeder (CABI, Spodoptera litura [FL, HI] [FL, HI] CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) (Fabricius) pest (PestID, 2013)

External feeder (CABI, Spodoptera [HI] (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated 2013) mauritia pest (PestID, 2013) acronyctoides

47 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Guenée

Spoladea recurvalis Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Fabricius) 2013) Stegobium External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes paniceum 2013) (Linnaeus) Regulated External feeder (CABI, Tagosodes [FL, LA, MS] (MARD, No 2013); US regulated CABI, 2013 orizicolus Muir 2005) pest (PestID, 2013)

Tapima External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No melanocephalum 2013) (Fabricius) Tenebroides External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes mauritanicus 2013) Linnaeus Tetraneura [FL] [FL] (CABI, [FL] (CABI, [FL] (CABI, External feeder (CABI, (CABI, Not known No nigriabdominalis 2013) 2013) 2013) 2013) Sasaki 2013) Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick Internal feeder (CABI, [CA] (CABI, Not known Yes 2013); US regulated Syn: Cryptophlebia 2013) leucotreta pest (PestID, 2013) (Meyrick)

Thrips hawaiiensis Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Morgan) 2013) External feeder (CABI, Thrips palmi [HI] (CABI, [HI] (CABI, CABI, 2013 No 2013); US regulated 2013) 2013) Karny pest (PestID, 2013)

Tipula paludosa [NY, OR, [NY, OR, [NY, OR, Foliage feeder (CABI, WA] CABI, WA] CABI, WA] CABI, No 2013); US regulated Meigen 2013 2013 2013 pest (PestID, 2013;

48 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

CABI, 2013) Tribolium Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes castaneum Herbst 2013) Tribolium confusum Internal feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Jacquelin du Val 2013) Trichoplusia ni Foliage feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Hübner) 2013) Trogoderma External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes variabile Ballion 2013) Typhaea stercorea External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Linnaeus) 2013) Xestia c-nigrum External feeder (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes 2013); US regulated (Linnaeus) pest (PestID, 2013)

Bacteria Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Manns 1909) 2013) Willems et al. Acidovorax citrulli Seedborne externally CABI, 2013 Not known Yes (Schaad et al.) (CABI, 2013) Schaad et al. Burkholderia Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No andropogonis (CABI, 2013) (Smith) Gillis et al. Burkholderia cepacia (ex Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No Burkholder) (CABI, 2013) Yabuuchi et al. Burkholderia glumae (Kurita & Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Tabei) Urakami et 2013) al.

49 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Dickeya chrysanthemi Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Burkholder et al.) (CABI, 2013) Samson et al. Dickeya zeae Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Samson et al. (CABI, 2013) Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No (Christopher & (CABI, 2013) Edgerton) Baldani et al. Leifsonia xyli CABI, 2013 Not known No (CABI, 2013) subsp. cynodontis Pantoea ananatis pv. ananatis No evidence of seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmission in Zea mays (Serrano) Mergaert (CABI, 2013) et al. Pectobacterium Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No atrosepticum (van (CABI, 2013) Hall) Gardan et al. Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No carotovorum (CABI, 2013) (Jones) Hauben et al. Pseudomonas Burgess et Host status unknown CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No syringae van Hall al., 2008 (CABI, 2013) Pseudomonas syringae pv. [AK, AR, [AK, AR, Seed borne, not seed MN, WI] MN, WI] Not known Yes coronafaciens transmitted (CABI, 2013) (Elliott) Young et (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) al. [LA,TX] Foliage infecting CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Xanthomonas (CABI, 2013) pathogen (CABI, 2013)

50 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. albilineans (Ashby) Dowson Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Ishiyama) Swings 2013) et al. Xanthomonas vasicola pv. Foliage infecting CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No holcicola (Elliott) pathogen (CABI, 2013) Vauterin et al. Xylella fastidiosa Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Wells et al., 1987) (CABI, 2013) Fungi Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. Burgess et Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 Yes & Broome) al., 2008 2013) Rossman & Samuels Alternaria Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes brassicae (Berk.) 2013) Sacc Aspergillus flavus Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Link 2013) Aspergillus niger Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Tiegh 2013) Athelia rolfsii Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Curzi) C. C. Tu & (CABI, 2013) Kimbr Bipolaris sacchari Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (E. J. Butler) 2013) Shoemaker Blumeria graminis Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (DC.) Speer (CABI, 2013)

51 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Ceratocystis Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No paradoxa (Dade) C. (CABI, 2013) Moreau Cercospora sorghi CABI, 2013 Not known No Unknown (CABI, 2013) Ellis & Everh. Cercospora zeae- maydis Tehon & CABI, 2013 Not known No Unknown (CABI, 2013) E.Y.Daniels Choanephora cucurbitarum Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No (Berk. & Ravenel) (CABI, 2013) Thaxt. Infected seed is not Claviceps [TX] (CABI, viable, but sclerotia can Not known Yes fusiformis Loveless 2013) be present as contaminant in a seed lot Infected seed is not Claviceps purpurea viable, but sclerotia can CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No (Fr.) Tul. be present as contaminant in a seed lot Cochliobolus Seedborne, seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No transmitted unknown carbonum Nelson (CABI, 2013) Cochliobolus heterostrophus Seedborne, seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted unknown (Drechsler) (CABI, 2013) Drechsler Cochliobolus Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes lunatus R.R. 2013) Nelson & Haasis Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Kurib.) Drechsler 2013) ex Dastur Caulophilus oryzae This is a pest of stored CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes grain and does not infest (Gyllenhal) seeds in the field. Proper

52 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

storage of harvested seeds may be sufficient to prevent infestation with this weevil (CABI, 2013). Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito & Minh et al., Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Kurib.) Drechsler 1997 2013) ex Dastur Bipolaris sacchari Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (E. J. Butler) 2013) Shoemaker Erysiphe Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No cruciferarum Opiz (CABI, 2013) ex L. Junell Fusarium oxysporum CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Unknown (CABI, 2013) Schlechtendahl Fusarium Seed transmission not sporotrichioides CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes reported in corn (CABI, Sherb. 2013) Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Seed transmission not CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No graminis (Sacc.) v. recorded (CABI, 2013) Arx & Olivier Gibberella fujikuroi Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes var. fujikuroi 2013) (Sawada) Wollenw RBG and Gibberella zeae Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Domain Yes 2013) (Schwein.) Petch Trust, 2013 Gloeocercospora sorghi Bain & Seed transmission CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No reported in Sorghum Edgerton ex (CABI, 2013) Deighton Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Haematonectria (CABI, 2013)

53 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman Kabatiella zeae Seed transmitted not CABI, 2013 Not known No Narita & Y. Hirats recorded (CABI, 2013) Khuskia oryzae Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Huds. (CABI, 2013) Lasiodiplodia Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes theobromae (Pat.) 2013) Griffiths & Maubl. Macrophomina Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes phaseolina (Tassi) (CABI, 2013) Goid Magnaporthe Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes grisea (Hebert) 2013) Barr Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) R.A. Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Krause & 2013) R.K.Webster Monographella albescens (Thümen) Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Parkinson, 2013) Sivanesan & C.Booth Mycosphaerella zeae-maydis [WI] (CABI, Not seed transmitted Not known No D.M.Mukunya & 2013) (CABI, 2013) C.W.Boothroyd Mycovellosiella Foliage pathogen (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No oryzae (white leaf 2013)

54 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. streak) Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes W. Gams) Glenn, 2013). Endophyte C.W. Bacon & Hanlin Oculimacula yallundae [ID, NY, [ID, NY, OR, Not seed transmitted OR, WA] WA] CABI, Not known No (Wallwork & (CABI, 2013) Spooner) Crous & CABI, 2013 2013 W. Gams Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Unknown (CABI, 2013) Sacc. Penicillium CABI, 2013 Not known No Unknown (CABI, 2013) expansum Link Penicillium CABI, 2013 Not known No Unknown (CABI, 2013) expansum Link Peronosclerospora sorghi W. Weston Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes & Uppal) C.G. 2013) Shaw Mycosphaerella zeae-maydis [WI] (CABI, Not seed transmitted Not known No D.M.Mukunya & 2013) (CABI, 2013) C.W.Boothroyd Phoma pinodella (L.K. Jones) Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known Yes 2013). Unconfirmed Morgan-Jones & report on rice K.B. Burch Phyllachora maydis Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Maubl. (CABI, 2013)

55 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Physoderma maydis Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No (Miyabe) Miyabe (CABI, 2013) Phytophthora Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No nicotianae (black (CABI, 2013) shank) Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No U. Braun & (CABI, 2013) Shishkoff Polymyxa graminis Soil-borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Ledingham (CABI, 2013) Puccinia coronata Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Corda 2013) Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Puccinia graminis 2013) Puccinia polysora Foliage pathogen (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Underw 2013) Puccinia purpurea Foliage pathogen (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Cooke 2013) Puccinia sorghi Foliage pathogen (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Schwein 2013) Puccinia substriata Foliage pathogen (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No var. substriata Ellis 2013) & Barthol. Puccinia triticina Foliage pathogen (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Erikss. & Henn. 2013) Pyrenophora teres Host status unknown CABI, 2013 Not known No Drechsler (CABI, 2013) Pythium Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No aphanidermatum (CABI, 2013) (Edson) Fitzp Pythium Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No arrhenomanes (CABI, 2013) Drechsler

56 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Pythium Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 Not known No debaryanum Hesse (CABI, 2013) Pythium Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No graminicola (CABI, 2013) Subram. Pythium irregulare Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Buisman (CABI, 2013) Pythium Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No myriotylum (CABI, 2013) Drechsler Pythium splendens Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Braun (CABI, 2013) Rosellinia necatrix Soil borne pathogen CABI, 2013 Not known No Prill. (CABI, 2013) Sarocladium oryzae Seed borne, not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No (Sawada) W. Gams transmitted (CABI, 2013) & D. Hawksw. Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc.) Seed borne, seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes transmitted unknown Thirum., C.G. (CABI, 2013) Shaw & Naras. Sclerospora Seed borne, seed graminicola (Sacc.) CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known Yes transmitted unknown J. Schröt. (CABI, 2013) Setosphaeria Seed borne, seed turcica (Luttr.) K. CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted unknown J. Leonard & Suggs (CABI, 2013) Sphacelotheca Seed borne, not seed CABI, 2013 Not known Yes reiliana (J. G. transmitted (CABI, 2013) Kühn) Clinton Sphaerulina Seed borne, seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted unknown oryzina Hara (CABI, 2013) Sporisorium sorghi CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes Seed transmitted (CABI,

57 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Ehrenb. ex Link 2013) Thanatephorus Seed borne, seed cucumeris (Frank) CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted unknown Donk (CABI, 2013) Tilletia barclayana Seed transmitted (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Bref.) Sacc. & P. 2013) Syd. Ustilaginoidea Seed borne, not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes virens (Cke.) Tak. transmitted (CABI, 2013) Ustilago zeae Seed borne, not seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes (Schwein.) Unger transmitted (CABI, 2013) Verticillium albo- Regulated Burgess et al., Seed transmission (MARD, Yes atrum Reinke & 2008 unknown (CABI, 2013) Berthold 2005) Verticillium dahliae Seed transmission CABI, 2013 Not known Yes Kleb. unknown (CABI, 2013) Nematodes Aphelenchoides Folaige nematode, seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No transmitted on rice besseyi Christie (CABI, 2013) Belonolaimus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No longicaudatus Rau 2013) Regulated Ditylenchus Foliage nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 (MARD, No 2013) destructor Thorne 2005) Regulated Ditylenchus dipsaci Foliage nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 (MARD, No 2013) (Kühn) Filip'ev 2005) Helicotylenchus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No dihystera (Cobb) 2013) Sher Helicotylenchus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No multicinctus (Cobb) 2013) Golden Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Helicotylenchus 2013)

58 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. pseudorobustus (Steiner) Golden Hemicriconemoides Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No mangiferae Siddiqi 2013) Root nematode (CABI, Heterodera avenae [ID, OR] Not known No 2013); US regulated (CABI, 2013 Wollenweber pest (PestID, 2013)

Heterodera Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No schachtii A. 2013) Schmidt, Heterodera zeae [MD, VA] Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No Koshy et al. (CABI, 2013) 2013) Hirschmanniella oryzae (van Breda [AR, FL] [AR, FL] [AR, FL] Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 No de Haan) (CABI, 2013) (CABI, (CABI, 2013) Luc&Goodey Hirschmanniella spinicaudata [CA] CABI, Root nematode (CABI, Not known No (Schuurmans 2013 2013) Stekhoven) Luc & Goodey Longidorus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No elongatus (de Man) 2013) Micoletzky Meloidogyne Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No arenaria (Neal) 2013) Chitwood Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No O'Bannon, Santo & 2013) Finley Meloidogyne Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No graminicola Golden 2013)

59 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

& Birchfield Meloidogyne Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No incognita (Kofoid 2013) & White) Chitwood Meloidogyne Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No javanica (sugarcane 2013) eelworm) Paratrichodorus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No minor (Colbran) 2013) Siddiqi Paratrichodorus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No porosus (Allen) 2013) Siddiqi Pratylenchus brachyurus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Godfrey) Filipjev & 2013) Schuurmans Stekhoven Pratylenchus coffeae [AR, CA, FL, (Zimmermann) HI, SC] Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 No Filipjev & (CABI, 2013) 2013) Schuurmans Steckhoven Pratylenchus loosi Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No Loof 2013) Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Filipjev & 2013) Schuurmans Stekhoven Pratylenchus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No thornei Sher & 2013)

60 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Allen Pratylenchus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No vulnus Allen & 2013) Jensen Pratylenchus zeae Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No Graham 2013) Punctodera Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No punctata (Thorne) 2013) Mulvey & Stone Regulated Radopholus similis Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 (MARD, No 2013) (Cobb) Thorne 2005) Rotylenchulus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No parvus (Williams) 2013) Sher Rotylenchulus Restricted Restricted Root nematode (CABI, (CABI, CABI, 2013 No reniformis Linford (CABI, 2013) 2013) & Oliveira 2013) Scutellonema Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No brachyurus Steiner. 2013) Andrássy Trichodorus [FL] (CABI, Root nematode (CABI, Not known No viruliferus Hooper 2013) 2013) Tylenchorhynchus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No acutus Allen 2013) Tylenchorhynchus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 Not known No annulatus (Cassidy) 2013) Golden Tylenchorhynchus Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No claytoni Steiner 2013) Xiphinema Root nematode (CABI, CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No americanum Cobb 2013) Zygotylenchus [CA] (CABI, Root nematode (CABI, Not known No guevarai (Tobar 2013) 2013)

61 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp.

Jiménez) Braun & Loof Phytoplasmas Aster yellows Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No phytoplasma group (CABI, 2013) Maize bushy stunt Vector transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No phytoplasma (CABI, 2013) Spiroplasma Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No kunkelii Whitcomb, (CABI, 2013) Chen et al., Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No Spiroplasma citri (CABI, 2013) Viruses Barley yellow Vector transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No dwarf viruses (CABI, 2013) Cucumber mosaic Not reported in Zea mays CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No virus (CABI, 2013) Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known Yes High plains virus (CABI, 2014 Maize chlorotic Vector transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Not known No dwarf virus (CABI, 2013) [AL, FL, HI] Vector transmitted Not known No Maize mosaic virus (CABI, 2013) (CABI, 2013) Maize rayado fino Vector transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No virus (CABI, 2013) [FL] CABI, [FL] CABI, Not seed transmitted Not known No Maize stripe virus 2013 2013 (CABI, 2013) Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 Not known No Maize streak virus (CABI, 2013) Regulated Rice hoja blanca Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 (MARD, No (CABI, 2013) virus 2005) Sweet potato Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 No feathery mottle (CABI, 2013) virus [HI, LA] Not seed transmitted CABI, 2013 No Sugarcane CABI, 2013 (CABI, 2013)

62 DRAFT

Cynodon Festuca Lolium Panicum Paspalum Pest Zea mays Oryza spp. Vietnam Seed Comments spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. chlorotic streak virus Sugarcane mosaic Seed borne, seed CABI, 2013 CABI, 2013 Yes transmitted (CABI, virus 2013)

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