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Gender Opportunities Negotiations Border Security Issue 1 (7), 2017 LIMITS RESTRICTIONS CHANGES OPPORTUNITIES BORDER SECURITY MILITARY CEDAW CONFLICTS NEGOTIATIONS MILITARY PARLIAMENT EQUALITY EMPOWERINGDISCRIMINATION LIMITS GENDER NEGOTIATIONS OPPORTUNITIES CHANGES ROLES BORDER SECURITY COMBAT POWER COMBAT NEGOTIATIONS UA: Ukraine AnalyticaCHANGES · 1 (7), 2017 POLITICS PEACEKEEPING • GENDER IN POWER • GENDER IN WAR AND PEACE • GENDER IN FOREIGN POLICY 1 Issue 1 (7), 2017 BOARD OF ADVISERS Dr. Dimitar Bechev (Bulgaria, Director of the Gender in Power European Policy Institute) Dr. Iulian Chifu Analysis and Early Warning Center) (Romania, Director of the Conflict Editors Dr. Igor Koval (Ukraine, Rector of Odessa National Dr. Hanna Shelest University by I.I. Mechnikov) Dr. Mykola Kapitonenko Dr. Sergey Minasyan (Armenia, Deputy Director at the Caucasus Institute) Publisher: Published by NGO “Promotion of Intercultural Stephan Meuser (Germany, Director of the Cooperation” (Ukraine), Centre of International Representation of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Romania) of the Representation of the Friedrich Studies (Ukraine), with the financial support Ebert Foundation in Ukraine, International James Nixey (United Kingdom, Head of the Russia Renaissance Foundation (Ukraine) and the and Eurasia Programme at Chatham House, the Black Sea Trust. Royal Institute of International Affairs) UA: Ukraine Analytica Dr. Róbert Ondrejcsák (Slovakia, State Secretary, analytical journal in English on International Ministry of Defence) is the first Ukrainian Relations, Politics and Economics. The journal is aimed for experts, diplomats, academics, H.E., Dr. Oleg Shamshur (Ukraine, Ambassador students interested in the international Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to relations and Ukraine in particular. France) Contacts: Dr. Stephan De Spiegeleire (The Netherlands, website: http://ukraine-analytica.org/ Director Defence Transformation at The Hague e-mail: [email protected] Center for Strategic Studies) Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ ukraineanalytica Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze (Ukraine, Vice- Twitter: https://twitter.com/UA_Analytica Prime Minister on European and Euroatlantic Integration of Ukraine) The views and opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors and do not Dr. Dimitris Triantaphyllou (Greece, Director of the Center for International and European Studies, Analytica, its editors, Board of Advisors or Kadir Has University (Turkey)) necessarily reflect the position of UA: Ukraine donors. (Norway, Research Director at the ISSN 2518-7481 Dr. Asle Toje Norwegian Nobel Institute) UA: Ukraine Analytica · 1 (7), 2017 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SOME POLITICIANS ARE STILL AFRAID OF THE VERY WORD “GENDER” 3 Interview with Mariia Ionova, Member of the Parliament of Ukraine GENDER IN POWER OR GENDER EMPOWERING 7 Angela Kane GENDER POLICY (POLITICS) IN DIPLOMACY: WORLD PRACTICE AND THE UKRAINIAN CASE 11 Iryna Tyshko GOOD GIRLS SELDOM MAKE FOREIGN POLICY 18 Iwona Reichardt THE GENDER DIMENSION OF CONFLICTS 23 Olena Suslova WOMEN AND MILITARY IN UKRAINE: VOICES OF THE INVISIBLE BATTALION 29 Tamara Martsenyuk and Ganna Grytsenko BEYOND THE RHETORIC ON GENDER AND PEACEKEEPING: VICTIMS OF WAR, FREEDOM FIGHTERS, AND WONDER WOMEN IN BLUE HELMETS? 38 Izabela Pereira Watts FUNCTIONAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE PRESENT GENDER POLICY WITHIN THE STATE BORDER GUARD SERVICE OF UKRAINE: HOMELAND EXPERIENCE 50 Olga DERKACH 2 UA: Ukraine Analytica · 1 (7), 2017 GENDER POLICY (POLITICS) IN DIPLOMACY: WORLD PRACTICE AND THE UKRAINIAN CASE Iryna Tyshko Member of the public council of parliamentary interfractional caucus “Equal Opportunities” The idea of equal rights and opportunities for people regardless of ethnic, racial, age, religious, and other indications is a part of universal human values. In this context, gender equality is considered a fundamental principle of human rights. Despite that, the questions of gender policy have been worked out for a long time; even now, there are many discussions the ways it could be realised. The most developed democratic countries used to practice gender policy in diplomacy because of the stereotypes about women and limited career opportunities for them. Ukraine is trying to develop according to the pro-European paradigm and it has a lot of tendencies that play a negative role in the formation of gender balance in the government. There are some of the most effective world practices that could be useful for Ukrainian diplomacy. For now, the policy of most democratic World Experience in Gender Policy in countries is based on the legislative and the Foreign Affairs Sphere normative acts that are intended to guarantee gender equality in all areas of social life. Some Not every European country has a better countries applied them successfully. But situation than Ukraine, but Sweden had the there are some areas that are traditionally biggest number of female in charge of the considered to be “male areas”. It also applies foreign policy throughout its history – seven. to Ukraine and in particular to its public Also, in Georgia and Bulgaria this number administration and diplomacy. The context is three; in Croatia, Italy, Liechtenstein, and of the pro-European paradigm and modern Latvia – two; in the United Kingdom of Great requirements oblige our country to make Britain, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, San reforms in some areas to guarantee gender Marino, Hungary, and France – one. In other equality. The responsibility for development and implementation of public policy rests with the government. Nevertheless, there is no gender balance in the career opportunities A successful implementation in the government. Representation of women of gender policy in the «diplomatic sphere in other in public authority posts remains on the principle of vertical segregation: the higher countries can help Ukraine to level of power means the less number of reform its diplomatic service women there. UA: Ukraine Analytica · 1 (7), 2017 11 countries, including Ukraine, foreign policy countries, there is also a positive tendency. belongs to men, such a men’s club”.1 The best result belongs to Panama, where women take every fourth ambassadorial A successful implementation of gender post. In African countries, in particular in policy in the diplomatic sphere in other South African Republic and Rwanda, females countries can help Ukraine to reform its are about a quarter of the heads of their diplomatic service. As International Centre diplomatic missions. This number is higher for Policy Studies (ICPS) experts note in than the average in the world. Countries of their research2, the greatest number of women in the higher diplomatic posts is part of the list of gender equality in the area in the Nordic countries: Norway, Sweden, ofthe diplomatic Asian-Pacific service, region but belong there to are the 40%second of and Finland. In 2010, the Nordic Gender women who head diplomatic missions abroad Institute conducted research on the in the Philippines and about 29% in Australia. number of women diplomats occupying The Middle East countries have the lowest the higher posts and it tells that there are number of women who take diplomatic posts, 30% of women among the ambassadors but Egypt and Tunisia break this tendency of Norway, which is the largest number in by appointing a number of women to Europe, whereas in 1995 it was only 8.5%. ambassadorial posts from time to time. The The second place belongs to Finland and Gulf countries have a low number of women Sweden – they have 27% of women who who take ambassadorial posts, but there was head the embassies, but in 1997, it was no woman in those posts 10 years ago, so it is 6.9%. In Great Britain, there are about 21% of women ambassadors, 19% of women that broke traditional rules by appointing a who take posts of high representatives, and womana great progress. as an ambassador Kuwait was in 1993.the first After country that, about 22% of the highest diplomatic posts Bahrain did the same and it had four women ambassadors by 2012, which means 15% of are occupied by women. About 22% of all its diplomatic missions abroad2. leadershipat the Foreign positions Office of thein Unitedthe European Kingdom Today, the USA has one of the largest numbers their number has risen since Catherine of women in diplomatic posts. Back in 1922, AshtonUnion missions became arethe filledHigh byRepresentative women, and women were allowed to join the United of the European Union for foreign affairs. States Foreign Service. After that, they have Some countries in Central Europe, which have formed their ministries of foreign highest posts in the government. In 1933, affairs after the fall of the USSR, also been slowly but confidently moving to the have successful results. There are 26% of to head a mission in the rank of a minister ambassadors’ posts that are occupied by andRuth sheBryan soon Owen headed became the theembassy first womanof the women in Estonia and 25% in Romania. years after Ruth Bryan Owen became the Nowadays there are 31% of women headUS to of Denmark the mission, and there Iceland. was For a small the numberfirst 43 ambassadors in the USA, while it was only of women who took posts of the heads of 18% in 2004. In Latin America and Caribbean missions or assistants of the secretary of 1 2 Міністри закордонних справ краї�н світу (The Heads of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of All the World), “Wikipedia”, [https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Міністри_закордонних_справ_краї�н_світу access: 3 April 2016]. Соціологічні опитування МЦПД: «Ґендерні особливості дипломатичної� служби в Украї�ні та у світі» (Social Research of the ICPS: “Gender Aspects of Diplomatic Service in Ukraine and in the World), Киї�в, 2015 [http://icps. com.ua/assets/uploads/images/files/s_diplomatki_b.pdf]. 12 UA: Ukraine Analytica · 1 (7), 2017 state. President Ford’s administration broke number of women ambassadors of the USA in this barrier by appointing seven women to all its history. There were 124 women among ambassadors’ positions and three women to the 367 ambassadors – 31.6%. 7 other leadership posts. During the presidency of J. Carter, 18 women were appointed as The United Kingdom also has successful ambassadors. Presidents R.
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