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Estimates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads to Twelve Bay of Plenty Lakes. Part 1: Land Use and Atmospheric Deposition

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Estimates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads to Twelve Bay of Plenty Lakes. Part 1: Land Use and Atmospheric Deposition Estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus loads to twelve Bay of Plenty Lakes. Part 1: Land use and atmospheric deposition April 2015 ERI report: XXX Prepared for Bay of Plenty Regional Council By Chris G. McBride, Piet Verburg, Marcus Bloor, David P. Hamilton…???? 1. Environmental Research Institute The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand Bay of Plenty Lakes Catchment Loads Reviewed by: Approved for release by: John Tyrell University of Waikato University of Waikato Affiliation Affiliation ii Bay of Plenty Lakes Catchment Loads Executive Summary iii Bay of Plenty Lakes Catchment Loads Acknowledgements John McIntosh BoPRC LCDB OVERSEER etc iv Bay of Plenty Lakes Catchment Loads Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................ iv List of Figures ........................................................................................ vii List of Tables ........................................................................................ viii 1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 9 2. Methods ........................................................................................... 11 2.1 Study site –Rotorua Lakes ............................................................................................. 11 2.2 Land use classes and areas ............................................................................................ 12 2.3 Nitrogen and phosphorus export rates ......................................................................... 12 2.4 Other sources of N and P .............................................................................................. 13 2.4.1 Geothermal inflows ............................................................................................................... 13 2.4.2 Inflows from lakes outside the surface topographical catchment ........................................ 13 2.4.3 Wastewater ........................................................................................................................... 13 3. Results .............................................................................................. 14 3.1 Land use in all 12 lake surface topographical catchments. .......................................... 14 3.2 Loss rates of nitrogen and phosphorus by LCDB land use ............................................ 14 3.2.1 Indigenous vegetation ........................................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Exotic vegetation ................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.3 Pastoral land .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.4 Urban areas ........................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.5 Atmospheric deposition ........................................................................................................ 18 3.3 Other sources of nutrients ............................................................................................ 18 3.3.1 Geothermal ........................................................................................................................... 18 3.3.2 Connected lakes .................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.3 Wastewater ........................................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Individual catchment nutrient budgets ........................................................................ 20 v Bay of Plenty Lakes Catchment Loads 3.4.1 Lake Okareka ......................................................................................................................... 20 3.4.2 Lake Okaro ............................................................................................................................. 23 3.4.3 Lake Okataina ........................................................................................................................ 27 3.4.4 Lake Rerewhakaaitu .............................................................................................................. 31 3.4.5 Lake Rotoehu ......................................................................................................................... 35 3.4.6 Lake Rotoiti ............................................................................................................................ 39 3.4.7 Lake Rotokakahi .................................................................................................................... 43 3.4.8 Lake Rotoma .......................................................................................................................... 46 3.4.9 Lake Rotomahana .................................................................................................................. 50 3.4.10 Lake Rotorua ....................................................................................................................... 54 3.4.11 Lake Tarawera ..................................................................................................................... 58 3.4.12 Lake Tikitapu ....................................................................................................................... 62 3.5 Regional summary ......................................................................................................... 66 4. Discussion ......................................................................................... 68 6. References ........................................................................................ 69 vi Bay of Plenty Lakes Catchment Loads List of Figures Figure 1: Aerial image of 13 Rotorua Lakes with catchment borders. ........................... 11 Figure 2. Estimated loss rates of N and P from plantation forestry, over a 22-year harvest cycle. Inferred from Cooper & Thomsen (1988) and Quinn & Ritter (2003). ... 15 Figure 3. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Okareka catchment. ..................................... 20 Figure 4. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Okareka catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................................... 21 Figure 5. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Okaro catchment. ......................................... 23 Figure 6. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Okaro catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. Proportions for loads do not include reductions from the constructed wetland. ....................................................... 25 Figure 7. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Okataina catchment. .................................... 27 Figure 8. Indigenous forest in the Lake Okataina catchment, showing the contrast between an area with pest exclusion (left) and without (right). ................................... 29 Figure 9. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Okataina catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................................... 29 Figure 10. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Rerewhakaaitu catchment. ........................ 31 Figure 11. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Rerewhakaaitu catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................ 33 Figure 12. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Rotoehu catchment. ................................... 35 Figure 13. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Rotoehu catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................................... 37 Figure 14. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Rotokakahi catchment. .............................. 39 Figure 15. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Rotoiti catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................................... 41 Figure 16. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Rotokakahi catchment. .............................. 43 Figure 17. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Rotokakahi catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................ 44 Figure 18. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Rotoma catchment. .................................... 46 Figure 19. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Rotoma catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................................... 48 Figure 20. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Rotomahana catchment. ............................ 50 Figure 21. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Rotomahana catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................ 52 Figure 22. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Rotorua catchment. ................................... 54 Figure 23. Proportional contribution of all sources within the Lake Rotorua catchment to area, total nitrogen load, and total phosphorus load. ............................................... 56 Figure 24. Map of land use (LCDB4) in the Tarawera catchment. ................................
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