DOCSLIB.ORG

How Entrepreneurship Forgot Capitalism: Entrepreneurship Teaching and Research in Business Schools

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How Entrepreneurship Forgot Capitalism: Entrepreneurship Teaching and Research in Business Schools Soc (2012) 49:223–229 DOI 10.1007/s12115-012-9535-y SYMPOSIUM: THE FORTUNES OF CAPITALISM How Entrepreneurship Forgot Capitalism: Entrepreneurship Teaching and Research in Business Schools R. Daniel Wadhwani Published online: 20 March 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract By most measures, entrepreneurship education firms; students learn and faculty study how new business ideas and research is flourishing in business schools today. Clas- can be generated, how resources (such as people and capital) ses abound and students are keen to take them. The number are acquired, how teams and organizations are formed and of business school professors identifying themselves as fo- developed, and how to use the institutional mechanisms avail- cused on the study of entrepreneurship has also soared. Yet, able for converting these forms of value and wealth into liquid the meaning and scope of entrepreneurship as it has come to assets such as cash. Largely lost in this professional research be defined, taught, and studied in business schools over the and education, however, is the relationship of entrepreneurial last three decades is remarkably narrow, largely divorcing processes to the economic and social contexts in which they entrepreneurship from its economic and social context and occur, and to the nature of economic change more broadly. If from its relationship to processes of change in the market we conceive of capitalism as partly defined by its dynamism economy. In short, entrepreneurship as it is understood in and ongoing processes of structural change, as Joseph Schum- business schools today has largely lost its raison d’etre as peter did, then we must accept the fact that entrepreneurship the engine of change in capitalist economies. This paper research and education as practiced in business schools has examines the origins of the splintering of entrepreneurship become largely divorced from its intellectual roots as a way of education from the study of capitalism and highlights a set inquiring into the nature of capitalism as an economic system. of intellectual and educational problems this has created. Two indicators highlight how far entrepreneurship, as it is actually studied and taught, has drifted from inquiry into the Keywords Entrepreneurship research . Entrepreneurship nature of capitalism and the process of economic change. First, education . Capitalism a survey of articles on entrepreneurship published in leading business and management journals found that only 7% en- gaged in longitudinal research of any kind, and only 9% By most measures, entrepreneurship education and research considered the relationship between entrepreneurs and their seems to be thriving in business schools today. The number firms and developments in the market, industry, or economy of schools offering classes on entrepreneurship and small in which these firms operated. The study did not report the business has grown from just a handful in the 1970s to over percentage of articles that were both longitudinal and dealt 1,600. The journals devoted to the field have mushroomed. with system-level developments, but a perusal of most entre- And the number of endowed positions in entrepreneurship preneurship journals makes it clear that such studies are rare. exceeds 400 (Katz, 2004; Kuratko, 2005). Instead, the vast majority of research engaged in cross- Yet, the scope of this education and research on entrepre- sectional studies of entrepreneurs and the characteristics of neurship has been defined in remarkably narrow terms, focus- their startup firms (Chandler and Lyon 2001). Second, a brief ing as it has on the development, growth, and sale of startup survey of ten widely used entrepreneurship textbooks found that none engaged in any kind of a sustained discussion about R. D. Wadhwani (*) the underlying relationship between entrepreneurship and cap- Eberhardt School of Business, University of the Pacific, italism. Those that discussed the context for entrepreneurship Weber Hall Room 209, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA at all, cursorily asserted that entrepreneurial activity promoted e-mail: [email protected] job creation or economic growth. The concepts of “creative 224 Soc (2012) 49:223–229 destruction” or economic change were mentioned in only one, Throughout much of the twentieth century, it was this and this was done only in passing. link between entrepreneurship and economic change in cap- Apologists may respond that, fundamentally, it is not the italist systems that motivated research and education on job of our professional schools of business to teach about entrepreneurship, including in business schools. The main the economic system but about the technical and profession- proponent of this view of entrepreneurship and its role in al skills needed to thrive within it. In some limited ways, it is capitalism was, of course, Joseph Schumpeter. Influenced in perfectly reasonable to make career-focused claims about large part by economic history (McCraw 2006, 2007), the scope of professional schools. But, I will argue here, the Schumpeter made the case more clearly and fully than those nature of entrepreneurship demands an understanding of its before him for placing entrepreneurship at the center of our relationship to capitalism, both for intellectual reasons and understanding of capitalism as an economic system defined for very practical ones. Severing research and teaching on by endogenous economic change. “Capitalism … is by entrepreneurship from capitalism has costs this paper seeks nature a form or method of economic change and not only to highlight. I begin by briefly discussing the origins of the never is but never can be stationary,” he (1950, 82–3) construct of entrepreneurship within intellectual thought on insisted. Entrepreneurship was important not only because capitalism, and by locating the development of the current it helped us understand how markets worked, but even more separation of entrepreneurship and capitalism in education importantly because it helped us account for how economies and scholarship. Second, I discuss some of the problems this change. “[T]he problem that is usually being visualized is separation creates. I conclude by discussing some of the how capitalism administers existing structures, whereas the steps required for a meaningful reintegration of inquiry into relevant problem is how it creates and destroys them,” he capitalism in entrepreneurship teaching and research. explained. “In capitalist reality as distinguished from its text- book picture, it is not [price] competition which counts, but competition from the new commodity, the new technology, the new source of supply, and the new type of organization. Origins of the Split (1950,84)” Schumpeter’s was not the only conceptualization of entre- The intellectual origins of entrepreneurship as a construct preneurship to develop in the twentieth century; the Austrian are closely tied to the development of thought about capi- economic notion of the role of the entrepreneur is identifying talism as a dynamic economic system, subject to ongoing arbitrage opportunities and Frank Knight’s focus on uncertain- structural change. Though there were earlier efforts to define ty bearing point to at least a couple of other streams of thought entrepreneurship and the role of the entrepreneur within the of entrepreneurship and its relationship to market processes economic system (Cantillon 1755; Say, 1855), it was not (Herbert and Link 2006). But, in large part because it offered until the concept of the entrepreneur was linked to the an account of change and development in economies and contention that entrepreneurship propelled the process of societies, the Schumpeterian notion of entrepreneurship was economic change in capitalist economies that sustained in- especially influential in Western (particularly American) social tellectual attention to the topic developed. science. In the post-World War II period it spurred considerable This view of entrepreneurship as a dynamic and disrup- empirical research into entrepreneurship and its historical role tive force in markets originated, in large part, in the work of in economic and social change and became an important nineteenth and early twentieth century economic historians, element of social theories focused on understanding modern- particularly Gustav Schmoller, Werber Sombart, and Max ization. Scholars from across a broad range of social scientific Weber, whose critique of classical economics rested in part disciplines embraced comparative and historical approaches to on its lack of attention to entrepreneurial agents and their understanding the historical role of entrepreneurship in the role in propelling the changes reshaping the industrializing economic development of countries and economies, and con- regions of Europe and North America (Ebner 2000;Reinert sidered the economic, social, and cultural factors that shaped 2002; Wadhwani 2010; Macdonald 1965). The central the supply of entrepreneurial talent. The hub for this wide contention of this position – that through their ideas and ranging and interdisciplinary research on the relationship be- efforts entrepreneurs introduced products, services, and tween entrepreneurship and capitalism was the Center for changes in organizations that transformed markets – made Entrepreneurial History at Harvard Business School, which it distinct from both classical economics and its focus on was founded in 1948 with a grant from the Rockefeller
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Worries About the Coherence of Left-Libertarianism Mathias Risse
    John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Faculty Research Working Papers Series Can There be “Libertarianism without Inequality”? Some Worries About the Coherence of Left-Libertarianism Mathias Risse Nov 2003 RWP03-044 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or Harvard University. All works posted here are owned and copyrighted by the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. Can There be “Libertarianism without Inequality”? Some Worries About the Coherence of Left-Libertarianism1 Mathias Risse John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University October 25, 2003 1. Left-libertarianism is not a new star on the sky of political philosophy, but it was through the recent publication of Peter Vallentyne and Hillel Steiner’s anthologies that it became clearly visible as a contemporary movement with distinct historical roots. “Left- libertarian theories of justice,” says Vallentyne, “hold that agents are full self-owners and that natural resources are owned in some egalitarian manner. Unlike most versions of egalitarianism, left-libertarianism endorses full self-ownership, and thus places specific limits on what others may do to one’s person without one’s permission. Unlike right- libertarianism, it holds that natural resources may be privately appropriated only with the permission of, or with a significant payment to, the members of society. Like right- libertarianism, left-libertarianism holds that the basic rights of individuals are ownership rights. Left-libertarianism is promising because it coherently underwrites both some demands of material equality and some limits on the permissible means of promoting this equality” (Vallentyne and Steiner (2000a), p 1; emphasis added).
    [Show full text]
  • Small Businesses and Private Entrepreneurship During Transition: the Case of the Czech Republic
    Small Businesses and Private Entrepreneurship during Transition: The Case of the Czech Republic by Vladimír Benácˇek CERGE-EI, April 1994 Abstrakt Nesmírneˇ intenzívní a spontánní expanze soukromého malého a strˇedního podnikání v Cˇ eské republice v období 1990-93 probíhala soucˇasneˇ s neméneˇ dramatickými zmeˇnami v alternativní (stínové) ekonomice. To také vysveˇtluje, procˇ je rozmeˇr tohoto sektoru stále statisticky podhodnocován. Korˇeny nových podnikatelu˚ lze cˇasto sledovat hluboko až do usporˇádání bývalé totalitní spolecˇnosti - do výrazneˇ se konstituovaných skupin nomenklatury a "šíbru˚" tehdejší stínové ekonomiky. Šance zbývající cˇásti obyvatelstva byly pak pro vstup do trˇídy nových kapitalistu˚ výrazneˇ oslabeny z du˚vodu jejich nedostatecˇné vybavenosti kapitálem nejru˚zneˇjšího druhu. Makro a mikroekonomická politka byly významným faktorem, který rozvíjel, respektive tlumil produktivní orientaci podnikatelu˚ nebo ji prˇípadneˇ odkláneˇl do neproduktivních alternativ. Dosažitelnost kapitálu a institucionální podmínky ovlivnˇující fungování trhu˚ a chování podnikatelských subjektu˚zu˚stávají nadále hlavními faktory ovlivnˇujícími rozvoj celého hospodárˇství. V záveˇru práce se diskutují problémy soucˇasného podnikatelského klimatu a nastinˇují se neˇkteré alternativy hospodárˇské politiky. Abstract The impressive and spontaneous build-up of small and medium-sized private businesses in the Czech Republic between 1990-93 coincided with similarly dramatic changes in the "alternative" (shadow) economy. This is the reason why the size of the private sector is significantly statistically underestimated. The origins of the new private entrepreneurs can often be traced to communist times - to the group of nomenklatura and the group of illicit marketeers. The remaining part of society was partially handicapped in its entry into the new capitalist class because of its lower endowments of capital of various kinds.
    [Show full text]
  • Entrepreneurship Skills for Growth-Orientated Businesses
    Entrepreneurship Skills for Growth-Orientated Businesses Prof. Thomas M. Cooney Dublin Institute of Technology Report for the Workshop on ‘Skills Development for SMEs and Entrepreneurship’, Copenhagen, 28 November 2012 Introduction Given the current economic challenges facing many countries across the globe, the notion of engendering greater entrepreneurial activity has become a prominent goal for many national governments. The relevance of entrepreneurship to economic development has been highlighted by many researchers (e.g. Davidsson et al, 2006) and it is now well-recognised that education and training opportunities play a key role in cultivating future entrepreneurs and in developing the abilities of existing entrepreneurs to grow their business to greater levels of success (Henry et al, 2003). According to the European Commission (2008), the aim of entrepreneurship education and training should be to ‘develop entrepreneurial capacities and mindsets’ that benefit economies by fostering creativity, innovation and self-employment. Indeed the role of SMEs in terms of growth, competitiveness, innovation, and employment is now substantially embedded in the activity of the European Commission with the publication in June 2008 of the ‘Small Business Act for Europe’ and the ‘Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan’ in January 2013. The concept of an entrepreneurial Europe, which promotes the creation and development of innovative businesses, has led many of the EU Member States to strengthen their SME policies since academics, politicians, and policy makers increasingly acknowledge the substantial contribution that entrepreneurship can make to an economy (Bruyat and Julien, 2001). More globally, governments across the world are increasingly recognising the positive impact that the creation of new businesses can have on employment levels, as well as the competitive advantages that small firms can bring to the marketplace (Scase, 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Entrepreneurship Over the Business Cycle Li Yu Central University of Finance and Economics
    Economics Publications Economics 2-2014 Entrepreneurship over the business cycle Li Yu Central University of Finance and Economics Peter F. Orazem Iowa State University, [email protected] Robert W. Jolly Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/econ_las_pubs Part of the Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations Commons, Income Distribution Commons, and the Labor Economics Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ econ_las_pubs/347. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economics at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Economics Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENTREPRENEURSHIP OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE Li Yua1, Peter F. Orazemb and Robert W. Jollyb a Central University of Finance and Economics b Iowa State University Abstract The fraction self-employed rises in recessions because wage work is more sensitive than self-employment to the business cycle, not because of necessity entrepreneurship. Graduating during a recession reduces the probability of starting a business for the next 11 years. Key words: Entrepreneurship; Boom; Bust; Delay; Graduates JEL code: J2 NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Economics Letters. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Entrepreneurship – a Trojan Horse of the Neoliberal Governance
    Internal Entrepreneurship – a Trojan horse of the neoliberal governance of education? Finnish pre- and in-service teachers’ implementation of and resistance towards entrepreneurship education. Katri Komulainen University of Eastern Finland, Finland Päivi Naskali University of Lapland, Finland Maija Korhonen University of Eastern Finland, Finland Seija Keskitalo-Foley University of Lapland, Finland Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1 Abstract This paper explores the effects of neoliberal education policies, by examining how the Finnish pre- and in-service teachers engage with the discourses of ‘external’ and ‘internal entrepreneurship’, create related inclusions and exclusions, and implement or challenge the aim of educating enterprising and entrepreneurial citizens. Whereas the promotion of ‘external’ entrepreneurship was seen to be in conflict with the values of basic education, and therefore substantially rejected as the aim of schooling, both the pre- and in-service teachers constructed the view that every pupil/student should be encouraged towards internal entrepreneurship, i.e. an enterprising mentality with attributes of self-responsibility, diligence and independence. Internal entrepreneurship, then, was considered as an universal and natural educational aim. We suggest that internal entrepreneurship as a manifestation of neoliberal subjectivity is difficult to subvert, because it fits well with the traditional aims of Finnish education. Keywords: Neoliberal educational policy, Finnish entrepreneurship education, pre- and in- service teachers, gender 342 | P a g e Katri Komulainen, Päivi Naskali,Maija Korhonen, Seija Keskitalo-Foley Introduction Contemporary neoliberal education policies and their rhetoric of standards, efficiency, excellence and increasing choice have spread from the US to Europe, largely supplanting the traditional goals of equity, participation, and social welfare upheld by Nordic and other social democratic European states (Gordon, Lahelma and Beach, 2003; Antikainen, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Slave Wealth and Entrepreneurship in Civil War Maryland∗
    Start-up Nation? Slave Wealth and Entrepreneurship in Civil War Maryland∗ Felipe Gonzalez´ y Guillermo Marshallz Suresh Naidux Abstract Slave property rights yielded a source of collateral as well as a coerced labor force. Using data from Dun and Bradstreet linked to the 1860 census and slave schedules in Maryland, we find that slaveowners were more likely to start businesses prior to the uncompensated 1864 emancipation, even conditional on total wealth and human capital, and this advantage disappears after emancipation. We assess a number of po- tential explanations, and find suggestive evidence that this is due to the superiority of slave wealth as a source of collateral for credit rather than any advantage in produc- tion. The collateral dimension of slave property magnifies its importance to historical American economic development. JEL codes: D2, G2, J4, L2, M2, N21, N81 Keywords: slavery, civil war, abolition, entrepreneurship ∗This version: July 2016. We would like to thank seminar participants at the NBER, PUC-Chile, Stanford, and UC Berkeley for many helpful comments. Special thanks to Joseph Ferrie for support in the early stages of the project. John Clegg, Ellora Derenoncourt, Christopher Muller, and Stanley Engerman all provided valuable feedback. Jacob Moscona-Skolnik provided outstanding research assistance. yUniversity of California, Berkeley, Department of Economics. E-mail: [email protected] zUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Economics. E-mail: [email protected] xColumbia University, Department of Economics and SIPA. E-mail: [email protected]. 1 Introduction Slave property rights were a key institution in American economic development. The 4 million enslaved people at the beginning of the Civil War were an unwilling work- force that made Southern agriculture the immensely lucrative and dynamic system that the Confederacy sacrificed much to defend.
    [Show full text]
  • Capitalism and Society
    Capitalism and Society Volume 4, Issue 2 2009 Article 3 Capitalist Entrepreneurship: Making Profit through the Unmaking of Economic Orders Thorbjørn Knudsen∗ Richard Swedberg† ∗University of Southern Denmark †Cornell University Copyright c 2009 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. Capitalist Entrepreneurship: Making Profit through the Unmaking of Economic Orders Thorbjørn Knudsen and Richard Swedberg Abstract This is a theoretical paper in which we attempt to present an economic and sociological the- ory of entrepreneurship. We start from Schumpeter’s idea in Theory of Economic Development that the economy can be conceptualized as a combination and innovations as new combinations. Schumpeter also spoke of resistance to entrepreneurship. By linking the ideas of combination and resistance, we are in a position to suggest a theory of capitalist entrepreneurship. An existing combination, we propose, can be understood as a social formation with its own cohesion and re- sistance – what may be called an economic order. Actors know how to act; and profit is low and even in these orders. Entrepreneurship, in contrast, breaks them up by creating new ways of doing things and, in doing so, produces entrepreneurial profit. This profit inspires imitators until a new order for how to do things has been established; and profit has become low and even once more. Entrepreneurship is defined as the act of creating a new combination that ends one economic order and clears the way for a new one. The implications of this approach for a number of topics
    [Show full text]
  • Start-Up Nation? Slave Wealth and Entrepreneurship in Civil War Maryland
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES START-UP NATION? SLAVE WEALTH AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CIVIL WAR MARYLAND Felipe González Guillermo Marshall Suresh Naidu Working Paper 22483 http://www.nber.org/papers/w22483 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 August 2016 We would like to thank seminar participants at the NBER, PUC-Chile, Stanford, and UC Berkeley for many helpful comments. Special thanks to Joseph Ferrie for support in the early stages of the project. John Clegg, Ellora Derenoncourt, Christopher Muller, and Stanley Engerman all provided valuable feedback. Jacob Moscona-Skolnik provided outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2016 by Felipe González, Guillermo Marshall, and Suresh Naidu. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Start-up Nation? Slave Wealth and Entrepreneurship in Civil War Maryland Felipe González, Guillermo Marshall, and Suresh Naidu NBER Working Paper No. 22483 August 2016 JEL No. N31 ABSTRACT Slave property rights yielded a source of collateral as well as a coerced labor force. Using data from Dun and Bradstreet linked to the 1860 census and slave schedules in Maryland, we find that slaveowners were more likely to start businesses prior to the uncompensated 1864 emancipation, even conditional on total wealth and human capital, and this advantage disappears after emancipation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamic Relationship Between Entrepreneurship, Unemployment, and Growth: Evidence from U.S
    The Dynamic Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Unemployment, and Growth: Evidence from U.S. Industries by Jose M. Plehn-Dujowich Plehn Analytical Economic Solutions, LLC Willow Grove, PA 19090 for under contract number SBAHQ-10-M-0204 The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations found in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Advocacy, the United States Small Business Administration, or the United States Government. Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Literature Review ............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Empirical Studies Relating Growth and Entrepreneurship ......................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Self-Employment as Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................ 5 2.1.2 New Business Startups as Entrepreneurship ........................................................................................ 6 2.1.3 The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey (WBGES) ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Performance: Evidence from Factor-, Efficiency-, and Innovation-Driven Countries
    ECONOMIC ANNALS, Volume LXIV, No. 221 / April – June 2019 UDC: 3.33 ISSN: 0013-3264 https://doi.org/10.2298/EKA1921033R Nasrin Rostami* Mohsen Mohammadi Khyareh** Reza Mazhari*** COMPETITIVENESS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM FACTOR-, EFFICIENCY-, AND INNOVATION-DRIVEN COUNTRIES ABSTRACT: Many scholars have highlighted education and institutional strengthening have the importance of economic competitiveness for a positive and significant impact on the level of entrepreneurial activity, and hence economic entrepreneurship in the efficiency- and innova- growth. However, few studies quantitatively tion-driven countries, but are not significant in analyse the interrelationship between competi- factor-driven countries. Moreover, the impact of tiveness and its role in increasing entrepreneur- infrastructure on the level of entrepreneurial ac- ial activity at various stages of development. tivity in the factor-, efficiency-, and innovation- The aim of this study is to fill this gap in the driven countries is positive. Good entrepreneur- entrepreneurship literature and to study the ial behaviour generates a simultaneous and/or causal relationship between the ‘pillars’ of com- medium-term favourable effect on the growth of petitiveness and the different macroeconomic gross domestic product, exports, imports, and effects of entrepreneurship, mediated by entre- employment rate. Therefore, besides immediate preneurial behaviour, in a panel of 81 factor-, growth, it also assures sustainable economic and efficiency-, and innovation-driven countries social progress in the analysed countries. Our during 2012–2017. Using a MIMIC model, the results confirm previous findings of empirical results show that innovation, higher education, studies in the field. These findings are consistent and technological readiness have a positive and with received economic theory on how national significant impact on the level of entrepreneur- context affects entrepreneurial activity.
    [Show full text]
  • ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT Entrepreneur
    MergeFil.es Free ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT Entrepreneur “Entrepreneur is a person who organizes, operates and assumes the risk for business venture”MergeFil.es Free Entrepreneur “A person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit”MergeFil.es Free Entrepreneur “an entrepreneur is an innovator or developer who recognizes and seizes opportunities; converts those opportunities into workable/marketable ideas; adds value MergeFil.es Free through time, effort, money, or skills; assumes the risks of the competitive marketplace to implement these ideas; and realizes the rewards from these' efforts”. Evolution of the Concept The word entrepreneur comes from the 13th century French verb ‘entreprendre’, meaning to ‘do something’ or ‘to undertake’. th MergeFil.es Free By the 16 century, the noun entrepreneur, had emerged to refer to someone who undertakes a business venture. The first academic usage of the term was by economist Richard Cantillon in 1730. For Cantillion, the bearing of risk engaging in business without an assurance of the profits that will be derived is the distinguishing feature of an entrepreneur. Evolution of the Concept The term entrepreneur was further popularized by economist Jean Baptiste Say, who in the early 1800s, used the term to refer to individuals who create value in an economy by moving resources MergeFil.es Free out of areas of low productivity and into areas of higher productivity and greater yield. In 1848, economist John Stuart Mill used the term in his very popular book, Principles of Political Economy. To Mill, the distinguishing feature of an entrepreneur was that they assume both the risk and the management of a business.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumer Perceptions of Social Business Practices in South Korea and Thailand Emily Gaynor SIT Graduate Institute
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Capstone Collection SIT Graduate Institute Spring 2018 Consumer Perceptions of Social Business Practices in South Korea and Thailand Emily Gaynor SIT Graduate Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations Commons, and the Other Business Commons Recommended Citation Gaynor, Emily, "Consumer Perceptions of Social Business Practices in South Korea and Thailand" (2018). Capstone Collection. 3100. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones/3100 This Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Graduate Institute at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running Head: PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL BUSINESS PRACTICES IN SOUTH KOREA AND THAILAND 1 CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL BUSINESS PRACTICES IN SOUTH KOREA AND THAILAND Emily Lynn Gaynor SIT PIM 76 A Capstone Paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Arts in Intercultural Leadership, Service, and Management at SIT Graduate Institute in Brattleboro, Vermont, USA. May 12, 2018 Advisor: Dr. Alla Korzh PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL BUSINESS PRACTICES IN SOUTH KOREA AND THAILAND 2 Abstract The global economy is shifting from Western capitalism towards more inclusive alternatives. Leaders like Muhammed Yunus are normalizing global social enterprise opportunities and cross-sector collaboration. International certifications like B Corporations, Fair Trade, Cruelty Free (The Leaping Rabbit), 1% for the Planet, and the Rainforest Alliance are rapidly growing their networks.
    [Show full text]