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Current Perspectives on Profiling and Enhancing Wheelchair Court-Sport Performance

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Current Perspectives on Profiling and Enhancing Wheelchair Court-Sport Performance Loughborough University Institutional Repository Current perspectives on profiling and enhancing wheelchair court-sport performance This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Citation: PAULSON, T.A.W. and GOOSEY-TOLFREY, V.L., 2017. Current perspectives on profiling and enhancing wheelchair court-sport performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12 (3), pp. 275- 286. Additional Information: • This paper was accepted for publication in the journal International Jour- nal of Sports Physiology and Performance and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0231 Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/22116 Version: Accepted for publication Publisher: c Human Kinetics Publishing as accepted for publication Rights: This work is made available according to the conditions of the Cre- ative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence. Full details of this licence are available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Please cite the published version. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Current perspectives on profiling and enhancing wheelchair court-sport performance Journal: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ManuscriptFor ID IJSPP.2016-0231.R1 Peer Review Manuscript Type: Invited Brief Review Paralympic, wheelchair rugby, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair tennis, Keywords: physical capacity, training monitoring Human Kinetics, 1607 N Market St, Champaign, IL 61825 Page 1 of 30 International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 1 Current perspectives on profiling and enhancing wheelchair court-sport performance 2 3 Thomas Paulson & Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey 4 5 The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health 6 Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England, 7 UK. 8 9 For Peer Review 10 Submission type: Invited brief review 11 12 Abstract word count (max 250): 237 13 Text-only word count (max 4500): 43354576 14 Number of figures and tables: 2 Figures & 2 Tables 15 References: 6154 16 17 18 19 20 Direct correspondence to: 21 Prof. Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of 22 Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, 23 Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England, UK. 24 Tel: +44 (0) 1509 226386. Fax: +44 (0)1509 226301. 25 E-mail: [email protected] 26 27 28 29 30 31 Human Kinetics, 1607 N Market St, Champaign, IL 61825 International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Page 2 of 30 32 Abstract 33 Despite the growing interest in Paralympic sport, the evidence-base for supporting elite 34 wheelchair sport performance remains in its infancy when compared to able-bodied (AB) 35 sport. Subsequently, current practice is often based on theory adapted from AB guidelines, 36 with a heavy reliance on anecdotal evidence and practitioner experience. Many principles in 37 training prescription and performance monitoring with wheelchair athletes are directly 38 transferable from AB practice, including the periodisation and tapering of athlete loads 39 around competition.For Yet, a consideration Peer for theReview physiological consequences of an athlete’s 40 impairment and the interface between athlete and their equipment are vital when targeting 41 interventions to optimise in-competition performance. Researchers and practitioners are faced 42 with the challenge of identifying and implementing reliable protocols that detect small but 43 meaningful changes in impairment-specific physical capacities and on-court performance. 44 Technologies to profile both linear and rotational on-court performance are an essential 45 component of sports science support in order to understand sport-specific movement profiles 46 and prescribe training intensities. In addition, an individualised approach to the prescription 47 of athlete training and optimisation of the ‘wheelchair/user interface’ is required, accounting 48 for an athlete’s anthropometrics, sports classification and positional role on court. As well as 49 enhancing physical capacities, interventions must also focus on the integration of the athlete 50 and their equipment as well as techniques for limiting environmental influence on 51 performance. Taken together, the optimisation of wheelchair sport performance requires a 52 multi-disciplinary approach based on the individual requirements of each athlete. 53 54 Key words: Paralympic, wheelchair rugby, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair tennis, 55 physical capacity, training monitoring. 56 Human Kinetics, 1607 N Market St, Champaign, IL 61825 Page 3 of 30 International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 57 Introduction 58 Since its inception at the Stoke Mandeville games in 1948, the Paralympic movement has 59 experienced a dramatic growth as a platform for sport in individuals with a physical 60 impairment.1 At the Rio 2016 Paralympic games, over around 4350000 athletes from 176 61 countries are expected to compete for 528 medals in one of the world’s largest sporting 62 events. The rapid expansion in participation levels and public interest over recent decades has 63 been matched by a continued advancement in the standard of elite competition. The latter is 64 supported by the evolutionFor of technicalPeer aids andReview equipment 2 and an increasingly specialised 65 approach to sports science and sports medicine support.3,4 66 Despite the growing interest in Paralympic sport, the evidence-base for supporting wheelchair 67 sport performance remains in its infancy when compared to able-bodied (AB) sport. A lack of 68 resource as well as small, heterogeneous pools of elite athletes often inhibits the publication 69 of scientific data collected in performance settings. Restrictions on data sharing within high 70 performance systems also limit the availability of information detailing physiological 71 capabilities and training practices of elite performers. Subsequently, current practice is often 72 based on theory adapted from AB guidelines, with a heavy reliance on anecdotal evidence 73 and practitioner experience.5 Many principles in training prescription and performance 74 monitoring are directly transferable between AB and wheelchair-based sport, including the 75 periodisation and tapering of athlete training loads around competition. Yet, a consideration 76 for the physiological consequences of an athlete’s impairment and the interface between 77 athlete and their equipment are vital when targeting interventions to optimise in-competition 78 performance (see Figure 1 for overview). 79 The wheelchair sports currently receiving the most attention in the scientific literature are the 80 ‘court sports’ (i.e. basketball, rugby and tennis). Wheelchair basketball (WB) is a team sport Human Kinetics, 1607 N Market St, Champaign, IL 61825 International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Page 4 of 30 81 designed for athletes who have a lower limb physical impairment that prevents running, 82 jumping and pivoting , including paraplegia , or musculoskeletal conditions , spina bifida, 83 amputation and poliomyelitis .6 Wheelchair rugby (WR) is a team sport played by individuals 84 with an impairment that affects all four limbs, including cervical spinal cord injuries 85 (tetraplegia), multiple amputations, polio, cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders.6 86 Wheelchair tennis (WT) is played in an open class (athletes with a range of impairments, 87 such as amputations or thoracic/lumbar spinal cord injuries (paraplegia)) and the quad 88 division (athletes withFor tetraplegia Peer or upper extrem Reviewity impairment) 6. A wider discussion on the 89 functional classifications systems within each sport is beyond the scope of this review and is 90 provided elsewhere.6 Importantly the aforementioned sports present similarities in terms of 91 the intermittent movement dynamics of on-court performance and the need to optimise the 92 interface between an individual athlete and their equipment.wheelchair configuration and 93 sport specific movement dynamics . This review will outline scientific evidence and current 94 perspectives on the profiling and enhancing physical performance in the court sports. 95 Specifically, this review will focus on i) laboratory and field based assessments of physical 96 capacity related to court-sport performance; ii) techniques and technologies available for 97 profiling on-court physical performance and iii) the evidence base for targeted interventions 98 aimed at enhancing physical performance, including training prescription, equipment 99 innovations and thermoregulation. 100 Profiling physical capacity and performance 101 An athlete’s impairment type and anthropometrics have a large influence on what physical 102 attributes may be trainable in a sport-specific context (Figure 1). The functional classification 103 systems within wheelchair sports are designed to minimise the impact of eligible impairment 104 types on the outcome of competition and to promote equality in competition.1,6 However, the 105 heterogeneity in impairment types competing within the same classification and/or sporting Human Kinetics, 1607 N Market St, Champaign, IL 61825 Page 5 of 30 International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 106 discipline presents a unique challenge for coaches and practitioners when considering 107
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