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Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotment Survey

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Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotment Survey Nebraska Historic Resources Intensive Survey of Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotment Properties Prepared for Ponca Tribe of Nebraska Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska Nebraska State Historical Society Prepared by Thomas Witt, Sean Doyle, and Jason Marmor SWCA Environmental Consultants 295 Interlocken Boulevard, Suite 300 Broomfield, Colorado 80021 303.487.1183 August 20, 2010 Nebraska Historic Resources Intensive Survey of Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotment Properties ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) would like to thank the following groups and individuals for their help in the completion of this report. From the Nebraska State Historical Society: Bob Puschendorf for his help in facilitating communication with the Northern Ponca and the Santee Sioux, for his help with local promotion of the project, as well as for his knowledge and expertise in the review of this report; and Patrick Haynes for his knowledge and expertise in the architectural review of the survey. From the Northern Ponca: Stanford “Sandy” Taylor for his help in compiling historical information regarding the Northern Ponca during the allotment period, as well as for sharing his own personal experiences, and family history in compiling the historical background for this report. From the Santee Sioux Tribe: Clarence Campbell for his help in identifying former allotment properties on the Santee Sioux Reservation, and for sharing his knowledge and experiences of the families who lived during the allotment period; Franky Jackson for his valuable comments to the report, and for his help tracking down additional historical information; Ramona Frazier and Darlene Crow for their contributions to the historical backgrounds of their families allotment properties; Butch Denny for his help in facilitating communication between SWCA and local Santee residents during the field survey; and the residents of the allotment houses currently on occupied properties for their patience in allowing us to record these resources. SWCA would also like to thank the Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux for their help and cooperation throughout this project. The activity that is the subject of this report has been financed with funds from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior. This program receives federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability, or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity National Park Service 1849 C Street N.W. Washington, DC 20240 ii Nebraska Historic Resources Intensive Survey of Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotment Properties This page intentionally left blank. iii Nebraska Historic Resources Intensive Survey of Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotment Properties TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ii INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ...........................................................................................................5 HISTORICAL CONTEXT .........................................................................................................5 Northern Ponca Pre-Allotment (1789–1889)........................................................................6 Standing Bear’s Trial, and the Return to Nebraska..........................................................8 Santee Sioux Pre-Allotment (1640–1889) ..........................................................................10 American Settlement of Nebraska, Pre-Allotment (1846–1889)........................................13 The United States at Large, and the Policy of Allotment in Severalty...........................15 Allotment in Severalty and Related Legislation .................................................................16 Allotment Legislation for the Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux ..................................17 The End of Allotment: Reorganization and Termination...............................................20 Northern Ponca during the Allotment Period (1889–1934)................................................20 Lease Agreements...........................................................................................................22 Alienation and Land Loss...............................................................................................22 The End of Allotment: Reorganization and Termination of the Northern Ponca ..........27 Santee Sioux During the Allotment Period (1889–1934) ...................................................28 The End of Allotment: Reorganization and Emigration, and Return.............................31 American Settlement in Nebraska during the Allotment Period (1889–1934)...................31 METHODS ...............................................................................................................................32 Archival Research ...............................................................................................................32 Preliminary Research......................................................................................................33 Final Research ................................................................................................................33 Oral Histories ......................................................................................................................34 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................34 Project Biases......................................................................................................................36 Archival Research...........................................................................................................36 Architectural Survey.......................................................................................................37 Oral Histories..................................................................................................................37 SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................................................38 History of Allotment Architecture ......................................................................................38 Architectural types on Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotments ...............................40 Two-bay Hall-and-Parlor Allotment House ...................................................................41 Compound Gable-and-Wing Allotment House ..............................................................44 Additional Architectural Forms......................................................................................46 Summary of Architectural Resources .................................................................................47 KX00-384 Mary Knudsen Allotment Building..............................................................47 KX08-042 William Bear Allotment House....................................................................51 KX00-380 Star Frazier Allotment House.......................................................................54 KX00-214 Abraham/Frazier Allotment House ..............................................................58 KX00-383 Zimmerman Allotment House......................................................................62 KX00-379 Albert Frazier Allotment House ...................................................................65 KX00-381 Rouillard Allotment House...........................................................................68 iv Nebraska Historic Resources Intensive Survey of Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotment Properties TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page KX00-382 Gabe/Antoine Rouillard Allotment House ...................................................72 KX00-373 Crow Allotment House.................................................................................75 KX00-374 Wabasha Allotment House...........................................................................78 KX00-372 Johnson/Henry Allotment House .................................................................82 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................83 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................87 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Architectural Resources Recorded during the Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux Allotment Survey. ............................................................................................................85 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 General location of the Northern Ponca and Santee Sioux lands included in the 1889 allotment.............................................................................................................................2
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