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The Caledon-Guelph Outwash, Ontario, Canada: Its Origin, Deposits, And

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The Caledon-Guelph Outwash, Ontario, Canada: Its Origin, Deposits, And THE CALEDON-GUELPH OUTWASH, ONTARIO, CANADA: ITS ORIGIN, DEPOSITS, AND ECONOMICS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by LESLEY ANNE HYMERS In partial fuifïllment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Apd, 2001 O Lesiey Anne Hymers, 2001 National Library BiMiothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 WeUington Street 395. rue WeMington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 -ON K1AW Canada CaMde The author has grantecl a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibiiothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bue or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur fonnat électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propdte du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be phted or othedse de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT THE CALEDON-GUELPH OUTWASH (ONTARIO, CANADA): ITS ORIGIN, DEPOSITS, AND ECONOMICS Lesley Anne Hymers Advisor: University of Guelph, 2001 Dr. 1. P Martini The Late Pleistocene Caledon-Guelph outwash has developed in front of the Paris Moraine from Caledon to Guelph and to Paris in southwestern Ontario. Its sediments were uansported and deposited by braided meltwater streams that flowed quasi-paraliel to the front of the Ontario lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. These streams received input of sediment and water from various points dong their path, and never developed a graded profile. They were dso affected by strongly variable discharge related to variation in thaw in different seasons and from day and night. Occasional bursts of ice-dammed supra- and/or sub-glacial lakes may have triggered short-lived but powefil mega-fioods. These events led to a complex distribution of variable deposits of sand and gravel. As a result, these deposits maintain the record of events and processes active in these glacial marginal environments. These sand and gravel deposits were studied in four representative pits: Caledon, Enn, Martini (within the outwash), and the Leslie pit (within an ice-contact zone). Stagnant water conditions are revealed by few local occurrences of silt and fine sand iilycls. Braided Stream conditions, with continuous cutting and filling of channels, is revealed by the alternation of massive sandy gravels and cross-bedded deposits. Evidence of extremely large magnitude floods is recorded by the presence of imbricated coarse boulders, large foresetted deposits, and large channel fdls, particularly in the Caledon region. The Caledon-Guelph outwash is an economically important aggregate deposit. The deposits are valuable because of their quantity and quaiity. They are thick, lack deleterious lithologies, usually require Limited processing, are located near transportahon routes, and major market areas. Acknowledgments The following work is owed, in part, to the many people who assisted me in this endeavour. Firstly, 1 wish to thank Dr. 1. P. Martini for his passion, creativity, support, and, especiaily, patience without which this project would not have ken possible. 1 would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Richard Rotz and Dr. Gary Parkin and thank them for partkipating in my advisory cornmittee. 1 would especially like to thank Dr. Protz for ailowing me the use of his Image Anaiysis Laboratory facilities for an explorative work on ways of quantiQing aggregate characteristics through image analysis. i would especially like to thank Dr. Parkin for his encouragement and for his meaningful input regarding some of the analysis and statistics. 1 would also like to thank Dr. Christopher Duke for his assistance and advice with respect to the Image Analysis portion of the research. 1 would like to thank the aggregate companies for ailowing me the use of their facilities. 1 hope that some of the results will be meaningful to them. The Land Resource Science Department office staff needs special recognition for their assistance, especially regarding my administration. Thanks also go to Amanda Blackmore, my principal field assistant, Steven Sadura for his field, technical, and teaching assistance, Don hine for his technical and graphic support, and Mufiah el Gadi for his assistance with some of the analysis. Sincere and heartfelt thanks must also go to my many graduate student fnends and colleagues who helped make my time here so pleasant. Thank you dl! Dr. Sandra Ausma deserves special recognition for providing a meaningful role model. My partner Paul Machado needs speciai recognition also. Thank you for your cornmitment, support and encouragement! I would also like to thank my farnily for their support and, especially, for my employment without which 1 would never have been able to complete my education. A sincere thank you must go to Ruth Howes and Geoff Kerr who so kindly provided me a Guelph home during the final stages of the preparation of this thesis. My coileagues at Teaching Support Services deserve special recognition. Thank you al1 for your support and professional coaching. Finally, 1 owe an imrneasurabIe debt of gratitude to the many professors and students who, through scholarly and social interaction, facilitated the Merdevelopment of my passion for science and inquiry, and assisted in the continued fostering of my Iife long learning objective. " Wherever glaciers have passed over, during one of the ages of the Earth's existence, the aspect of the country has been transfonned by their action. As do avalanches, they carry the rubbish of the crurnbling mountains into the plains, not by violence, but by the patient labour of every rnovernent. " E. Reclus (1880) (Allen, 1997). Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... ..oo...o........om0-0 List of Appendices .................................................................................................................... ..v List of Figures~~~m~~~~~~m~~~~~~o~~~~o~~~~~~om~o~~~~~~m~oomoo~m~mmmo~m~~omm~~mm~~~mm~~m~~m~~m~~om~~~~~m~~o~~o~~~~~~~~~mo~~~~o~~~~~~o~~~m~~~m~t~Vi List of TabIes ................................................................................................................................ .ix RESULTS ..............................om.....o..............................oo.....~~o~~~o~~~mo~~~~o~~~~mmo~~om~mm~~~~~~o~~o~mm~~~~m~~~mm~~~~l8 Mineralogical Composition and Particle Size Analysis.....,..... .............m.................................18 Mineralogical Composition ........................................................................... o.ooooo18 Particle Size Analysis .....~m.oo...~m.oom..oo~.~ommoow.~mmmm.mm~mmom.~~o~m~momm~~mo.o~.~wmm o.mmw~m~m~mo.~~o~~*~m17 Distributions .................................................................................................... ......18 Scatter Plots ..................................................................................... o.ooo*.ooooo.ooe~oeoo21 Lithofacies .................m.~~~~~~~w~~~wm~~m~~~~~~~~~mmm~m~~~~m~~~~m~~~~~~mm~~~~~m~~~o~~~~~m~~~~m~~~omoo~~o~~~~~~~~wm~~~mm~m~~~~28 F: Sandy Silt-Silty Sand ............................................................................... ..m.....m30 S Sand ....................................................................................................... m.mmmo~m~o~3O Sd: Gravelly Sand to Sandy Grave1 .., ............. ..o..m.mm.~~.~.~.~emw~~~.~m.mwaw.mm~m~.~.m.~a..o.~....3I Gg: Granule to Very Fine Pebble Gravel ..o............., ..~amm~..~mm~~~om~.om~~mo~~..*m~.aa.~e~m~~m~33 Gd: Pebble Grave1 ............................................................................... ~.o~mmm~~~~*~m~~~m33 Gc: Cobble Grave1 ........................................................................................... .....35 Gb: Bouldery Gravel .......o........~..mm.omm~.~mm~.~t~~mo~~.~mm.~m.~o.o~..o.~~m~mm~~.a~m~.~~~~~.ooo e.*.*mw.**.37 Diarnict ......................................................................................... o.w....oo...o..~.......037 Special Features .............................................................................................o.omo...o.o.......~ Weatherïng ............................................................................................... o...o..o.....40 Glaciotectonic Features ................................................................. ...o...oo.....o.........~ FACIES ARCHI'IXCTURE .....................O..............................m...........................e.o..ooe.ooo0.**0..*.**43 Caledon Site ........................................................................................ ..................43 Caledon 1 ................................................................................................... 43 Caledon 2 .................................................................................................
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