Water-Quality Monitoring in Water-quantity and quality information are Ogeechee River at Ga. 24, near Oliver, Ga. 02202190 Georgia in Cooperation with the equally important for insuring adequate water 4,000 Lakes and Reservoirs availability for human consumption, industrial uses, May 21, 2011, reported fish kill Major lakes and reservoirs Georgia Department of Natural and aquatic ecosystems. Streamflow conditions are Sample date 2/10/11 throughout Georgia are managed Lake SC Resources Environmental a primary driver of nonpoint-source-related water Discharge 2,750 ft3/s Sidney Hartwell Lake primarily by the U.S. Army Corps of Lanier quality and the most important component affecting WT 8.0 °C Protection Division (EPD) 3,000 Engineers and Georgia Power Company Richard B water quality in streams (Hirsch and others, 2006). SC 71 µg/L Weiss Russell Lake Extreme Drought: Summary of Hydrologic Conditions Allatoona TSS 9.5 mg/L to provide water for public and industrial Lake Lake The USGS, in cooperation with the The USGS – GaEPD discrete water-quality J Strom BacT-FC 170 MPN use, flood protection, power generation, Atlanta Thurmond Georgia Department of Natural Resources sampling program is designed to collect data in Georgia, 2011 wildlife management, and recreation. Lake Lake Environmental Protection Division (GaEPD), systematically, regardless of hydrologic conditions. West Sinclair collects nearly 1,000 monthly chemical and The graph (top right) shows the water-quality Managing lakes and reservoirs requires Point 2,000 Sample date 1/27/11 The United States Geological Survey flow for several days, including 02314500 U.S. Geological Survey, 2012a) were computer models that rely on USGS Lake nutrient samples and about 800 fecal coliform sampling efforts by the USGS at Ogeechee River 3 GEORGIA Discharge 689 ft /s (USGS) Georgia Water Science Center Suwanee River at U.S. 441 at Fargo, Ga., used to develop this summary. Data for samples at 49 long-term monitoring stations near Oliver, Ga., during the 2011 WY. Samples data to predict changes in climate and WT 6.2 °C Sample date 5/26/11 (GaWSC) maintains a long-term hydrologic for only the fifth time in 79 years of record. WYs 1999–2011 can be accessed online Savannah water demands. across the State in addition to data from were collected throughout the year during periods SC 103 µg/L Discharge 178 ft3/s monitoring network of more than 320 real- at http://ga.water.usgs.gov/publications/ n Lake Sidney Lanier on the Walter F a 3 continuous water-quality monitors. Four fecal of high and low discharges. TSS 3.9 mg/L Streamflow and Groundwater Data e WT 27.8 °C time streamgages, including 10 real-time pubswdr.html. At this Web site, a digital map George c 1,000 Chattahoochee­ River is the primary O coliform samples typically are collected within The relations between water-quality BacT-FC 40 MPN Lake SC 158 µg/L lake-level monitoring stations and 63 real- Daily, monthly, and yearly streamflow allows the user to search for current and c i drinking-water source for the Atlanta AL t 30 days twice during the May-to-October period constituents and discharge are shown in the graph. TSS 1.3 mg/L n time water-quality monitors. Additionally, the and groundwater statistics from the historical data and graphics collected as part a l metropolitan area. Lake Sidney Lanier t when the standard for water contact applies, and The discrete water-quality sample on February 10 BacT-FC 20 MPN FL Daily mean discharge, in cubic feet per second GaWSC operates more than 180 groundwater of the USGS monitoring network. A 2011 USGS annual data report (ADR; then twice during the November-to-April period during a period of higher discharge, when compared is the most upstream reservoir in a series Lake Seminole wells, 35 of which are real-time. One of the (Jim Woodruff) when the alternate standard applies, which to samples collected during lower discharge of reservoirs that include West Point 0 many benefits from this monitoring network Lake, Walter F. George Lake, and Lake provides the basis for computing the geometric on January 27 and May 26, shows a decline in 8/10 9/29 11/18 1/7 2/26 4/17 6/6 7/26 9/14 11/3 is that the data analyses provide an overview Quarterly Hydrologic Conditions in Georgia for 2011 WY, Based on Drainage Basin Runoff Seminole. Lake Lanier had 24 percent mean fecal coliform density once-quarterly each specific conductance because of the lower amount 2010 2011 of the hydrologic conditions of rivers, creeks, A. 10/01/10– B. 01/01/11– C. 04/01/11– D. 07/01/11– more outflow than inflow during the calendar year. In addition, about 200 quality- of dissolved constituents from rainfall runoff. EXPLANATION Alatoona Lake reservoirs, and aquifers in Georgia. 12/31/10 03/30/11 06/30/11 09/30/11 2011 WY, and the lake elevation fell 120,000 845 assurance samples for all constituents are Conversely, non-dissolved constituents, such as Daily mean discharge Discharge In cubic feet per second (ft3/s) Streamflow data are verified throughout nearly 10 feet from April through Top of collected concurrently to verify the accuracy of total suspended solids and fecal-coliform bacteria, WT Water temperature, in degrees Celsius (° C) 100,000 conservation 840 Discrete water- the year by USGS hydro­graphers, and this September. The water-level elevation of pool sampling techniques and analytical methods. increase with rainfall runoff because these constitu- SC Specific conductance, in micrograms per liter (µg/L) 80,000 Water 835 quality sample information is available to water-resource West Point Lake remained near the top level The USGS provides the GaEPD and ents are washed from the land into the stream. TSS Total suspended solids, in milligrams per liter (mg/L) managers, recreationalists, and Federal, State, GEORGIA of conservation pool until May when 60,000 Inflow 830 the public a relevant, nationally consistent The USGS collected additional water-quality BacT-FC Bacteria, total fecal coliform, most probable number and local agencies. Hydrologic conditions are Outflow per 100 milliters of water the lake level dropped nearly 6 feet 40,000 825 database of long-term water-quality data, samples at Ogeechee River near Oliver on May 26 determined by comparing the results of statis- during the remainder of the WY. West 20,000 820 which assists the GaEPD in meeting its after a large fish kill was reported by the GaEPD on 14 12,000 tical analyses of the data collected during the Point Dam provides flood protection and responsibilities under the Clean Water Act, May 21, which was believed to have been Colum- 13 current water year1 (WY) to historical data 0 815 10,000 hydroelectric power to Troup County, including, (1) identifying the beneficial uses naris disease, a bacterial disease related to environ- 12 collected over the period of record. Changing and its construction was authorized by Hartwell Lake of surface waters within the State, (2) estab- mental stressors, such as non-point source pollutants 11 These maps represent hydrologic conditions during EXPLANATION 200,000 662 8,000 hydrologic conditions emphasize the need for the Flood Control Act of 1962 (U.S. lishing water-quality standards to maintain (Georgia Environmental Protection Division, 10 accurate, timely data to help Federal, State the 2011 WY compared to available historical data. The Percentile classes Army Corps of Engineers, 2012c). 150,000 660 the full beneficial uses of surface waters, and 2011b). USGS monitoring data can provide useful 9 6,000 and local officials make informed decisions colors represent runoff (flow per unit area) as a percentile Highest Hartwell Lake is on the border (3) identifying water bodies where stream information for understanding the water-quality 8 of long-term averages. Runoff was calculated for each basin Much above normal, > 90 658 4,000 regarding the management and conservation between Georgia and South Carolina 100,000 standards are not met and beneficial uses are conditions that may be conducive for Columnaris 7 of Georgia’s water resources for agricultural, and assumed to be uniform over the entire basin area. Only Above normal, 76 to 90 in milligrams per liter 656 impaired (Grams, 2011). Water-quality data outbreaks and could be used for predicting and 6 Daily mean discharge, streamflow stations with a complete daily-flow dataset for Normal, 25 to 75 on the Savannah and Tugaloo Rivers. 2,000 in cubic feet per second recreational, ecological, and water-supply needs 50,000 for Georgia streams are available on a publi- possibly avoiding such outbreaks in the future. 5 the 2011 WY were used (U.S. Geological Survey, 2012c). For Below normal, 10 to 24

Hartwell Lake is the most upstream Daily mean dissolved oxygen, GaEPD daily mean dissolved oxygen minimum threshold 654 and for use in protecting life and property. major reservoir on the Savannah River. cally accessible Web site at http://waterdata. The USGS – GaEPD cooperative program 4 0 the first quarter of the 2011 WY (October– December 2010), Much below normal < 10 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. On August 31, 2011, the Office of the 0 652 usgs.gov/ga/nwis/qw/. much of the State was observing “below normal” and Lowest Water is released to the downstream collects continuous water-quality data at three sites 2010 2011 State Climatologist reported extreme drought reservoirs, Richard B. Russell and Lake Sidney Lanier in Georgia, including USGS station 02337170 conditions in almost all areas of Georgia “much below normal” runoff conditions as a result of 150,000 1,075 J. Strom Thurmond. These three lakes Chattahoochee River near Fairburn, Ga. This Grams, S.C., 2011, Benefits of long-term water-quality U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2012b, Lake elevations, south of the Georgia mountains and that all extreme temperatures and lack of precipitation during the preceding summer months of on the Savannah River are managed by 125,000 stream reach is classified as “Fishing” under monitoring in Georgia [abs.], in Carroll, G.D., ed., inflows and outflows: Accessed June 1, 2012, at counties in Georgia were classified as being the 2010 WY (A). Little to no precipitation kept the majority of the State in drought during the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for Georgia Code 391-3-6-.03 “Water Use Clas- Proceedings of the 2011 Georgia Water Resources http://www.sas.usace.army.mil/. the second and third quarter of the 2011 WY (B, C ). After receiving 50 –75 percent of normal 100,000 1,070 Conference, April 11–13, 2011, Athens, Georgia: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2012c, West Point Lake: in moderate, severe, or extreme drought. Atlanta sifications and Water Quality Standards,” which precipitation from central Georgia to Florida during the 2011 WY, the majority of the State water supply, power generation, and 75,000 Georgia Water Resources Institute, 6. Water infor­ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, accessed Also reported were soil moistures at the water-quality needs of the Savannah requires that the daily mean dissolved oxygen (DO) matics, 6.1 Watershed data, 1 p. June 1, 2012, at http://www.sam.usace.army.mil/ fifth percentile, indicating that, statistically, was in an extreme drought during the fourth quarter as runoff was “much below normal,” River from below Thurmond Dam 50,000 1,065 concentrations in the stream remain at or above Hirsch, R.M., Hamilton, P.A., and Miller, T.L., 2006, Missions/CivilWorks/Recreation/WestPointLake.aspx. and large areas of the State observed some of the lowest runoff conditions on record (D ). U.S. Geological Survey perspective on water-quality soils would have more moisture 95 out of 25,000 U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, Hydrologic unit map 1974, State to Savannah, Ga., and the Atlantic in cubic feet per second Inflow and outflow, 5.0 milligrams per liter (Georgia Environmental monitoring and assessment: Journal of Environmental of Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey, scale 1:500,000, 1 sheet. 100 years based on historical data. Wildfire Protection Division, 2011a). The daily mean DO Monitoring, v. 8, p. 512–518. Ocean (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 0 1,060 U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, U.S. Geological Survey danger was rated from high to extreme by Peck, M.F., Painter, J.A., and Leeth, D.C., 2011, Ground- 2012a). Hartwell Lake reached full and daily mean discharge for the Chattahoochee Ground-Water Climate Response Network: U.S. Geo- the Georgia Forestry Commission, and in New monthly minimum 2011 New 7 day minimum 2011 West Point Lake water conditions and studies in Georgia, 2009–2010: pool after having nearly 2.4 times more 300,000 636 River near Fairburn, Ga., is shown in graph (bottom logical Survey Fact Sheet 2007–3003, 4 p., accessed August 2011 Georgia had twice as many U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations July 1, 2009, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3003/. New Minimum Streamflows inflow than outflow in March but then 250,000 634 right) for the 2011 WY. No daily mean DO levels Report 2009–5048, 83 p., available at http://pubs. acres of scorched land compared to the EXPLANATION dropped nearly 8 feet from May through fell below the “Fishing” criteria in Georgia streams usgs.gov/sir/2011/5048/. U.S. Geological Survey, 2012a, U.S. Geological Survey In 2011, new 200,000 632 annual data report for Georgia, water year 2011: long-term August average (Stooksbury, Percent of normal Water level elevation, in feet above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 level elevation, in feet above National Geodetic Vertical Water National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2011, record-low monthly September as outflow was 1.7 times during the 2011 WY. Accessed June 1, 2012, at http://ga.water.usgs.gov/ precipitation during 2011 National Weather Service advanced hydrologic pre- 2011). The GaWSC network reported several 150,000 630 publications/pubswdr.html. discharge occurred 90 percent and greater greater than inflow. diction service, 2011 precipitation maps for Georgia: streamgages with 20 or more years of record 75–89 percent Allatoona Lake is on the Etowah 100,000 628 Accessed June 1, 2012, at http://water.weather.gov. U.S. Geological Survey, 2012b, U.S. Geological Survey at 52 of 113 stream­ References experiencing record low flows, including 50–74 percent Stooksbury, D.E., 2011, Extreme drought spreads into groundwater watch, Climate Response Network: Accessed gages that have River and is managed by the U.S. 50,000 626 EXPLANATION 02202500 Ogeechee River near Eden, Ga., Cressler, C.W., 1964, Geology and groundwater resources of north Georgia, in News to use about Georgia family, June 1, 2012, at http://groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov/. 20 or more years Streamgage Army Corps of Engineers. During the 02226000 Altamaha River at Doctortown, 0 624 Water planning region name Walker County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Infor­ agricultural consumer & environmental sciences, U.S. Geological Survey, 2012c, WaterWatch–Current of data. These New monthly minimum 2011 WY, Allatoona Lake remained O N D J F M A M J J A S mation Circular 63, 144 p. August 31, 2011: University of Georgia, accessed water resources in Georgia: Accessed June 1, 2011, Ga., and 02353000 Flint River at Newton, New 7-day average minimum Altamaha Middle Ocmulgee 52 streamgages are above or just below the top of conser­ 2010 2011 Cressler, C.W., Thurmond, C.J., and Hester, W.G., 1983, June 26, 2012, at http://georgiafaces.caes.uga.edu/ at http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/. Ga. Also, several streamgages recorded no Coastal Georgia Savannah–Upper Groundwater in the greater Atlanta region, Georgia: index.cfm?public=viewStory&pk_id=4207. located throughout Georgia. Most of the State received lower-than-normal precipitation; vation pool from October through June. Ogeechee Coosa–North Georgia Georgia Geological Survey Information Circular 63, 15 p. Torak, L.J., Painter, J.A., and Peck, M.F., 2010, By Andrew E. Knaak, Eric R. Frantz, and from central Georgia to Florida, the State received 50–75 percent of normal precipitation. By the end of the 2011 WY, the lake Geohydrology of the Aucilla–Suwannee–Ochlock- Suwannee–Satilla Georgia Department of Natural Resource, Environmental Michael F. Peck 1 Normal is defined as a 30-year average for 1971–2000. level was nearly 7 feet below the top Lower Flint–Ochlockonee Protection Division, 2011a, Existing rules and corresponding onee River Basin, south-central Georgia and adjacent Water year is the period October 1 through Upper Flint parts of Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific For more information contact: September 30 and is designated by the year of conservation pool, as outflow was Metro North Georgia laws, 391-3-6 Water quality control: Accessed July 16, 2012, New record-low 7-day average discharge occurred at 24 of 113 streamgages that have 20 or Investigations Report 2010–5072, 78 p. Director, USGS Georgia Water Science Center in which it ends. For example, the 2011 water 2.4 times greater than inflow from July Water Planning District Upper Oconee at http://www.gaepd.org/Documents/rules_exist.html. more years of data in 2011. The majority of these streamgages were located in southern Georgia. Georgia Department of Natural Resource, Environmental U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2012a, Hartwell Dam & 3039 Amwiler Road, Suite 130 year began on October 1, 2010, and ended on through September. Middle Chattahoochee Protection Division, 2011b, Ogeechee River fish kill infor- Lake: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah Dis- Atlanta, Georgia 30360 September 30, 2011. mation: Accessed July 16, 2012, at http://www.gaepd.org/ trict, accessed June 1, 2012, at http://www.sas.usace. 770–903–9100 2011 USGS–GA EPD discrete QW station Documents/ogeecheefishkill.html. army.mil/lakes/hartwell/. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/ U.S. Department of the Interior Fact Sheet 2013–3002 U.S. Geological Survey January 2013 5 6 Daily Discharge and 7-Day Average Climate Response Network Georgia’s Climate Response Network Chattooga River at Summerville, Ga. 02398000 Streamflow Conditions, 2011 Water Year Sweetwater Creek near Austell, Ga. 02337000 The USGS maintains a network of groundwater wells to The hydrographs presented are for selected wells in Well 16MM03 is Well 16MM03, White County 1,550 monitor the effects of droughts and other climate variability on Georgia with at least five years of continuous data. in White County in 0 The Chattooga River flows in the northwestern Sweetwater Creek is a major tributary of the 03568933 northeastern Georgia groundwater levels. These wells are part of the Climate Response 1,548 VALLEY 2 corner of Georgia and into Alabama where it flows R Chattahoochee River (U.S. Geological Survey, 1975). The and is completed in the a Network, which is designed to measure the effects of climate on 02384500 16MM03 g AND SOUTH EXPLANATION o 03PP01 into Weiss Lake (U.S. Geological Survey, 1975). The o RIDGE 7-day average streamflow fluctuated between “normal” 02330450 crystalline-rock aquifer. t t CAROLINA groundwater levels in unconfined aquifers or near-surface confined 1,546 a 16MM02 Monitoring well and identifier 4 northwestern corner of Georgia received 90 –110 percent h and “much below normal” from October through April 02333500 Water is stored in the C 02398000 aquifers where pumping or other human influences on groundwater

of normal precipitation in the 2011 WY. Daily discharge gradually declining to “much below normal” during 02333500 Streamgage and number regolith and fractures, of 1929 , in feet levels are minimal (U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, 2012b). The 6 1,544 Coosa– EXPLANATION BLUE Depth to water level and 7-day average02398000 streamflow Chattooga River for at Summerville, the 2011 GeorgiaWY was the latter part of the 2011 WY as the area received and the water level is national network consists of about 130 wells, of which 15 are Geodetic Vertical Datum RIDGE Tallapoosa– Elevation above National

Aquifers in Georgia below land surface, in feet predominately in the “normal” range. Tennessee 02213000 10 –20 percent02337000 below-normal Sweetwater precipitation. Creek near Austell, Several Georgia daily Sa affected by precipitation 1,542 Weiss Streamgage located in Georgia. These wells are monitored as part of the USGS va 8 etwa nn Lake Swe ter 11FF04 a SC reek and number discharges reached new record lows during the months h Surficial and evapotranspiration 1,000 0 C PIEDMONT S Groundwater Resources and Cooperative Water Programs. Current Savannah–Ogeechee av Atlanta R a of August and September. iv (Cressler and others, 100,000 Atlanta n e 02330450 1 n conditions of groundwater wells in the Climate Response Network r Crystalline-rock 800 02337000 a h GA 1983). Precipitation can Jackson r GEORGIA 21BB04 R can be accessed online at http://groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov. The e 2 r Lake i 100,000 v Upper e v i cause a rapid water-level 600 10,000 v e R 11AA01 AL i hydrographs presented are for selected wells in Georgia with at r O Floridan R O 3 GEORGIA c c rise in wells tapping 10,000 m o FL least 5 years of continuous data. n 400 Ocmulgee–Altamaha u e 12Z001 l 16MM03 4 1,000 g e aquifers overlain by thin O e R O c 1,000 e i o g 200 Depth to water level 02213000 Oconee– v e regolith (Peck and others, n R e ec CAROLINASOUTH 5

e i r h Daily mean discharge,

e below land surface, in feet 100 e Og v e in cubic feet per second e 100 e R 2011). The water level in ec r i 0 6 h 02223500 ve in cubic feet per second B 7-day average discharge, e l r well 16MM03 responds e Dublin ac 16 10 R k i R 10 C v i 21T001 r to seasonal change 02330450 e v 12 e r e in cubic feet per second e

e O 7-day average discharge, 02224500 c r e h m 1 h similarly to streamflow at 100,000 c COASTAL PLAIN c u 8 o o 02202600 o l Alta 37P116 g Alt o ma the nearby streamgage h a h e r m 100,000 h a 35P094 a e a a r 02203559 in inches 4 t h e v t t i a e 10,000 t R v on Chattahoochee River Precipitation, a

R a i h

i h R v 13M007 0

e 10,000 t R C C r n at Helen, Ga. (02330450), a n 02226000 i O N D J F M A M J J A S i v 1,000 e l e Satilla–Suwannee– c r n F 2010 2011 a which indicates O 1,000 r St Marys–Ochlockonee 02353500 e Chattahoochee–Flinte c c iv i 07H002 13J004 atmospheric, surface- O R t

Daily discharge, 100 n c t e 100 07H003 i a t n e l water, and groundwater interactions. The water level in well 16MM03 i t n ALABAMA l h ALABAMA 10G313 a

in cubic feet per second c F A l r t o Daily discharge, o e 02356000 remained below the historical daily median for much of the 2011 WY. 10 A 10 ac iv FLORIDA l R Bainbridge O N D J F M A M J J A S h FLORIDA t in cubic feet per second i 02318500

2010 2011 W 1 N O N D J F M A M J J A S N 0 30 60 MILES 2010 2011 Base modified from 0 30 60 MILES U.S. Geological Survey 0 30 60 KILOMETERS 1:2,000,000-scale digital data 0 30 60 KILOMETERS EXPLANATION EXPLANATION Base modified from U.S. Geological Survey Daily mean Daily mean water level 1:2,000,000-scale digital data Stream discharge Range of historical daily minimum and maximum Well 07H003 is Well 07H003, Miller County Groundwater level Ocmulgee River at Macon, Ga. 02213000 Withlacoochee River at US 84 near Quitman, Ga. in Miller County –10 157 Historical median 2011 groundwater level 02318500 Well 03PP01 is Well 03PP01, Walker County in southwestern 2010 2011 2010 2011 The Ocmulgee River flows out of Jackson Lake and in Walker County 0 730 Georgia and is 0 167 joins the Oconee River to form the Altamaha River (U.S. 7-Day Average Discharge The Withlacoochee River flows in the Ochlockonee in northwestern 5 725 completed in the Geological Survey, 1975). The 7-day average streamflows Hydrographs show 2011 daily-mean streamflow, in cubic feet per River basin in the southern coastal plain of Georgia (U.S. Georgia and is surficial aquifer, 10 177 were mostly in the normal range from October through Geological Survey, 1975). For most of the 2011 WY, 7-day completed in the 10 720

second, as compared to historical minimum and median streamflow which is an of 1929 , in feet March. After an extended period of lower-than-normal average streamflow conditions were “below normal” to 20 187 for the entire period of record (U.S. Geological Survey, 2012a). valley and ridge 15 715 unconfined aquifer Depth to water level Well 37P116 is in Chatham Well 37P116, Chatham County Geodetic Vertical Datum precipitation, streamflows were “much below normal” Elevation above National 6

below land surface, in feet 4

“much below normal” and came close to the record low aquifer in the of 1929 , in feet in this area (Peck 30 197 County in southeastern EXPLANATION 20 710 for the remainder of the 2011 WY and came close to Depth to water level recorded in 1940.02318500 Several Withlacoochee daily discharges River at US 84, reached near Quitman, new Georgia Chickamauga and others, 2011). Georgia and is completed

Geodetic Vertical Datum 500 Elevation above National 0 7 setting new record lows. Daily discharge remained near Historical (percentile) record lows during the months of January, May, June, limestone. Water below land surface, in feet 3 02213000 Ocmulgee River at Macon, Georgia 25 705 The water level in in the surficial aquifer. historical median flows for most of the 2011 water year. Much above normal, ≥ 90 400 5 July, August, and September. storage is in the 0 this well generally Above normal, 76 to 89 7,000 Water levels in this well 8 2 Normal, 25 to 75 regolith, primary 6,000 03568933 rises rapidly 300 10 generally rise rapidly 100,000 Below normal, 11 to 24 100,000 5

openings, and of 1929 , in feet 5,000 during wet periods 15 during wet periods and 9 1 Much below normal ≤ 10 200 2010 2011 10,000 secondary and declines decline slowly during dry Depth to water level Geodetic Vertical Datum 2011 water year 4,000 10 07H003 Elevation above National 03PP01 02353500 20 below land surface, in feet 10 10,000 fractures and slowly during 100 Depth to water level periods. The water level 0 1,000 3,000 Daily mean discharge, below land surface, in feet solution openings 15 dry periods. The in cubic feet per second 25 in well 37P116 responds to 50 6.5 2,000 0

100 in rock (Peck and Depth to water level water level in well 02203559 seasonal change similarly 40 7 1,000 Daily mean discharge, 1,000 in cubic feet per second Daily Discharge others, 2011). 20 below land surface, in feet 07H003 responds 10 10 to streamflow at the nearby 37P116 7.5 Water levels are 0 to seasonal 02333500 30 in cubic feet per second

in cubic feet per second streamgage on Peacock 7-day average discharge, 7-day average discharge, Hydrographs show the 7-day average for 2011 as compared to 10 100 1 influenced mainly change similarly 5 Creek near McIntosh, Ga. 8 historical 7-day averages. Data are categorized in percentile ranges 8 02384500 20

by precipitation in inches 8.5 100,000 100,000 6 to streamflow (02203559), which indicates from “much above normal” (greater than the 90th percentile) to Precipitation, and local pumping 10 Depth to water level 4 at the nearby 0 atmospheric, surface- 9 Daily mean discharge, “much below normal” (less than the 10th percentile) (U.S. Geological below land surface, in feet 10,000 O N D J F M A M J J A S in cubic feet per second (Cressler, 1964). The in inches 2 streamgage on water, and groundwater 0 10,000 Survey, 2012a). Precipitation, 2010 2011 1,000 water level in well 0 Ichawaynochaway interactions. The water 8 O EXPLANATION 03PP01 responds to N D J F M A M J J A S Creek at Milford, Ga. (02353500), which indicates atmospheric, 02226000 2010 2011 level in well 37P116 6 Historical daily flow 100 seasonal change 1,000 surface-water, and groundwater interactions. In the 2011 WY, fluctuated above and 4 Daily discharge,

Daily discharge, Maximum 10 similarly to streamflow at the nearby streamgage on Lookout Creek water levels in well 07H003 were below the historical daily below the historical daily Median in inches 2 in cubic feet per second in cubic feet per second Minimum near New England, Ga. (03568933), which indicates atmospheric, median for much of the year. For a brief period in January 2011, minimum for most of the Precipitation, 100 1 0 O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S surface-water, and groundwater interactions. The water level in well the daily mean water level fell below the historical daily 2011 WY. O N D J F M A M J J A S 2010 2011 2011 daily mean 2010 2011 2010 2011 03PP01 was near the historical daily median for much of the 2011 WY. minimum water level. 2010 2011

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