Hélène LAJOUS

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Hélène LAJOUS THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITE D'ANGERS L'UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 605 ECOLE DOCTORALE Biologie Santé Chimie moléculaire, supramoléculaire et fonctionnelle Spécialité : Technologies biomédicales, Vectorisation, Nanomédecine, Thérapie cellulaire et génique, Médecine régénératrice et Biomatériaux Par Hélène LAJOUS Cisplatine : une vieille molécule pour de nouveaux défis Développement d’une prodrogue macromoléculaire multifonctionnelle applicable au traitement local du glioblastome Thèse présentée et soutenue à Angers, le 22 mai 2018 Unités de recherche : Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers (CRCINA), INSERM U1232 Centre d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Macromolécules (CERM) Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Pr. Karine ANDRIEUX Professeure, Université Paris Descartes Dr. Sandrine CAMMAS-MARION Chargée de recherche, CNRS, HDR, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes Composition du Jury : Pr. Christine JEROME Professeure, Université de Liège Présidente Pr. Karine ANDRIEUX Professeure, Université Paris Descartes Dr. Sandrine CAMMAS-MARION Chargée de recherche, CNRS, HDR, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes Dr. Elodie VAULEON MD, PhD, Centre Eugène Marquis, Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Université de Rennes Dr. Caroline ROBIC PhD, Guerbet Dr. Emmanuel GARCION Directeur de recherche, INSERM, Université d’Angers Directeur de thèse Dr. Philippe LECOMTE Chercheur, FNRS, Université de Liège Co-directeur de thèse An Seppi “One day, we imagine that cancer biology and treatment – at present, a patchwork quilt of cell biology, genetics, histopathology, biochemistry, immunology, and pharmacology – will become a science with a conceptual structure and logical coherence that rivals that of chemistry or physics.” Douglas Hanahan & Robert A. Weinberg, 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 100, pp. 57-70. “Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious. And however difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at. It matters that you don't just give up.” Stephen Hawking Remerciements Remerciements Je souhaiterais tout d’abord remercier les membres de mon jury d’avoir accepté d’évaluer ce travail. Je remercie le Pr. Karine Andrieux et le Dr. Sandrine Cammas-Marion d’accepter la lourde tâche de rapporteurs de ce travail de doctorat. Tout particulièrement, merci Sandrine pour ces échanges que nous avons eus à Bordeaux et par la suite, pour ce regain de motivation et de confiance que tu m’as donné. Je remercie le Pr. Christine Jérôme d’assurer la présidence de ce jury. Merci d’encourager les thèses en cotutelle à l’interface entre plusieurs domaines, et de m’avoir ainsi accueillie dans ton laboratoire dans le cadre du programme NanoFar. Merci d’être intervenue de sorte que je puisse soutenir ma thèse suivant les règles de l’université d’Angers. Merci pour ta gentillesse, ton enthousiasme constant, et cette grande humanité qui font de toi une personne appréciée de tous, en plus d’être admirée et respectée pour ton expertise scientifique. Je remercie le Dr Elodie Vauléon et le Dr Caroline Robic d’apporter leurs expertises transverses pour encore enrichir ce jury de thèse pluridisciplinaire. Je tiens à remercier mes directeurs de thèse, le Dr Emmanuel Garcion et le Dr Philippe Lecomte. Merci Emmanuel, en tant que responsable de GLIAD, de m’avoir accueillie dans cette toute nouvelle équipe, sous l’égide de Marc Grégoire pour le CRCINA. Merci pour ton humanité, pour ton soutien et ta confiance là où d’autres se seraient contentés de dire que je n’avais pas le profil adapté, et pour ta gestion intransigeante et efficace des situations de crise. Merci Philippe de m’avoir accueillie au CERM alors que je ne connaissais rien à la chimie des polymères, et de m’avoir peu à peu initiée à la théorie et à la pratique de la polymérisation par ouverture de cycle. Je garde un excellent souvenir de vos cours de RMN qui m’ont passionnée et que j’espère reprendre lorsque j’en aurai davantage le temps. Je remercie le jury rassemblé par l’école doctorale Biologie Santé d’avoir retenu mon dossier pour une présentation orale le 1er juillet 2014 visant à défendre mon projet, et estimé à l’issue de celle-ci que je méritais une allocation doctorale du Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. Finalement, je remercie la région Pays de la Loire d’avoir financé trois ans de ma thèse. Remerciements Alors que l’aventure touche à sa fin, je souhaiterais adresser mes plus sincères remerciements à mes collègues, à mes amis, à ma famille. Il y a eu des moments de grande solitude durant ces trois ans et demi, mais jamais je n’aurais été capable de les traverser sans leur soutien, sans leur aide, sans ces échanges quotidiens qui ont enrichi mon monde. Je remercie tout particulièrement le Dr Bénédicte Lelièvre pour son implication cruciale dans mon projet. Je m’excuse pour le nombre effarant de dosages, qui m’étaient néanmoins essentiels. A titre professionnel, je vous remercie pour ces échanges scientifiques si enrichissants, pour le regard clinique et l’ouverture que vous m’avez apportés, ainsi que pour m’avoir donné la possibilité de présenter mes travaux lors des journées de la SFERETE en décembre dernier. A titre plus personnel, je vous remercie pour votre bienveillance, votre gentillesse, votre compréhension, votre soutien, et en un mot votre grande humanité. Mon seul regret, outre de ne pas avoir pu travailler directement avec vous afin de mettre en place la méthode de spéciation des complexes du platine que nous avions évoquée, est de ne pas avoir réussi à partager avec vous ce café dont nous avons pourtant parlé à de nombreuses reprises ! J’espère que les semaines qui viennent me permettront de remédier à cela et de vous remercier pour tout ce que vous m’avez apporté. Je remercie le Dr Raphaël Riva du CERM pour sa grande implication et sa participation active à mon projet de thèse, sa patience à expliquer et réexpliquer certains raisonnements théoriques, ainsi que pour ses conseils. Avant de remercier mes chers collègues du CERM, de GLIAD et anciens collègues du MINT avec qui j’ai également beaucoup partagé, je souhaiterais remercier des personnels administratifs remarquables. Je pense tout particulièrement à Marion Toucheteau pour son investissement complet pour aider et faciliter les formalités administratives des doctorants NanoFar. Car même en étant de nationalité française, dans une université française, les procédures sont loin d’être simples. Merci infiniment pour votre gentillesse, votre écoute et votre efficacité sans faille. Je remercie Albertine Lucas, qui aura pris la relève pendant quelques mois. Je remercie Grégory Koné qui a aussi été d’une grande aide et d’une gentillesse à toute épreuve lors de ma candidature au concours de l’école doctorale. Il est des personnes comme lui qui ont le soleil dans la voix. Je tiens également à remercier tout particulièrement Catherine Lefèbvre-Coissieu qui, bien que parfois irritée dans ses mails parce qu’encore une fois le doctorant n’est pas complètement dans les clous (je pense que Remerciements d’autres se reconnaîtront et souriront en lisant ces mots), s’est toujours révélée être d’une efficacité redoutable, qui n’a d’égale que sa gentillesse. A titre d’exemple marquant, j’ai été profondément touchée, suite aux attentats de Bruxelles, que vous ayez contacté chaque doctorant potentiellement en lien avec la Belgique pour vous assurer que nous étions sains et saufs. Je remercie Karine Couturier pour son aide dans les démarches préalables à la soutenance. Je tiens également à remercier Madame Ouréga Koffi, que je n’aurais probablement pas connue en d’autres circonstances, mais qui m’a offert la possibilité d’un logement substitutif durant les quatre mois de bataille avec les assurances suite à un dégât des eaux ayant ravagé mon appartement. En fin de thèse, c’était bien la dernière chose dont j’avais besoin, et son intervention m’a été d’un immense secours. Du côté de Liège, je remercie Madame Anne-Sophie Duwez d’avoir accepté ma demande de soutenance de thèse. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du programme Erasmus Mundus NanoFar pour les nanomédecines et les innovations pharmaceutiques initié par le Dr Frank Boury, que je remercie d’avoir autorisé la participation d’étudiants français. C’était une réelle chance de conférer une petite dimension internationale à mon projet, et cela m’a permis de rencontrer des personnes d’horizons très divers. J’en profite ici pour remercier mes collègues et amis NanoFar Reatul, Chiara, Howl, Elise, Vincent, Edward, Milad, Ana, et tous les autres. Je vous souhaite beaucoup de bonheur et de succès dans votre carrière à venir. J’en arrive maintenant à mes très nombreux collègues. Une fois n’est pas coutume, commençons par la Belgique. Je ne peux m’empêcher ici de remercier une nouvelle fois Christine pour son accessibilité, sa gentillesse sans bornes et ses conseils scientifiques. Je remercie Christophe pour sa gentillesse et sa bonne humeur, et garderai en mémoire le souvenir d’une belle soirée d’été au bord de la piscine, agrémentée de bières locales, alors que je désespérais de mes polymérisations bien plus lentes que d’habitude. Je remercie Charlotte, ma petite sœur de cœur, pour nos échanges tellement riches, pour toutes ces fois où nous avons refait le monde, et notamment cette fois où nous avons dû mettre trois heures à remplir un container d’azote liquide… Je te remercie pour ton humanité, pour ta gentillesse infinie, pour ta sensibilité et ces expériences de vie partagées, pour cette oreille toujours attentive et à l’écoute, pour tes conseils de lecture et tes pensées positives.
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