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LOW-INPUT SHRIMP FARMING in KENTUCKY, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii World Aquaculture, 38(4): 44-49

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LOW-INPUT SHRIMP FARMING in KENTUCKY, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii World Aquaculture, 38(4): 44-49 LOW-INPUT SHRIMP FARMING IN KENTUCKY, Macrobrachium rosenbergii World Aquaculture, 38(4): 44-49. Click here for Slide Show William A. Wurts, Kentucky State University CEP Senior State Specialist for Aquaculture http://www.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/Wurtspage.htm Over the past several years, freshwater shrimp farming has become very popular in Kentucky. Aerators, pond-side electricity, substrate, and high stocking densities are used to raise shrimp intensively. Most of the people contacting extension specialists for information about shrimp production do not have or can not afford the resources needed for intensive culture practices. Pond aeration was not a standard practice for freshwater shrimp farming before the early 1980s. Stocking densities and feeding were managed to prevent water quality problems, especially, low dissolved oxygen. However stocking densities, feeding rates, and technical inputs have increased significantly for prawn farming with the development of efficient electric aerators. Water quality management becomes the limiting factor because of higher feeding rates and greater stocking densities. The objective has been to maximize the number of pounds harvested per surface acre. This intensive approach to production requires large initial investments associated with high stocking densities, high feeding rates, addition of artificial substrate, installation of electrical power on pond banks, and the purchase of water quality monitoring and aeration equipment. Initial start-up and production costs, including pond construction but excluding land purchase, can be more than $12,500 per acre. Because these costs are so high, the majority of small-scale and limited resource farmers are priced out of intensive freshwater shrimp production. Furthermore, the risk of financial loss can be significant. In the 1970s and early 1980s, researchers and farmers produced between 300 and 900 lb of freshwater shrimp per acre. Harvest yields were related to the number and size of shrimp stocked. The data indicated that bigger animals could be grown if ponds were stocked at lower densities, or with larger juveniles rather than 7-day post larvae (pL). Although harvest yields were inconsistent, shrimp could be produced without aeration. The risk of low oxygen concentrations and the loss of a shrimp crop is significant with high stocking densities, aggressive feeding schedules, and no aeration. However, it is generally accepted that poor water quality and low oxygen are uncommon when daily feeding is no more than 25 lb/acre. Several field trials were conducted from 2002-2005 to explore the potential of low-input shrimp farming in Kentucky. Low Input Demonstrations, 2002 & 2003 Low-input shrimp farming practices were first demonstrated in Hopkins County, Kentucky (Wurts et. al.). A 0.5-acre pond was stocked with 4000, 0.5-g freshwater shrimp (8,000 shrimp/acre). The pond was fertilized with 125 lb (250 lb/ac) of alfalfa meal 14 days before stocking. Juvenile shrimp were released into the pond on June 13, 2002. Daily feeding began at 10 lb/acre but did not exceed 25 lb/acre. Aeration was not used. The pond was harvested on September 28 -- 107 days after stocking. Roughly 200 lb of shrimp (400 lb/ac) were captured. The average size of each animal was 35.2 g, or 13 shrimp to the pound (13 count). Shrimp were fed a 35% protein, sinking pellet and a total of 723 lb commercial catfish feed. The food conversion ratio was 3.6 (lb feed/lb gain). Survival was approximately 60%. It seems likely that harvest yield and shrimp size would have been significantly larger if the juveniles had been stocked before June 1 rather than on June 13. Water quality was measured during August and September when feeding, temperature and oxygen demand were greatest. The dissolved oxygen concentration averaged 6.8 mg/L (temperature, 76-81F) with the lowest value at 4.8 mg/L. Total ammonia nitrogen concentration was never higher than 0.3 mg/L and pH ranged from 7.8-8.5. Total alkalinity and total hardness were 27 mg/L and 230 mg/L, respectively. The cooperator in this demonstration produced shrimp for home consumption. However, assuming a price of $7.00-8.00/lb for 400 lb of shrimp and subtracting the costs of food, fertilization, and juvenile shrimp (Table 1), the value of shrimp harvested by this producer was between $1,695 and $2,095 per acre. The farmer owned a pond that already contained water, possessed the equipment and supplies needed, and had family help for harvest. A potential producer must consider additional expenses such as: loan financing, pond construction, liming, pumping, mowing, harvest labor, nets, purging tanks, gloves, plastic bags, and ice. However, with low-input farming, there are no costs associated with installing electric power on pond banks, the purchase of aeration equipment and substrate, or electricity to operate aerators. Table 1. Stocking, fertilization and feeding costs (per acre) for a low- input freshwater shrimp farming demonstration in Hopkins County, Kentucky -- 2002. Item Quantity Price Juvenile shrimp 8,000 $ 800 Alfalfa meal 250 lb $ 35 Feed 1450 lb $ 270 Total $1105 In 2003, four demonstration ponds (one 0.75 and three 0.5 acre ponds) were stocked with 45-60 day pL at 8,000 and 10,000 shrimp/acre. Ponds were located in Hopkins County and Grayson County, Kentucky. The growing season ranged from 110 to 124 days. Survival was 56 % in ponds stocked with 10,000 pL/acre and 33-40 % for ponds stocked with 8,000 pL/acre. However, dense filamentous algae or the presence of several largemouth bass may have been responsible for the poor survival observed in ponds stocked with 8000 pL/acre. Temperatures in June were significantly cooler than normal and harvest yields and shrimp size, 146-348 lb/acre and 16-18 count, were smaller than in 2002. However, because shrimp size and yields were greatest in ponds that had the best survival and highest stocking densities, it seemed clear that shrimp were overfed at a maximum daily feeding rate of 25 lb/ac. Furthermore in 2003, another Kentucky producer stocked a 1.0 acre pond with 10,666 pL/ac, used aeration, and had approximately the same yield (332 lb/ac) as the demonstration ponds stocked at 10,000 pL/acre without aeration (326-348 Lb/ac). The data collected from 2002-2003 suggested that 400 lb of shrimp could be produced per acre with organic fertilization, no aeration, and feeding less than 25 lb feed/ac daily. The results from these early demonstrations indicated that improvements could be made and the practices refined. Low Input Demonstrations, 2004 & 2005 Stocking, fertilization (see schedule below), and feeding practices were modified in 2004 (Wurts, 2005). Shrimp (45-60day pLs) were stocked at 10,000 to 14,000 per acre in six (6) ponds, one 1/4-acre and five 1/2-acre. The demonstrations took place in Hopkins County and Todd County, Kentucky. Ponds were stocked between May 21 and June 1, 2004. Daily feeding started at 10 lb per acre and was capped at 20 lb per acre. The growing season ranged from 110 to 133 days. However, it is unlikely that there was any significant growth during the last 14 days of the 133-day period (133 -14 = 119 days). Low-input farmers harvested between 454 and 820 lb of shrimp per acre, without aeration. Average yield was 580 lb/ac. Shrimp size ranged from 9 to 22 count (shrimp per pound). Shrimp size was 9-10 count in Todd County ponds. Shrimp were sold at the pond bank for $7.50 - $8.00/lb, heads-on. The cooperating producers reported that profits ranged from $1,600 - $2,200 per acre. Profit estimates were determined by subtracting basic costs (i.e. juvenile shrimp, feed, fertilizer, copper sulfate, plastic bags, gloves, and ice) from gross sales. Some new records were set in Todd County for low-input shrimp farming in 2005. Four, ½-acre ponds were stocked with 10,000 shrimp per acre on May 21, 2005. Ponds were fertilized with alfalfa and triple super-phosphate before stocking, as practiced in 2004. Ponds were not aerated. Daily feeding was capped at 20 lb/ac on week 11 (Table 2) and continued until harvest. Shrimp were harvested 125 to 126 days after stocking from September 24-25, 2005. Harvest yields ranged from 697 to 912 lb of shrimp per acre. The average yield was 809 lb per acre. Shrimp size ranged from 8 to 10 count. Even with 500 lb of unsold shrimp, the producers reported profits a little above $3,400 per acre. Table 2. Daily feeding rates, adjusted weekly, for freshwater shrimp stocked at 10,000 shrimp/ac. Week Daily Feed (lb/ac) 1 10 2 10 3 12 4 12 5 14 6 14 7 16 8 16 9 18 10 18 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 Total amount fed 1820 lb/acre Also in 2005, a harvest yield of 994 lb/acre of shrimp was achieved in a ¼-acre pond. Shrimp size at harvest was 10 count. The pond was fertilized as in 2004. Shrimp were stocked at a density of 16,000/acre on May 21, 2005. Daily feeding was capped at 24 lb/acre beginning on week 11 (Table 3) and continued until harvest (9/23/05). While the pond was aerated, it is unlikely that the aeration used (type and placement) had any significant impact on pond dissolved oxygen concentrations. Table 3. Daily feeding rates, adjusted weekly, for freshwater shrimp stocked at 16,000 shrimp/ac. Week Daily Feed (lb/ac) 1 10 2 10 3 12 4 12 5 14 6 14 7 16 8 18 9 20 10 22 11 24 12 24 13 24 14 24 15 24 16 24 Total amount fed 2044 lb/acre The stocking, fertilization, and feeding practices described below were used for the low-input shrimp farming demonstrations conducted in 2004 and 2005.
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