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Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory

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Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18CH808 Site Name: Windy Knoll Prehistoric Other name(s) Windy Knoll I; Besche; Zekiah Fort Historic Brief Late 17th century residential site, possible 17th century/Contact Native American fort Unknown Description: Site Location and Environmental Data: Maryland Archeological Research Unit No. 10 SCS soil & sediment code BaB,MnC,GmD Latitude 38.5644 Longitude -76.8755 Physiographic province Western Shore Coastal Terrestrial site Underwater site Elevation m Site slope 2-10% Ethnobotany profile available Maritime site Nearest Surface Water Site setting Topography Ownership Name (if any) Tributary of Piney Branch -Site Setting restricted Floodplain High terrace Private Saltwater Freshwater -Lat/Long accurate to within 1 sq. mile, user may Hilltop/bluff Rockshelter/ Federal Ocean Stream/river need to make slight adjustments in mapping to cave Interior flat State of MD account for sites near state/county lines or streams Estuary/tidal river Swamp Hillslope Upland flat Regional/ Unknown county/city Tidewater/marsh Lake or pond Ridgetop Other Unknown Spring Terrace Low terrace Minimum distance to water is 30 m Temporal & Ethnic Contextual Data: Contact period site ca. 1820 - 1860 Ethnic Associations (historic only) Paleoindian site Woodland site ca. 1630 - 1675 ca. 1860 - 1900 Native American Y Asian American Archaic site MD Adena ca. 1675 - 1720 Y ca. 1900 - 1930 African American Unknown Early archaic Early woodland ca. 1720 - 1780 Post 1930 Anglo-American Y Other MIddle archaic Mid. woodland ca. 1780 - 1820 Hispanic Late archaic Late woodland Unknown historic context Unknown prehistoric context Unknown context Y=Confirmed, P=Possible Site Function Contextual Data: Historic Furnace/forge Military Post-in-ground Urban/Rural? Rural Other Battlefield Frame-built Domestic Prehistoric Transportation Fortification Masonry Homestead Multi-component Misc. ceremonial Canal-related Encampment Other structure Farmstead Village Rock art Road/railroad Townsite Slave related Hamlet Shell midden Mansion Wharf/landing Religious Non-domestic agri Plantation Base camp STU/lithic scatter Maritime-related Church/mtg house Recreational Rockshelter/cave Quarry/extraction Row/townhome Bridge Ch support bldg Cellar Midden/dump Earthen mound Fish weir Ford Burial area Cairn Production area Privy Artifact scatter Educational Cemetery Burial area Unknown Industrial Spring or well Commercial Sepulchre Other context Mining-related Trading post Isolated burial Unknown Quarry-related Store Other context Mill Bldg or foundation Tavern/inn Black/metalsmith Possible Structure Interpretive Sampling Data: Prehistoric context samples Soil samples taken N Historic context samples Soil samples taken N Flotation samples taken N Other samples taken Flotation samples taken N Other samples taken Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18CH808 Site Name: Windy Knoll Prehistoric Other name(s) Windy Knoll I; Besche; Zekiah Fort Historic Brief Late 17th century residential site, possible 17th century/Contact Native American fort Unknown Description: Diagnostic Artifact Data: Prehistoric Sherd Types Shepard Keyser Projectile Point Types Koens-Crispin Marcey Creek Popes Creek Townsend 3 Yeocomico 11 Clovis Perkiomen Dames Qtr Coulbourn Minguannan Monongahela Hardaway-Dalton Susquehana Selden Island Watson Sullivan Cove Susquehannock Palmer Vernon Accokeek Mockley Shenks Ferry Kirk (notch) Piscataway Wolfe Neck Clemson Island Moyaone 74 Kirk (stem) Calvert Vinette Page Potomac Cr 295 Le Croy Selby Bay Historic Sherd Types Ironstone Staffordshire Stoneware Earthenware English Brown 16 Morrow Mntn Jacks Rf (notch) Jackfield Tin Glazed 10 Astbury Eng Dry-bodie Guilford Jacks Rf (pent) Mn Mottled Whiteware Borderware 1 Brewerton Madison/Potomac 1 Nottingham North Devon 2 Porcelain Buckley Rhenish 1 Otter Creek Levanna Pearlware Creamware All quantities exact or estimated minimal counts Wt Salt-glazed Other Artifact & Feature Types: Prehistoric Features Lithic Material Fer quartzite Sil sandstone Prehistoric Artifacts Other fired clay Mound(s) Storage/trash pit Jasper Chalcedony European flint Flaked stone 718 Human remain(s) Midden Burial(s) Chert Ironstone Basalt Ground stone 1 Modified faunal Shell midden Ossuary Rhyolite Argilite Unknown Stone bowls Unmod faunal 14 Postholes/molds Unknown Quartz Steatite Other Fire-cracked rock 143 Oyster shell House pattern(s) Other Quartzite Sandstone slate Other lithics (all) 3 Floral material Palisade(s) Dated features present at site Ceramics (all) 21 Uncommon Obj. Hearth(s) Rimsherds Other Lithic reduc area Historic Artifacts Historic Features Tobacco related 616 Privy/outhouse Depression/mound Unknown Pottery (all) 166 Activity item(s) 54 Const feature Well/cistern Burial(s) Other Glass (all) 277 Human remain(s) Foundation Trash pit/dump Railroad bed Architectural 603 Faunal material Cellar hole/cellar Furniture 5 Misc. kitchen 8272 Sheet midden Earthworks Hearth/chimney Arms 461 Floral material Planting feature Mill raceway Postholes/molds Clothing 3 Misc. 815 Road/walkway Wheel pit Personal items 300 Other glass beads Paling ditch/fence All quantities exact or estimated minimal counts Radiocarbon Data: Sample 1: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 2: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 3: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 4: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 5: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 6: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 7: 0 +/- years BP Reliability Sample 8: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 9: +/- years BP Reliability Additional radiocarbon results available Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18CH808 Site Name: Windy Knoll Prehistoric Other name(s) Windy Knoll I; Besche; Zekiah Fort Historic Brief Late 17th century residential site, possible 17th century/Contact Native American fort Unknown Description: External Samples/Data: Collection curated at St. Mary's College of Maryland Additional raw data may be available online Summary Description: Site 18CH808 (also known as Windy Knolls I or the Zekiah Fort site) appears to be the archeological remnants of a late 17th century residential site and Native American fort/settlement southeast of Waldorf in rural Charles County. The Zekiah Fort site consists of three and possibly four concentrations of late 17th century artifacts associated with a relatively steep and defensible knoll. The knoll is located on an unnamed spring-fed stream that flows to a tributary of Zekiah Swamp Run and just to the west of Zekiah Swamp. The landscape in the vicinity of the site is relatively flat, low-lying land punctuated by two steep, eroded knolls. The location of the site, on the southern-most knoll, provides both natural topographic defenses and a perennial water source. Historically, much of the surrounding landscape was plowed, but much of it has reverted to woodlands in the last century. Soils at the site are highly productive Beltsville silt loams. In 1675, a series of events taking place along the northern and southern shores of the Potomac River precipitated what became known as “Bacon’s Rebellion” in Virginia. Starting out on the Virginia side of the river, members of the Doeg Indian nation took and Englishman’s hogs to settle an unpaid debt. That event escalated into a series of violent retaliations, each more deadly than the last. The deaths of a number of English settlers and local Natives along with the involvement of the local militia from both colonies ultimately culminated in the siege of a Susquehannock Indian fort on the Maryland side of the Potomac (along Piscataway Creek). Colonel John Washington of Virginia (Great-grandfather of George Washington) and Thomas Truman of Maryland led the siege, which lasted for weeks. At one point, Washington and Truman invited the Susquehannock leaders outside the fort to parley. The Susquehannock accepted their invitation but, once outside the fort, the two English leaders along with Major Isaac Allerton without provocation opened fire on the Indian leaders. When the remaining (and enraged) Susquehannock escaped the fort six weeks later, they began a series of raids along the Virginia frontier. A perceived lack of government responsiveness to these raids would ultimately lead to Bacon’s Rebellion. The Piscataway and Mattawoman Indians, both living on the north side of the Potomac, had been squarely allied with the English forces besieging the Susquehannock fort. Their participation was obligated according to the “articles of peace and amity” that a number of Indian nations (including the Piscataway and Mattawoman) had concluded with the English in 1666. Moreover, the Piscataway had a long-standing grudge against the Susquehannock , whose members had been raiding Piscataway settlements since before contact with Europeans. But what may have seemed like a reasonable idea at the time turned out to have devastating consequences. For much of the rest of the decade, “northern” and “foreign” Indians (mostly Susquehannock and Seneca) waged merciless war on the Piscataway and the Mattawoman, killing the men and taking the women and children as captives in retaliation for the two nations’ assistance to the English. The aforementioned Article of Peace and Amity also required that, “in case of danger, the Governor shall appoynte a place to which the Indians of the aforesaid nacons shall bring their wives and children to be secured from danger of any forreign Indians”. By early 1680, it was clear that Charles Calvert, the third Lord
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