DOCSLIB.ORG

The Importance of Mangroves to People: a Call to Action

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Importance of Mangroves to People: a Call to Action THE IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVES TO PEOPLE: A CALL TO ACTION Lead Editors: Jan-Willem van Bochove*, Emma Sullivan* and Takehiro Nakamura** * UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) ** UNEP Division of Environmental Policy Implementation (UNEP/DEPI) Lead authors: Norman Duke (James Cook University), Ivan Nagelkerken (University of Adelaide), Tundi Agardy, (MARES/Forest Trends), Sue Wells, Hanneke van Lavieren (UN University) Advisory Body: Gabriel Grimsditch (UNEP/DEPI), Mark Spalding (The Nature Conservancy), Damon Stanwell-Smith, Claire Brown and Neil Burgess (UNEP-WCMC) Acknowledgements 2 The authors wish to thank the following key contributing authors for their time and expertise to support this report through the provision of text, case studies and guidance: Joanna Ellison (University of Tasmania), Dan Friess and Edward Webb (National University of Singapore), Chandra Giri (USGS-EROS), Farid Dahdouh-Guebas and Nibedita Mukherjee (Université Libre de Bruxelles), Syed Ainul Hussain and Ruchi Badola (Wildlife Institute of India), James Hutchinson (University of Cambridge), Mark Huxham (Edinburgh Napier University), Megan Jungwiwattanaporn (Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University), Boone Kauffman (Oregon State University), Nico Koedam (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Anna McIvor (The Nature Conservancy), Richard Lucas and Nathan Marc Thomas (Global Mangrove Watch/Aberystwyth University), David Obura (CORDIO), Octavio Aburto-Oropeza (Scripps Institution of Oceanography), Behara Satyanarayana (Universiti Malaysia Terengganu), Marc Simard (NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Martin Skov (University of Bangor), Femke Tonneijck (Wetlands International), Chris McOwen (UNEP-WCMC/NEREUS), Simon Blyth, Brian O’Connor and Christoph Zockler (UNEP-WCMC). The authors would also like to express their gratitude to the following experts for providing their valuable time to carrying out the external peer review of the report, and to those who provided further information, images and guidance: Evangelia Drakou (JRC), Donald Macintosh (MFF), Nicolas Bertrand (TEEB), Linwood Pendleton (Nicholas Institute, Duke University), Takuya Itoh, (RESTEC), Masanobu Shimada (JAXA/EORC), John Fonweban (FAO), Nick Davidson (RAMSAR), Mette Loyche Wilkie (FAO), Jared Bosire (WWF Kenya), Patrik Rönnbäck (Upssula University), Ivan Valiela (Marine Biological Laboratory), Ariel Lugo (USDA Forest Service), Dan Alongi (AIMS), Jurgenne Primavera (ZSL), Nguyen-Thanh Son (National Central University, Taiwan), Cheng- Ru Chen (National Central University, Taiwan), Miguel Cifuentes (CATIE), Thorsten Balke (Deltares), Milika Sobey (IUCN), Sander van der Ploeg (WUR), Fanny Douvere (UNESCO), Hilary Kennedy (Bangor University), Marion Glaser (Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology), Barry Clough (Cantho University, Vietnam), Shing Yip Lee (Griffith University), Jon Hutton, Matt Walpole, Corinne Martin, Hannah Thomas, Eugenie Regan, Ruth Fletcher, Lizzie McAllen (UNEP-WCMC). This report was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) Citation: UNEP (2014). The Importance of Mangroves to People: A Call to Action. van Bochove, J., Sullivan, E., Nakamura, T. (Eds). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge. 128 pp. Copyright 2014 United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) ISBN: 978-92-807-3397-6 Job Number: DEP/1813/CA The United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of UNEP, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with practical policy advice. Distribution: This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement to the source is made. Reuse of any figures is subject to permission from the original rights holders. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without permission in writing from UNEP. Applications for permission, with a statement of purpose and extent of reproduction, should be sent to the Director, DCPI, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya. Disclaimer: The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name, frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. Designed by: Ralph Design Ltd www.ralphdesign.co.uk UNEP promotes Printed by: Reprohouse Printing www.reprohouse.co.uk environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Photo Credits: Front Cover: Christoph Zockler; Back Cover: Hanneke van Lavieren This publication is printed on paper from sustainable forests including recycled bre. The paper is chlorine free, and the inks vegetable-based. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. Contents Foreword ...........................................................4 Chapter 4. Reversing the Trends - Conservation and Management Executive Summary ...................................... …6 of Mangroves .................................................. 89 Key Messages ....................................................8 Integrated watershed and coastal zone management .......................................................90 Options and Actions .........................................9 Protected areas ...................................................90 3 Abbreviations ................................................. 30 Sustainable mangrove use ..................................92 Chapter 1 –Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems ......33 Adaptation to climate change ............................94 Global distribution and diversity ...................... 33 Restoration options ............................................94 Mangroves and associated ecosystems..............36 Involvement of mangrove beneficiaries ............97 Life in the mangroves .........................................38 National policies and Multilateral Chapter 2: Mangrove Ecosystem Services ....... 43 Environmental Agreements relating to mangroves......................................................100 What are ecosystem services? ............................ 43 Economic incentives .........................................103 Why are ecosystem services important? ........... 45 Timber and forest products ...............................46 Chapter 5 – Addressing Knowledge and Data Gaps ................................................109 Fisheries ..............................................................49 Taking stock of mangrove resources ............... 109 Coastal protection .............................................. 52 Valuing mangrove ecosystem services ............. 110 Shoreline stabilisation ........................................ 55 Assessing management effectiveness ................ 111 Climate regulation ..............................................56 Understanding the link with human Water quality maintenance ................................58 well-being ........................................................... 111 Recreational, spiritual and cultural values .......59 Mangrove adaptation to changing climate .......112 Quantifying mangrove values ............................60 Remote sensing of mangroves ...........................113 Chapter 3: Threats and Drivers of Change ......69 Glossary ..........................................................115 Key global drivers of mangrove loss ..................69 References .......................................................117 Global mangrove loss maps ............................... 75 Loss of ecosystem services .................................84 Foreword – Achim Steiner Tropical mangroves around the world connect our land and its people with the sea, providing millions with food, clean water, raw materials and resilience against future climate change impacts including increasing storm intensity and sea level rise. Together with coral reefs, seagrass meadows and intertidal mudflats and marshes, these complex interconnected ecosystems are home to a spectacular range of visiting and resident species of birds, 4 mammals, invertebrates and fish, all of which helps to maintain the ecological functioning of mangroves. In turn, this rich mosaic of biodiversity supports people through fisheries, tourism and cultural heritage. This publication provides a timely synthesis of the importance of mangroves to people. It highlights that in spite of the mounting evidence in support of the multitude of benefits derived from mangroves, they remain one of the most threatened ecosystems on the planet, being lost at a rate greater than coral reefs and tropical rainforests. This has potentially devastating effects to mangrove biodiversity and in turn, the food security, protection and livelihoods of some of the most marginalised coastal communities in developing countries, where more than 90 percent of the world’s mangroves are found. Research
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Submission to Birdlife Australia Rarities Committee
    Submission to BirdLife Australia Rarities Committee Submission No. Species: Blue-winged pitta Pitta moluccensis Location: Christmas Island Observation Date: 14 December 1901 Submission Date Submitted by: Ian McAllan Address: Circumstances The Blue-winged Pitta Pitta moluccensis is on the BARC Australian Checklist based upon a specimen collected on Christmas Island in 1901 and housed in the Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK (Benson 1970; Christidis & Boles 1994). Two records have since been submitted to BARC from mainland Western Australia (Cases 219 & 241), and the author is aware of another four reports, three from mainland Western Australia and one from Christmas Island (c.f. Serventy 1968; Johnstone & Hamilton 1995; Johnstone & Storr 2004; James & McAllan 2014). This submission concerns only the 1901 specimen, which has not been reviewed by BARC. The specimen was examined and photographed during a visit to the Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK on 29 May 2018. Benson’s account of the specimen. Benson noted that the specimen was received from H.E. Durham, of whom he gave no other information. He also noted that the specimen had originally been identified as Pitta vigorsii , now a subspecies of Elegant Pitta Pitta elegans . Benson noted that there were some other specimens in the Cambridge University collection that were Christmas Island endemics that were collected by Benson at the same time. Dr H.E. Durham In 1901–1903 Dr Herbert Edward Durham was the leader of an expedition from the London School of Tropical Medicine to Christmas Island and Malaya to study beri beri (Lapage 1945). At his time there was an outbreak of the vitamin deficiency disease with 229 people dying on the Island during that year (Adams & Neale 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • To View Fulltext
    A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EMBRYOLOGY OF SONNERATIACEAE. BY JILLELLA VENKATESWARLU. (From the Department of Botany, Benares Hi~,du U~iz,ersity, Benares.) Received April 14, 1937. (Communicated by iV[r. A. C. Joshi, M.sc.) SONNERATIACEm iS a small family of the Myrtifloreae. According to Engler and Prantl (1898, 1908), it includes four genera, Sonneratia, Duabanga, Xenodendron and Crypteronia, comprising about a dozen species. All these are found in the tropics, the monotypic genus Xenodendron being confin6d to New Guinea and the rest being mostly restricted to the Indo-Malayan region. Hutchinson (1926) in his recent system of classification has sepa- rated the genus Crypteronia into a separate family Crypteroniacem and the family Sonneratiaeem as defined by him includes only three genera. Bc:ntham a!~d I~ooker (1%2-67), on the other hand, include these genera in the family Lythracem, to which there is little doubt that these are very closely related. As the writer had been recently studying the embryology of the family Lythracem (Joshi and Venkateswarln, 1935 a, 1935 b, 1935 c, 1936), it was thought desirable to study the family Sonneratiacem also from the comparative point of view and to see how far its embryological features agree with those of the Lythracem. The previous work on this family is limited to an investigation on Sonneratia apetala Linn. by Karsten (1891). tIis observations, however, are very fragmentary and also partly erroneous as pointed out by me in preliminary notes (Venkateswarlu, 1936a, 1936b) relating to the plants described in the present paper. The present paper deals with the two chief genera of the family, namely, Duabanga and Sonneratia.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Blue Carbon
    COASTAL BLUE CARBON methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows Coordinators of the International Blue Carbon Initiative CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Conservation International (CI) builds upon a strong foundation of science, partnership and field demonstration, CI empowers societies to responsibly and sustainably care for nature, our global biodiversity, for the long term well-being of people. For more information, visit www.conservation.org IOC-UNESCO UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) promotes international cooperation and coordinates programs in marine research, services, observation systems, hazard mitigation, and capacity development in order to understand and effectively manage the resources of the ocean and coastal areas. For more information, visit www.ioc.unesco.org IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN’s work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutions to global challenges in climate, food and development. For more information, visit www.iucn.org FRONT COVER: © Keith A. EllenbOgen; bACK COVER: © Trond Larsen, CI COASTAL BLUE CARBON methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows EDITORS Jennifer howard – Conservation International Sarah hoyt – duke University Kirsten Isensee – Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Emily Pidgeon – Conservation International Maciej Telszewski – Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences LEAD AUTHORS James Fourqurean – Florida International University beverly Johnson – bates College J. boone Kauffman – Oregon State University hilary Kennedy – University of bangor Catherine lovelock – University of Queensland J.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioactivities of Sonneratia Caseolaris (Linn) Leaf and Stem Using Different Solvent Systems
    Research Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.31.005175 Bioactivities of Sonneratia Caseolaris (Linn) Leaf and Stem Using Different Solvent Systems Bishwajit Bokshi1*, Md Nazmul Hasan Zilani2, Hemayet Hossain3, Md Iqbal Ahmed1, Moham- mad Anisuzzman1, Nripendra Nath Biswas1 and Samir Kumar Sadhu1 1Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh 2Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh 3BCSIR Laboratories & IFST, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: Bishwajit Bokshi, Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: November 05, 2020 This study was aimed to report the antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial potentials Published: November 16, 2020 of different fractions of crude ethanol extract of leaf and stem of Sonneratia caseolaris Linn. The liquid-liquid fractionation was conducted among Ethyl Acetate, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride and was designated as EAFS, CFS, CTFS for stem and EAFL, CFL, Citation: Bishwajit Bokshi, Md Nazmul CTFL for leaf respectively. Antioxidant activity of individual fraction was then evaluated Hasan Zilani, Hemayet Hossain, Md Iqbal by DPPH free radical scavenging assay; whereas cytotoxic activity was investigated by Ahmed, Mohammad Anisuzzman, et al., Bi- brine shrimp lethality assay and antibacterial activity by disk diffusion method. In antioxidant assay, the EAFL was found to be more potent (IC 12.0±0.12µg/ml) whereas oactivities of Sonneratia Caseolaris (Linn) 50 in cytotoxicity test both the EAFS and CTFL demonstrated lowest LC (25.0±0.05 and Leaf and Stem Using Different Solvent Sys- 50 tems.
    [Show full text]
  • Mangrove - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Mangrove - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mangroves are various types of trees up to medium height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics – mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The remaining mangrove forest areas of the world in 2000 was 53,190 square miles (137,760 km²) spanning 118 countries and territories.[1][2] The word is used in at least three senses: (1) most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal,[3] for which the terms mangrove forest biome, mangrove swamp and mangrove forest are also used, (2) to refer to all trees and large shrubs in the mangrove swamp, and (3) narrowly to refer to the mangrove family of plants, the Rhizophoraceae, or even more A mangrove forest in Palawan, specifically just to mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora. The term Philippines "mangrove" comes to English from Spanish (perhaps by way of Portuguese), and is likely to originate from Guarani. It was earlier "mangrow" (from Portuguese mangue or Spanish mangle), but this word was corrupted via folk etymology influence of the word "grove". The mangrove biome, or mangal, is a distinct saline woodland or shrubland habitat characterized by depositional coastal environments, where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action. The saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water, through pure seawater (30 to 40 ppt(parts per thousand)), to water concentrated by Pneumatophores penetrate the sand evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater (up to 90 surrounding a mangrove tree.
    [Show full text]
  • NSS Bird Group Report – November 2019
    NSS Bird Group Report – November 2019 By Geoff Lim, Alan Owyong (compiler), Tan Gim Cheong (ed.). November was spectacular, with the first record of two species – the Fairy Pitta and Shikra at the Central Catchment Nature Reserve; an Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher (the locally extinct rufous- backed subspecies), found inside a camera shop in the city; and, a rare Red-footed Booby at St John’s Island. Also, it was and has always been a great month to spot migrating raptors in southern Singapore. A Fairy’s Visitation in November The first Fairy Pitta discovered in Singapore on 8 Nov 2019 – photo by Francis Yap. On 8 November 2019, Francis Yap and Richard White were en route to Jelutong Tower, when the duo spotted a paler than usual pitta along the trail under the darkening morning sky as a storm threatened from Sumatra. When Francis managed to regain phone reception and were able to refer to other photos on the internet, the two confirmed that they had Singapore’s first record of the Fairy Pitta, Pitta nympha. Francis’ electrifying account can be accessed here. The Fairy Pitta stopped over for a week, with daily records from 8-13 November 2019. 1 The Fairy Pitta has been recognised as part of a superspecies comprising the Blue-winged Pitta, P. moluccensis, Mangrove Pitta, P. megarhyncha, and Indian Pitta, P. brachyura (Lambert & Woodcock, 1996:162), hence the superficial resemblance with one another. BirdLife has classified the species as Vulnerable, with key threats being habitat loss and conversion, as well as local trapping pressure (BirdLife, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Lythraceae Assigned to The
    Ada Bot. Neerl. 28 (2/3), May 1979, p.117-155. Wood anatomy of the Lythraceae P. Baas and R.C.V.J. Zweypfenning Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands SUMMARY The wood anatomy of 18 genera belonging to the Lythraceae is described. The diversity in wood structure of extant Lythraceae is hypothesized to be derived from a prototype with scanty para- I tracheal parenchyma, heterogeneous uniseriate and multiseriate rays, (septate)libriform fibres with minutely bordered pits, and vessels with simple perforations. These characters still prevail in a number of has been limited in of Lythraceae. Specialization very most Lythraceae shrubby or herbaceous habit: these have juvenilistic rays composed mainly of erect rays and sometimes com- pletely lack axial parenchyma. Ray specialization towards predominantly uniseriate homogeneous concomitant with fibre abundant and with rays, dimorphism leading to parenchyma differentiation, the advent of chambered crystalliferous fibres has been traced in the “series” Ginoria , Pehria, Lawsonia , Physocalymma and Lagerstroemia. The latter genus has the most specialized wood anatomy in the family and has species with abundant parenchyma aswell as species with alternating fibres. with its bands of dimorphous septate Pemphis represents an independent specialization vasicentric parenchyma and thick-walled nonseptate fibres. The affinities of with other are discussed. Pun Psiloxylon, Lythraceae Myrtales ica, Rhynchocalyx , Oliniaceae,Alzatea, Sonneratiaceae, Onagraceae and Melastomataceae all resemble Lythraceae in former accommodated in the without their wood anatomy. The three genera could even be family its wood anatomical Alzatea and Sonneratia differ in minor details extending range. Oliniaceae, only from order facilitate identification of wood tentative the Lythraceae. In to samples, keys to genera or groups ofgenera of Lythraceae as well as to some species of Lagerstroemiaare presented.
    [Show full text]
  • The 'Mangrove Reference Database and Herbarium'
    Plant Ecology and Evolution 143 (2): 225–232, 2010 doi:10.5091/plecevo.2010.439 SHORT COMMUNICATION The ‘Mangrove Reference Database and Herbarium’ Sergi Massó i Alemán1,2,8, Carine Bourgeois1, Ward Appeltans3, Bart Vanhoorne3, Nathalie De Hauwere3, Piet Stoffelen4, André Heughebaert5 & Farid Dahdouh-Guebas1,6,7,8,* 1Laboratory of Complexity and Dynamics of Tropical Systems, Department of Organism Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) - CP 169, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium 2GreB, Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, ES-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 3Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee/Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, BE-8400 Oostende, Belgium 4National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Bouchout Domain, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860 Meise, Belgium 5Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) - CP 257, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium 6Biocomplexity Research Focus, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (V.U.B.), Pleinlaan 2, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium 7BRLU Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP 169, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium 8Equally contributing authors *Author for correspondence: [email protected] Background – In the light of loss of mangrove forests and related biodiversity world-wide the overall objective of the online ‘Mangrove Reference Database and Herbarium’ is to give a current and historic overview of the global, regional and particularly the local distribution of true mangrove species. Databasing and website construction – All data are based on records containing species location information of all mangrove species (approximately 75).
    [Show full text]
  • Fungi Associated with Leaves of Sonneratia Apetala Buch. Ham and Sonneratia Caseolaris (L.) Engler from Rangabali Coastal Zone of Bangladesh
    Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 27(2): 155-162, 2018 (July) FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH LEAVES OF SONNERATIA APETALA BUCH. HAM AND SONNERATIA CASEOLARIS (L.) ENGLER FROM RANGABALI COASTAL ZONE OF BANGLADESH SHAMIM SHAMSI*, SAROWAR HOSEN AND ASHFAQUE AHMED Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Key words: Fungi, Sonneratia apetala, Sonneratia caseolaris, Coastal zone Abstract A total of six species and one genus of fungi associated with black leaf spot of Sonneratia apetala Buch. Ham (Kewra); and anthracnose and small leaf spot of S. caseolaris (L.) Engler (Choila) were isolated following “Tissue planting” method. The fungi associated with black spot of S. apetala were Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Br. & Cav., Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stey. and Phoma betae Frank. Anthracnose of S. caseolaris showed the association of A. fumigatus and P. guepinii. The fungi associated with leaf spot of S. caseolaris were Curvularia fallax Boedijn, Fusarium Link, Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. and P. betae. Frequency percentage of association of P. guepinii was highest (74.10) in black spot of S. apetala whereas the same fungus showed highest frequency percentage (85.70) in case of anthracnose of S. caseolaris. Phoma betae showed highest frequency percentage (60.00) in leaf spot of S. caseolaris. Phoma betae is first time recorded from Bangladesh. Introduction Sonneratia is a medium large size columnar tree belonging to the Sonneratiaceae family(1). Sonneratia apetala Buch. Ham (Kewra) and S. caseolaris (L.) Engler (Choila) are the most important species of Sonneratia. Sonneratia apetala is a mangrove plant and it grows as tree along seaward fringes and intertidal areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis of the Sonneratiaceae and Its Relationship to Lythraceae Based on ITS Sequences of Nrdna
    _______________________________________________________________________________www.paper.edu.cn J. Plant Res. 113: 253-258, 2000 Journal of Plant Research 0 by The Botanical Society of JaDan 2000 Phylogenetic Analysis of the Sonneratiaceae and its Relationship to Lythraceae Based on ITS Sequences of nrDNA Suhua Shi’*, Yelin Huang’, Fengxiao Tan’, Xingjin He’ and David E. Boufford’ School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138-2020,U.S. A. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using seven Asia. Species of Sonneratia are trees of mangrove swamps species in two genera of Sonneratiaceae, seven species in and seacoasts generally, and the inland genus Duabanga is five genera of the related Lythraceae and 2 outgroups an evergreen component of the rainforest belt (Backer et a/. based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1954). Approximate five to 11 species are recognized in the (ITS) and the 5.8s coding region of the nuclear ribosomal family worldwide, seven of which occur from south central to DNA to determine the proper systematic placement of the southeast China (Backer and Steenis 1951, Duck and Jackes Sonneratiaceae. Paraphyly of the traditional Lythraceae 1987, KO 1983). The mangrove genus Sonneratia occurs was shown with the genus Lagerstmemia nested within the mainly on Hainan Island in China and consists of five native Sonneratiaceae. The Sonneratiaceae occurred within the species, S. a/& Smith, S. caseolaris (L.) Engler, S, hainanensis Lythraceae with high bootstrap value support (96%). The W.C. KO, E.Y. Chen & W.Y. Chen, S. ovata Backer, S. par- two traditional genera constituting Sonneratiaceae were in acaseolaris W.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding Biology During the Nestling Period at a Black-Crowned Pitta
    Eric R. Gulson-Castillo et al. 173 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(3) Breeding biology during the nestling period at a Black-crowned Pita Erythropita ussheri nest by Eric R. Gulson-Castillo, R. Andrew Dreelin, Facundo Fernandez-Duque, Emma I. Greig, Justin M. Hite, Sophia C. Orzechowski, Lauren K. Smith, Rachel T. Wallace & David W. Winkler Received 30 March 2017; revised 3 July 2017; published 15 September 2017 htp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8F5C236B-0C84-402A-8F73-A56090F59F56 Summary.—The natural history of most Pitidae is understudied, but the breeding biology of the genus Erythropita, a recently recognised grouping of red-bellied pitas, is especially poorly known. We monitored and video-recorded a Black- crowned Pita E. ussheri nest in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, during the nestling period and found that the male had a higher visitation rate and the female was the sole adult that brooded. We clarify this species’ nestling development and describe two vocalisations: (1) the frst instance of a fedgling-specifc song in Pitidae and (2) a soft grunt-like sound given by adults arriving at the nest early in the nestling period. We analysed the structure of each visit, fnding that the longest segment of most parental visits was the period between food delivery and parental departure. We hypothesise that adults linger to await the production of faecal sacs and aid nestlings to process food. The pitas (Pitidae) are a colourful group of Old World understorey birds that were recently split into three genera: Pita, Hydrornis and Erythropita (Irestedt et al. 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Red List of Bangladesh 2015
    Red List of Bangladesh Volume 1: Summary Chief National Technical Expert Mohammad Ali Reza Khan Technical Coordinator Mohammad Shahad Mahabub Chowdhury IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature Bangladesh Country Office 2015 i The designation of geographical entitles in this book and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature concerning the legal status of any country, territory, administration, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The biodiversity database and views expressed in this publication are not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, Bangladesh Forest Department and The World Bank. This publication has been made possible because of the funding received from The World Bank through Bangladesh Forest Department to implement the subproject entitled ‘Updating Species Red List of Bangladesh’ under the ‘Strengthening Regional Cooperation for Wildlife Protection (SRCWP)’ Project. Published by: IUCN Bangladesh Country Office Copyright: © 2015 Bangladesh Forest Department and IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holders, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holders. Citation: Of this volume IUCN Bangladesh. 2015. Red List of Bangladesh Volume 1: Summary. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. xvi+122. ISBN: 978-984-34-0733-7 Publication Assistant: Sheikh Asaduzzaman Design and Printed by: Progressive Printers Pvt.
    [Show full text]