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Integrated Freshwater Prawn Farming: State-Of- The-Art and Future Potential

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Integrated Freshwater Prawn Farming: State-Of- The-Art and Future Potential Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture ISSN: 2330-8249 (Print) 2330-8257 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/brfs21 Integrated Freshwater Prawn Farming: State-of- the-Art and Future Potential Helcio L. A. Marques, Michael B. New, Marcello Villar Boock, Helenice Pereira Barros, Margarete Mallasen & Wagner C. Valenti To cite this article: Helcio L. A. Marques, Michael B. New, Marcello Villar Boock, Helenice Pereira Barros, Margarete Mallasen & Wagner C. Valenti (2016) Integrated Freshwater Prawn Farming: State-of-the-Art and Future Potential, Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 24:3, 264-293, DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2016.1169245 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2016.1169245 Published online: 20 Apr 2016. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=brfs21 Download by: [Dr Wagner Valenti] Date: 21 April 2016, At: 11:00 REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE & AQUACULTURE 2016, VOL. 24, NO. 3, 264–293 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2016.1169245 Integrated Freshwater Prawn Farming: State-of-the-Art and Future Potential Helcio L. A. Marquesa, Michael B. Newb, Marcello Villar Boocka, Helenice Pereira Barrosc, Margarete Mallasenc,y, and Wagner C. Valentid aAquaculture Center, Fisheries Institute, Sao Paulo State Secretariat of Agriculture and Food Supply, S~ao Paulo, Brazil; bFreshwater Prawn Farming Research Group, CNPq, Brazil, Marlow, Bucks, UK; cCenter for Continental Fish, Fisheries Institute, Sao Paulo State Secretariat of Agriculture and Food Supply, S~ao Paulo, Brazil; dBiosciences Institute and CAUNESP, CNPq., S~ao Paulo State University UNESP, S~ao Paulo, Brazil ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Integrated aquaculture can be defined as aquaculture systems sharing resources with other freshwater prawns; activities, commonly agricultural, agroindustrial, and infrastructural. Freshwater prawns are excellent Macrobrachium; polyculture; options for integration, since they are omnivores and can therefore take advantage of a wide range coculture; integration; of feed residuals, either from aquatic or terrestrial species. Furthermore, due to their benthic habit, potential; IMTA they have a well-defined spatial distribution in the environment, thus favoring interaction with various species of fish, other animals, and even with plants. The integrated farming of freshwater prawns includes different culture systems, such as polyculture and coculture with other aquatic species, rice-prawn culture, hydroponics, and integration with terrestrial animals and plants. Our review includes a worldwide perspective on the main commercial integrated systems involving freshwater prawns, the present status of research on integrated freshwater prawn production and the main opportunities for integrated freshwater prawn farming in a world that is moving toward sustainability. The review continues by providing a brief summary of the future prospects for this form of aquaculture. Finally, we conclude that integrating freshwater prawn farming with other aquaculture and farming activities has considerable potential as a means of increasing food production in a sustainable fashion. Introduction vollenhovenii (see Kutty and Valenti, 2010 for a review). The term freshwater prawn, sometimes referred to as Recently, freshwater prawn farming has become a major freshwater shrimp is a general designation for caridean contributor to global aquaculture, both in quantity and crustaceans, which spend at least the juvenile and adult value (New, 2010). In 2013, 571,152 t of freshwater phases in freshwater. Most species farmed around the prawns were produced globally, which makes freshwater world or used in aquaculture experiments belong to the prawn farming an industry valued at the farm-gate at genus Macrobrachium. This genus is tropical and native US$ 3 billion/year (FAO, 2015). to Asia, Africa, and America (Holthuis and Ng, 2010). The term “integrated aquaculture” has been fre- Downloaded by [Dr Wagner Valenti] at 11:00 21 April 2016 Until recently, most commercial culture had been based quently misunderstood. In scientific papers and in the on the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. documents of government agencies or private enter- Nevertheless, >250,000 t of the oriental river prawn prises, there is often a confusion between the terms “inte- Macrobrachium nipponense were produced in China in grated aquaculture,”“sustainable aquaculture,”“organic 2013, the culture of the monsoon river prawn Macro- aquaculture,”“responsible aquaculture,” and “socially brachium malcolmsonii has started in India and Pakistan, and/or environmentally responsible aquaculture.” These and the monkey river prawn Macrobrachium lar in expressions are quite distinct, although they have some Vanuatu (FAO, 2015). Many other species are under elements in common. For example, a fish monoculture research for aquaculture purposes, including the Ama- may be sustainable, or organic, or environmentally zon river prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum and the responsible, despite not being an integrated aquaculture. painted river prawn Macrobrachium carcinus in the On the other hand, an integrated aquaculture system Americas, and the African river prawn Macrobrachium does not have to be organic and sometimes, it may not CONTACT Wagner C. Valenti [email protected] Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Bioci^encias, Caixa Postal 73601, 11380-972, S~ao Vicente, SP, Brazil. Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/brfs. yIn memoriam of Margarete Mallasen. © 2016 Taylor & Francis REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE & AQUACULTURE 265 be sustainable or may not even be conducted in an this review, polyculture is defined as the rearing of two environmentally and socially friendly way. or more species (e.g., prawns and tilapia) in water bodies According to the Food and Agriculture Organization without physical separation, whereas coculture is the (FAO, 2013), integrated aquaculture is defined as “aqua- rearing of two or more species in the same water body culture systems sharing resources (e.g., water, feeds, but incorporating physical separation (e.g., one species management, etc.) with other activities, commonly agri- in cages). cultural, agroindustrial, and infrastructural (wastewater, power stations, etc.).” Zimmermann et al. (2010) define Benefits of using freshwater prawns in integrated aquaculture as “systems that combine aqua- integrated aquaculture culture with the farming of terrestrial animals and plants.” These authors distinguish it from the term “pol- Freshwater prawns are a good option for integrated sys- yculture,” used to name the art of growing two or more tems, since they are omnivores and detritivorous and compatible aquatic species together in a single pond. have a benthic habit. Thus, they can take advantage of a These definitions have been largely used in aquaculture. wide range of feed wastes, either from aquatic or terres- In recent years, the expression “integrated multi-trophic trial species, which fall through the water column by aquaculture” (IMTA) has become popular to describe gravity and sediment at the bottom of the rearing sys- the farming of species from different trophic levels and tems. Furthermore, they have a well-defined spatial dis- with complementary ecosystem functions. In IMTA, tribution in the environment, and occupy a slender layer uneaten allochthonous feed, wastes, nutrients, and by- in the bottom of the tridimensional space of aquatic sys- products from one species can be caught by other species tems. This avoids competition with various species of and incorporated in biomass (Chopin et al., 2012; Cho- fish, and even allows association with plants. pin, 2013). This concept also includes polyculture. Thus, The addition of freshwater prawns to a culture system in our review, we consider fish-prawn polyculture as a may add value to the crop. Generally, fish, rice, and other form of integrated system, since it shares the available freshwater organisms have low market prices. Con- resources in a complementary way, unlike some polycul- versely, freshwater prawns attain a very high price; for ture systems, which involve two or more fish species that example, the global average in 2013 was US$ 5.23/kg compete for the same resources, rather than share them (FAO, 2015). The inclusion of a higher value species in complementarily. an aquaculture system can yield a significantly increased Sharing natural or allochthonous resources is a way of income for the farmer, even when an increase in produc- increasing their usage efficiency. Thus, integrated aqua- tivity does not occur (Zimmermann et al., 2010). Thus, culture systems are supposed to optimize the use of freshwater prawns provide high income even when resources, contributing to the conservation of finite natu- reared at low densities in fish ponds or rice fields, ral assets. In addition, it is possible to exploit the syner- increasing total crop value. In addition, their use in inte- gistic interactions between the farmed species, leading to grated systems requires minimum alterations in facilities biomitigation processes. Consequently, integrated aqua- and management. New (2002) stated that the introduc- culture generally shows higher sustainability than other tion of prawns in paddy fields does not reduce the pro- Downloaded by [Dr Wagner Valenti] at 11:00 21 April 2016 systems,
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